Assignment of Robotics
- 1. DAFFODIL INTERNATION UNIVERSITY SUBMITTED TO:- AL-AMIN HOSSAIN LECTURER DEPERTMENT OF CSE SUBMITTED BY:- IKHTIAR KHAN SOHAN ID: 171-15-8668 SECTION: L COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS COURSE CODE: CSE 112 ASSIGMENT OF: ROBOTICS
- 2. SUBMITTED DATE: 08/04/17 Introduction Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, and/or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio- inspired robotics. Contents History of robotics Robotic Aspects Components
- 3. o Power source o Actuation o Sensing o Manipulation o Locomotion o Environmental interaction and navigation o Human-robot interaction Control o Autonomy levels Robotics research o Dynamics and kinematics Education and training o Career training o Certification o Summer robotics camp o Robotics afterschool programs Employment Conclusion References History of robotics
- 4. In 1927 the ("machine-human") humanoid robot (also called "Parody", "Future", "Robotics", or the "Maria impersonator") was the first depiction of a robot ever to appear on film was played by German actress Brigitte Helm in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis. In 1942 the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov formulated his Three Laws of Robotics. In 1948 Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics. Fully autonomous robots only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, there was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Robotic Aspects There are many types of robots; they are used in many different environments and for many different uses, although being very diverse in application and form they all share three basic similarities when it comes to their construction Construction: Robots all have some kind of mechanical construction, a frame, form or shape that usually is the solution/result for a set task or problem. For example if you want a robot to travel across heavy dirt or mud, you might think to use so the form your robot might be a box with tracker treads. The treads being the mechanical construction for traveling across the problem of heavy mud or dirt.
- 5. Electrical Aspect: Robots have an electrical aspect to them in them, in the form of wires, sensors, circuits, batteries …etc. Example: the tracker tread robot that was mention earlier, it will need some kind of power to actually move the tracker treads. That power comes in the form of electricity, which will have to travel through a wire and originate from a battery, a basic electrical circuit. Even gas powered machines that get their power mainly form gas still require an electrical current to start the gas using process which is why most gas powered machines like cars, have batteries. Programming: All robots contain some level of computer programming (code), A program is how a robot decides when or how to do something. For example: what if you wanted the tractor tread robot (from our previous examples) to move across a muddy road, even though it has the correct mechanical construction, and it receives the correct amount of power from its battery, it doesn’t go anywhere. Components At present mostly (lead-acid) batteries are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from lead acid batteries which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy to silver cadmium batteries that are much smaller in volume and are currently much more expensive. Designing a battery powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety, cycle lifetime and weight. Generators, often some type of internal combustion engine, can also be used. Pneumatic (compressed gases) Hydraulics (liquids) Flywheel energy storage
- 6. Organic garbage (through anaerobic digestion) Faces (human, animal); may be interesting in a military context as fasces of small combat groups may be reused for the energy requirements of the robot assistant. Actuation Actuators are like the "muscles" of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy into movement. By far the most popular actuators are electric motors that spin a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. But there are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air. Electric motors The vast majority of robots use electric motors, often brushed and brushless DC motors in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and CNC machines. Linear actuators various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning, and often have quicker direction changes, particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics. They are typically powered by compressed air (pneumatic actuator) or an oil (hydraulic actuator). Series elastic actuator A spring can be designed as part of the motor actuator, to allow improved force control. It has been used in various robots, particularly walking humanoid robots. Air muscles Pneumatic artificial muscles, also known as air muscles, are special tubes that contract (typically up to 40%) when air is forced inside them. They have been used for some robot applications. Muscle wire Muscle wire, also known as Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol or Flexi Wire, is a material that contracts slightly (typically under 5%) when electricity runs through it. They have been used for some small robot applications.
- 7. Electro active polymers EAPs or EPAMs are a new plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots, and to allow new robots to float, fly, swim or walk. Piezo motors Recent alternatives to DC motors are piezo motors or ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to walk the motor in a circle or a straight line. Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate and drive a screw.. Elastic nanotubes Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early-stage experimental development. The absence of defects in carbon nanotubes enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10 J/cm3 for metal nanotubes. Sensing Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real time information of the task it is performing. Touch Current robotic and prosthetic hands receive far less tactile information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin.
- 8. Vision Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras.