Beginners: Connecting Underground Railway Network
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The document discusses the challenges and technologies involved in providing mobile connectivity in underground railway networks, such as subways and metros. It highlights the importance of frequency selection, with lower frequencies allowing for more users but facing attenuation, while higher frequencies have faster decay and poorer penetration. Various technologies, including 4G and 5G, are examined for their suitability in underground connectivity, along with references to infrastructure projects in cities like London and Nanjing.
Beginners: Connecting Underground Railway Network
- 1. Beginners: Connecting Underground Railway Network (a.k.a. Subway, Metro, Tube) @3g4gUK
- 2. Importance of Frequency selection ©3G4G 2.1GHz 900MHz Higher frequency means faster decay Lower frequency means more number of users in a given cell Higher frequency gets reflected from walls and have poor penetration Lower frequency gets attenuated from walls but still penetrates
- 5. Underground Base Station Example from Japan Source: @denpa893 on Twitter ©3G4G
- 6. ‘Coaxial cable’ ©3G4G By Tkgd2007 - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4138900
- 7. ‘Leaky Feeder’ or ‘Radiating Cable’ ©3G4G
- 9. Deutsche Bahn and Deutsche Telekom plan seamless mobile network along all tracks ©3G4G Source: Deutsche Telekom
- 10. Deutsche Bahn and Deutsche Telekom plan seamless mobile network along all tracks ©3G4G Source: Deutsche Telekom
- 11. Deutsche Bahn and Deutsche Telekom plan seamless mobile network along all tracks ©3G4G Source: Deutsche Telekom
- 12. China Unicom Brings 5G Connectivity to Nanjing Metro ©3G4G
- 14. Connected London: TFL Tube Connectivity Trials ©3G4G
- 15. Connected London: TFL Tube Connectivity Trials ©3G4G
- 16. Connected London: TFL Tube Connectivity Trials ©3G4G
- 17. Connected London: TFL Tube Connectivity Trials ©3G4G Source: Wired Jubilee Line Trials: The eight stations in the trial are served by a "base station hotel" — a mini data centre for each of the four main 4G operators to keep their own separate equipment — at Canada Water station.
- 18. ©3G4G What G’s are required for underground connectivity?
- 19. What G’s are required for underground connectivity? ©3G4G • 4G is the most popular and efficient technology, so 4G for sure. • 5G is the newest technology but you can get away without 5G for the next few years. • 2G or 3G for devices that: • Do not support VoLTE/4G calling. • Roaming users are sometimes unable to use VoLTE/4G calling. • The only option for the users above is 2G/3G CS Fallback. • 3G is being switched off by many operators worldwide, so it wouldn’t be an issue if 3G wasn’t deployed and only 2G was. • All 3G devices support 2G so they can fall back to 2G and do voice and 2G data (GPRS/Edge).
- 20. References & Further Reading ©3G4G • Wikipedia: Coaxial cable (link) • Wikipedia: Leaky feeder (link) • Wikipedia: History of the London Underground (link) • Wall to wall Comms: Leaky Feeder- The Ultimate Guide (link) • Thales – Connect: keeping London moving under, and over, ground for 20 years (link) • TFL: Connected London (link) • TFL: Waterloo & City Cellular Network Trial Report (link) • TFL: 4G on Jubilee line tunnel section from March 2020 (link) • Mayor of London - Mission 3: World-class connectivity and smarter streets (link) • Wired: Inside the messy mission to bring 4G to the London Underground (link) • IanVisits: Mobile phone coverage coming to London Underground tunnels (link) • Connectivity Technology Blog: Paris Metro is now 100% covered with LTE (link) • Connectivity Technology Blog: China Unicom Brings 5G Connectivity to Nanjing Metro (link) • Deutsche Bahn and Deutsche Telekom plan seamless mobile network along all tracks (link) • Czech Telecommunication Office (CTU): Internet on the train? It also depends on the coverage and the type of wagon (link) • 3G4G: Voice in 4G: CSFB, VoIP & VoLTE (link) • Ericsson: 5G & mining technology (link) • Twitter: Almost 500Mbps 4G on the new London Underground solution on EE? (link)
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