Brian Patterson: Reinventing Building Power
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This document discusses reinventing building power through the use of hybrid AC/DC microgrids and the creation of interconnecting microgrids called the "Enernet". It describes how distributed energy resources like solar can be harvested and connected in a massively distributed mesh network of microgrids at the building, campus and community level. Standards are being developed to allow digital on-off grid operation and the key benefits of this approach include increasing the use of renewable energy and improving reliability, security and resilience of power systems.
Brian Patterson: Reinventing Building Power
- 1. Reinventing Building Power B Patterson A Non-profit Alliance Creating Standards for use of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Power in Buildings EMerge Alliance. All rights reserved. Distributed Generation/Storage of LVDC Power
- 2. INTERCONNECTED OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION MICROGRIDS: THE ENERNET • WHY? • WHAT? • HOW? • EARLY ADOPTERS
- 3. WE’RE AT A TIME OF INCREASING CHALLENGES TO OUR POWER SYSTEMS: FROM POINTS OF GENERATION - TO POINTS OF USE - AND EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN
- 4. • Help Harvest Abundant New Supply of Electrons • Maximize the Use Clean Renewable Sources • Minimize Grid Expansion & Make It Less Intrusive • Allow Massively Distributed Energy Resources • Enable Digital Quality On-Off-Grid Operation
- 5. “Evolve to a massively distributed array of microgrid systems interconnected in an true mesh electric power network” Solution: The ENERNET
- 6. Virtues 1 2 3 4 Self Organizing Presumption of Access Equality of Each Entity Bottom-Up Public Structure Strength of ‘Weak’ Transactive Cooperation Self Healing = Resilient Distributed Microgrids can capture the key virtues of the Internet using a similar topology Building-Campus Microgrids will create a massively distributed mesh network of system sources, storage and loads 1970 Today Internet 50,000 7,500,000,000 Smart Grid 37,000 500,000 Enernet 37,000 1,700,500,000 Estimated # of Interconnected Nodes
- 8. Residences: • Personal Power System • Operate on or off grid(s) • Under the owner’s total control • Conducts power transactions by choice • Basic infrastructure node in the Enernet A Residential Microgrid Operates Independently or in Cooperation with Other Grids
- 9. Includes: • Site Based Solar Energy Production • Electricity Storage • Co-located Loads – Appliances, Devices • Intergrid Connection A Residential Solar Sourced Microgrid Operates Independently or in Cooperation with Other Grids
- 10. Home Microgrids can be Ener-connected into Community Microgrids
- 11. Commercial “Building Level” Microgrids are Similar Commercial: • Corporate Power System • Operate on or off grid(s) • Under the owner’s total control • Conducts power transactions by choice • Basic infrastructure node in the Enernet
- 12. Includes: • Site Based Solar and Wind Energy Harvesting/Production • Electricity Storage • Co-located Loads – Appliances, Devices • Intergrid Connection Power Storage & Control Office & Occupied Space Factory or Warehouse Data Center Commercial “Building Level” Microgrids are Similar
- 13. Commercial Building Microgrids can be Ener-connected into Commercial Campus Microgrids
- 14. Community & Commercial Microgrids can be Ener-connected with Utility-Scale Microgrids Wind Farm Solar Farm Sub-station Sub-station Commercial Campus Microgrid Community Microgrids Peaking Power Plant
- 15. Utility Microgrids can be Ener-connected into the ‘Smart-Grid’ Base Load Power Plant Base Load Power Plant Base Load Power Plant Base Load Power Plant Utility Microgrids Utility Microgrids Utility Microgrids Utility Microgrids
- 16. The ENERNET Base Load Power Plant Base Load Power Plant Base Load Power Plant Base Load Power Plant Utility Microgrids Utility Microgrids Utility Microgrids Utility Microgrids
- 17. Virtues 1 2 3 4 Presumption of Access Equality of Each Entity Bottom-Up Public Structure Strength of ‘Weak’ Transactive Cooperation Self Organizing Self Healing = Resilient Combining the ideal solutions with the key virtues learned from the Internet
- 18. Nanogrids, Microgrids and Macrogrids are Organized into an Increasingly Expansive and Inclusive Tiered Framework The ENERNET Macrogrids National Tier 3 Regional Microgrids Community Tier 2 Campus Nanogrids Building Tier 1Level, Room, Device Area
- 19. Transforming Traditional Power Grids to an ENERNET Mesh Topology: • Increases availability of clean energy from massively distributed solar and other renewable sources • Improves, reliability and independence/security of electric energy • Maintains the intrinsic value of the bulk power ‘Smart Grid’ • Improves ability to provide low cost electricity in underserved markets • Provides an open, horizontal environment for energy innovation, new applications and new business models involving energy production, storage, and use • Lowers the risk of future investments in power infrastructure
- 20. "Semi-conductors began to evolve in the 1940s and 1950s and have become the predominant means of using power, and about 80 percent of power used in commercial buildings must go through some form of power electronics so it can be converted to DC," quote from studies conducted by the Center of Power Electronics Systems at Virginia Tech. Why Hybrid DC Power END OF USE DEVICES DC Lighting Home Entertainment Office Equipment Servers / Routers Portable devices Var. Frequency Drive (AC, Refrigerators, washing machines, etc PORTABILITY DISTRIBUTED RESOURCES RISE OF DIGITAL ECONOMY Demand for “digital quality” power is growing rapidly Requires much higher reliability and quality New devices have different characteristics
- 21. DC Power Markets & Benefits DC power has applications in three different markets, with different primary benefits driving adoption in each: No Phase / Voltage Balancing Smaller Footprint per kW Increased Power Chain Efficiency Reduced Distribution Losses Simple Architecture / Few Conversions Cable Savings Easy Integration of Energy Sources/Storage Data Centers Telecom Building Microgrids Other Benefits:
- 22. Agency Status / Standards • 400V system standards currently released or under development through international efforts UL (several products listed today) – cover all distribution system components ETSI EN 300 132 -3-0 – power interface standard – RELEASED ETSI EN 301605 – earthing and bonding for 400VDC systems - RELEASED ITU – (ITU-T l.1200) – adopted ETSI voltage levels - RELEASED IEC / IEEE (SG22H) – working group in place – new DC UPS standard –release in 2015 ATIS- 0600315.01.2015 – voltage levels standard - RELEASED SCTE – committee started NEC – Current edition applies to both AC and DC : Wiring , protection , safety Continuous upgrades on 3 year cycle EMerge Alliance - Focus on site and system interfaces – RELEASED YD/T 2378-2011 (China Standard) - RELEASED Planned update for 336V (380VDC) mid to late 2015 NEMA / EPRI – work in progress • Standards also needed for and driven by renewable resource deploymentsStandardization Work Closely Harmonized to Agree on Aligned Global Standards
- 23. Hurdles to Adopting DC Have Been Overcome Challenge Current State Global voltage selection and adoption 380 VDC selected globally Applicable standards for 400V DC Many International standards in place. Need to develop best practices and training. Availability of 400V DC components (plugs, breakers, power strips) 400V DC components have been commercially available for several years Availability of 400V DC loads (servers, storage, switches, etc) Some 400V DC loads are available. More are in development. Operational changes in Telecom vs. - 48V Hybrid approach using 400/48V conversion maintains -48V at the rack 400V DC loads will require operational changes, but are feasible (plugs instead of lugs). Migration path identified. Safety concerns HRMG system design mitigates arc and shock potential
- 24. 75+ Test, Beta, & Production Sites Commercial, Residential, Data Center Applications NextHome Campion Homes Detroit. MI
- 25. New Construction Bldg – 4,400 m2 • ABB Power Distribution – In: 16KV AC – Out: 1MW @ 380Vdc – Battery Backup: 10 mins – Backup Generation • 1,100m2 of 3,300m2 Vdc • HP 2U, Blades & Storage Servers • Demonstrated Benefits – 10%+ Better Energy Efficiency, 1.18 PUE – 15% Lower Capital Cost – 25% Smaller Footprint – 20% Lower Installation Costs Rectifier Battery Storage Datacenter Servers 16KVac 3Ø 380Vdc Photos courtesy of ABB* and HP* 380Vdc Data Center Zurich, Switzerland
- 26. Deep Renovation of existing 600,000 SF 2 Floor Bldg. • 380 Volt dc bus architecture • 50,000sf of 380Vdc DC Energized Racks • 24v DC LED Lighting • Wireless Lighting PWM/IPv6 Controls • Control Phase I Early 2015 • Scalable design saved 50% CapEx. • Stage II includes on-site solar farm (site has 110 acres of open field). • Future ENERNET Node. AC/DC Hybrid Data Center Demo Princeton, New Jersey
- 27. Live 400VDC Demo Room @ Steel Orca Components Display Stultz 400VDC in Row Cooling GVA 400VDC Lighting
- 28. Higher Voltage DC Global Footprint As of September 2015: 1150+ Systems have been deployed globally Deployed across Asia, North America, Europe, and Africa in a wide range of applications: • Telecom • Data Centers • Building-Campus Micro-grids • High Performance Computing US Telecom European Telecom Level 3 US Data Center Integrator Canadian Telecom Xiamen University
- 29. China Telecom Mega Center Inner Mongolia Phase 1.1 finished 4 buildings: 65 sets of LVDC systems. Single system with dual bus output DC Deployments in China Source: Emerson Network Power
- 30. LVDC Deployments in China Source: Emerson Network Power
- 31. Shanghai Baozhiyun IDC 80 systems of LVdc 240kW/system AC+LVDC dual supply LVDC Deployments in China
- 32. Tencent Modular IDC 12 server racks Power of each rack: 8kW Backup time: 10 min Space area：3600mm（W）*5300mm（L） LVDC Deployments in China Source: Emerson Network Power
- 33. Baidu Yangquan IDC Rectifier Charger Phase One: 7 systems of 360kW LVDC Phase Two: 63 Systems of 210kW LVDC Rectifier Cabinet and separate Battery Charger LVDC Deployments in China Source: Emerson Network Power
- 34. 380VDC France Telecom FT datacenter Velizy, Emerson power system 380VDC 50kW capacity with 30 min lead-acid ，1+1 redundant 380VDC A 380VDC B IBM and HP servers Rect. A Rect. B Batt. A Batt. B ENERGY PREMISES SERVER ROOM LVDC Global Footprint
- 35. LVDC Global Footprint Bachmann (Germany) 380VDC Datacenter/Microgrid Emerson 380VDC systems 380VDC servers380VDC inverters AC servers 380VDC Data Center
- 36. Battery 336VDC 336/12VDC 380VDC+12VDC Solution for China Mobile -Harbin LVDC Global Footprint Source: Emerson Network Power
- 37. LVDC Global Footprint Emerson in partnership with RSC installed 2 sites: • Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) • Polytechnic RSC PetaStream - 1st in Russia by energy efficiency level with 2,401.4 Mflops/Watt • #8 in local Top50 supercomputers list for Russia/CIS • Feed from NetSure 9500 120kW Power system and using Vicor 400/12V DC/DC converters • Joint Supercomputing Center of Russian Academy of Sciences (JSCC RAS) • RSC PetaStream - The first project on Intel® Xeon Phi™ 7120D in Russia and CIS • Feed from NetSure 4015 30kW Power system and using Vicor 400/12V DC/DC converters
- 39. DCC+G European Microgrid Project Office Building, Fraunhofer Institute in Germany 90kW +/- 380V DC Power System w/ Solar MPPT Specs: Dual bus (+380V, -380V) 90kW=6x15kW rectifiers 30kW=2x15kW solar MPPT (2) ACU+ controllers 24U enclosure Verification sites: 1.Fraunhoffer Institute – building microgrid 2.Bachmann – green data center 3.Phillips - lighting
- 40. LVDC Nanogrid - Lighting Middletown, Pennsylvania USA DC Lighting + Energized Ceiling Grid • Full energized top and bottom rails of suspended ceiling • 10,000sf of DC Lighting • Traditional design / bid / build process • Installation time was reduced to 50% vs. Traditional ac system • Stage II solar ready • Future ENERNET Node
- 41. 3 Floors of Class A Office Space • 14th Floor: T8 Fluorescent – No Controls • 15th Floor: LED Retro Tube – No controls • 16th Floor: LED Retro Tube – W SKY controls • Dramatic Energy Savings 75%! • Future ENERNET node. LVDC Nanogrid - Lighting Detroit, Michigan
- 42. Deep Renovation of 7 Story Office Bldg. • 110,000sf of 24v DC LED Lighting • 70,000sf of DC Energized Ceiling • Wireless Lighting Control • Stage I Completed Late 2014 • Direct Coupled® Solar planned for Stage II Solar Powered LVDC Lighting Nanogrid Dearborn, Michigan
- 43. DC FLEXZONE CEILING, LED LIGHTING & OCCUPANCY SENSORS DC PHOTOVOLTAICS DIFFUSED DAYLIGHTING DC PHOTOVOLTAICS NATIVE PLANTS, IRRIGATION & GROUNDWATER INFILTRATION PNC Financial Services Group Inc. announced the debut of its new net- zero energy bank branch during first quarter 2013 in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. PNC branch exceeds LEED Platinum certification and is PNC’s most energy efficient building, using 50 percent less energy than a typical branch. VEGETATIVE WALL ENERGY RECOVERY UNIT Whole Building DC Microgrids Ft. Lauderdale, Florida Zero Building Designed 10, 000 SF • Low Voltage dc LED Fixtures • Power directly from on- site solar • 50% less Energy than equivalent Branch Bank • Net Zero Building • Future ENERNET Node
- 44. DC Microgrid Click & Brick Integration Cold Spring Kentucky Five stores have 600 kW solar capacity = 750,000 kWh/yr. Newest is 200 kW in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Clackamas Distribution Center in Oregon has a 500 kWh capacity, about 10% of building’s power. Total solar production in 2014 was approximately 2.4 million kWh.
- 45. Building/Campus AC/DC Microgrids Detroit, Michigan
- 47. Greenbuild 2015 Solar Power International 2016 Washington DC CONVENTION CENTER
- 48. A part of the HOW: Standards
- 49. E.J. CURTIS ASSOCIATES, INC. Nicholson & Sun LLC Connecting the Dots…
- 50. Standards Organizations We Work with to Advance DC Microgrid Technology / Use
- 52. Standards Activity • Commercial Building Occupied Space • Data Center & Central Office • Task Level (desktop & plug loads) • Whole Building Microgrids • Residential & Light Commercial • Retail/Specialty • Bldg. Services (HVAC) / Outdoor/EV ChargingPending Forming New in 2015 Draft Dec. 2015 Issued Nov. 2015 Issued Issued System Application Standards
- 53. Globally Recognized Benefits of LVDC Distribution • Single voltage (380VDC) global standards – fewer OEM equipment variations – potential equipment cost reduction • Simplicity , scalability , ease of deployment • High reliability – elimination of series conversion steps • Power quality maintained (vs AC eco-mode) • No need for phase balancing • Elimination of harmonics impact • Lower Total Cost of Ownership • Migration path to true electric power network: Enernet
- 54. Definition: The Enernet: Flexible, clean, efficient, resilient, affordable and sustainable energy infrastructure “Enernet" refers to the global power system that -- (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique intergrid connection scheme applied at the points of common connection between grids; (ii) is able to support transactionally based flow control protocols based on the principles of free-market trade to achieve a balance of the supply and demand for electricity; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services included with the electric power infrastructure described herein.