Chapter 2 Note
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1. The document provides information about the composition of matter including elements, atoms, bonds, and chemical reactions. It defines key concepts such as elements, atoms, ions, ionic and covalent bonds. 2. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons and that chemical bonds form when atoms share or transfer electrons. Ionic bonds form through electron transfer between metals and nonmetals while covalent bonds form through electron sharing. 3. It discusses energy and chemical reactions, noting that chemical reactions require energy to occur and can release or absorb energy. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.
Chapter 2 Note
- 1. Chapter 2 Note-taking Guide and Organizer Name________________Date___________Mod__________ Remember to keep your periodic table with your notes at all times! Composition of Matter Matter is anything that occupies ________________ and has ______________. _______________ is the quantity of _________________ an object has. _______________ And ________________ are different. ________________ depends on the amount of __________________. You would ______________ less on the moon than on earth but have the same ___________________. http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/ What is matter? Check off everything you believe is matter. Air darkness water Light heat cold Smoke sound jello human Check your answers. Element An _________________ is a pure substance that cannot be ___________________ into simpler kinds of ________________. Each element has a different __________________________________.
- 2. More than _____________________________ have been identified. More than _______________________ of the mass of living things is composed of _____________________, ________________________, _____________________________ and ______________________________. Atoms An ___________________ is the simplest part of an element that retains the _______________________ of that element. The properties of _____________________ determine how the element will _____________________ in nature. An atom consists of ___________________ parts. The _________________________ contains ____________________ and _________________________. ___________________________ float around the outside of the __________________________. The number of _______________________ is called the ______________________. Protons are charged _________________________, electrons are __________________________ and neutrons are neutral or __________________ charge. Draw a picture of an atom below.
- 3. Atomic Particle Table Name of Particle Location Charge Related Info Electrons ____________________ are responsible for making __________________. Electrons are set in different layers called _______________________. Each level can hold up to ___________________ electrons except the innermost level which can only hold _______________. Compounds A ____________________ is a pure substance made up of ______________ or more ______________________. A ____________________ shows what elements and how many are in a ____________________. An atom is chemically _________________ when its outer shell has _____________ electrons with the exception of ___________________ and ____________________. That is why elements ____________________ together.
- 4. When elements bond together they create a _______________________________________ which makes the atoms happy and ____________________. Write some examples of chemical formulas. How do you read a chemical formula? Covalent bonds _______________________ form when atoms __________________ one or more ________________ of electrons. This usually happens between _________________________. A ______________________ is formed when a ___________________________ is used. Examples are: Draw some examples of covalent bonds below. Water
- 5. Ionic Bonds ________________________ form when one atom ______________________________ from itself to another _________________. When this occurs, an _________________ is formed. ________________________ usually happen between a ___________________ and a ________________________. Draw some pictures of ionic bonds below. Sodium chloride (table salt) (NaCl)
- 6. Energy and Matter ______________________ is the ability to do __________________ or cause ___________________. _____________________ is the energy in a system available for __________________. There are ________________ main states of matter. They are: Energy and Chemical Reactions Living things undergo ______________________ of _________________________ as part of their life processes.
- 7. The ______________________ are shown on the __________________ of the equation. The __________________ are shown on the ____________________. _________________________ are converted to __________________________. ______________________ is required for the ____________________________ to occur. How can you recognize a chemical reaction? Circle the reaction if you think it is a chemical reaction. All others are physical reactions. Think: Are you changing one thing to another thing? Breaking glass ice pack rusting car Frying an egg burning a match boiling water Shaking a pop hand warmers chopping veggies Freezing water cooking macaroni baking a cake Energy Transfer ___________________________ that release energy are called _____________________ reactions. Chemical reactions that _____________________ energy are called _________________________ reactions. Both ______________________ and _______________________ reactions require energy to start the process. This is called ____________________________. Certain chemicals called _____________________, reduce the amount of ___________________energy required. The reaction happens ________________________.
- 8. One ____________________ in the body is called an _______________________. Draw an example of catalysts decreasing activation energy. Redox reactions Many ______________________ that help ____________________________ in living things involve the transfer of _________________________. These are called __________________________________________________- reactions or ____________________ reactions. In _________________________, a reactant loses one or more _____________________, making it a ___________________________________. In _____________________________, a reactant gains one or more ____________________________ making it more _____________________. There is always an atom that is _______________________ and an atom that is _______________________. Solutions A __________________ is a mixture in which one or more substances is _______________________ distributed in another substance.
- 9. A solution has ___________________ parts. The ____________________ is the substance dissolved in the solution. The ___________________ is the substance in which the ___________________ in dissolved. The ____________________ is the measurement of the amount of ____________________ dissolved in the ___________________. A __________________________________ is one in which no more __________________ can dissolve. __________________________ are solutions in which water is the ______________________. These are very _____________________. Acids and Bases __________________ is the _________________ apart of _______________. When water breaks, ____________ things are made. The hydroxide ion is ________________. The hydrodium ion is __________________. If the number of ______________________ ions is greater than the number of ____________________ions, the solution is an acid. Sometimes hydrodium is just written ________________. If the number of hydroxide ions is _________________ than the hydrodium ions, then the solution is a base. Draw the dissociation of water below.
- 10. pH and Buffers ________________ is the scale for comparing the relative concentrations of ____________________in a _________________. The scale ranges from _____________________. The smaller the number, the more ___________________ a solution is. The higher the number, the more __________________ it is. For example, stomach acid has a _______________ of about _________. Ammonia has a pH of about ___________. ____________________ are chemicals that _______________________ acids and bases in the body. ___________________ help maintain good _______________ levels in the body. Essential Questions • How are particles arranged in an atom? • How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond?
- 11. • Why doesn’t Neon combine with elements very often? • What are the 3 state of matter? • Explain how a catalyst affects a reaction. • Why does a reduction always happen with an oxidation? • Describe the dissociation of water.
- 12. • What is neutral pH? • What is a buffer? Why is it important to the body?