Chapter 4 & 5
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Chapter four discusses the various types and functions of nonverbal communication, including how gestures, facial expressions, and voice convey messages and emotions. It emphasizes the importance of nonverbal cues in enhancing or contradicting verbal messages and provides insights into cultural interpretations of space and time. The chapter also explores the concept of immediacy in relationships and its impact on communication dynamics.
Chapter 4 & 5
- 1. Chapter Four: Messages and Meanings This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of this program.
- 2. Distinctions Between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages Verbal Messages Explicit Precise Linguistic Codes Cognitive Component Content Used to Clarify Nonverbal Messages Implicit Imprecise Nonlinguistic Affective Component Clarify or replace Accidental and Expressive Communication
- 3. Albert Mehrabian Elements In Conveying a Message
- 4. Functions of Nonverbal Messages
- 5. Accenting Nonverbal messages that highlight, stress, or enhance the verbal message. Example: Raising your voice to make a dramatic point.
- 6. Complementing Nonverbal function of adding to, clarifying, enriching, emphasizing, or supplementing a verbal message. Example: Telling someone you love them while holding them.
- 7. Contradicting Use of nonverbal messages that are opposite to verbal messages. Example: Saying you like someone while rolling your eyes.
- 8. Repeating Nonverbal messages that restate, reinforce, duplicate, or reiterate the verbal message. Example: Saying “stop” while holding your hand out in a stop indicator.
- 9. Regulating Nonverbal messages that allow us to control, monitor, coordinate, and manage verbal communication. Example: Looking at your watch repeatedly as an indication that a conversation needs to end.
- 10. Substituting Nonverbal message that can be used instead of a verbal message. Example: Instead of saying hello, you just wave at someone.
- 11. Kinesics The study of the communicative aspects of gestures and bodily movements.
- 12. Emblems Gestures and movements that have a direct verbal translation. Emblems are known by most or all of a group, class, culture, or subculture. They can be used to stimulate specific meanings in the minds of others in place of verbal communication.
- 13. Illustrators Gestures and movements that are closely linked with spoken language and help to illustrate what is being said.
- 14. Regulators Gestures and movements that, along with eye and vocal cues, maintain and regulate the back‑and‑forth interaction between speakers and listeners during spoken dialogue.
- 15. Affect Displays Cues that involve primarily facial expressions but also include a persons posture, gait, limb movements, and other behaviors that provide information about her or his emotional state or mood.
- 16. Adaptors Unintentional behaviors that are usually responses to boredom or stress or responses closely linked with negative feelings toward ourselves or others.
- 17. Courtship Readiness Cues Nonverbal behaviors that are exhibited in the courtship situation (3 types).
- 18. Positional Cues How we arrange our bodies either to adapt to or to reject others. Open vs. Closed body orientation
- 19. Preening Behavior Such actions as stroking the hair, fixing the collar on a dress or shirt, touching up one's makeup, and adjusting clothing such as socks and ties.
- 20. Actions of appeal or invitation Flirtatious glances, batting one's eyelashes, seductive body movements, flexing the muscles, and thrusting out the chest.
- 21. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Physical Appearance and Attractiveness Physical attractiveness Body Structure Endomorphic body type Mesomorphic body type Ectomorphic body type
- 23. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Dress and Artifacts Three functions of clothing Comfort and protection Modesty Cultural display Artifacts
- 24. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior Facial Expressions Techniques Intensify Deintensify Neutralize Mask Oculesics (eye) Functions Control flow of interaction Establish relationship Maintain relationship Express feelings Show respect Communicate attention and interest
- 25. Universal Facial Expressions S adness A nger D isgust F ear I nterest S urprise H appiness
- 26. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Use of the Voice (Paralanguage) Functions Communicates an image Communicates emotional status Shows socioeconomic level and status Indicates background and culture Regulate conversation Show interest
- 27. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Use of the Voice (Paralanguage) Vocal Quality Pitch Range Articulation Rhythm control Lip control
- 28. Vocalizations Vocal characterizers (laughing/crying) Vocal qualifiers (pitch height/loudness or softness) Vocal segregates (uhs, umms, er)
- 29. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Territory and Personal Space Proxemics: How we use space. Personal Space: Personal bubble. Territoriality: Claimed space.
- 30. Expanding on Personal Space Hall’s Categories of Personal Space Intimate (0-18 inches) Personal (18” to 4 feet) Social (4 to 8 feet) Public (8+ feet)
- 31. Handling Space Violations First, you can withdraw from the situation. Second, you can learn to avoid situations in which you know you are likely to have your space invaded. Third, you can build boundaries or insulate yourself from others invading your personal space. Finally, you can fight or defend your space.
- 32. Five Functions of Haptics (touch)
- 33. Functional-Professional Touch Impersonal, businesslike touch used to accomplish or perform some task or service.
- 34. Social-Polite Touch Affirms or acknowledges the other person’s identity. This type of touch follows strict cultural codes.
- 35. Friendship-Warmth Touch Lets another person know that we care for, value, and have an interest in her or him.
- 36. Love-Intimacy Touch Touch that expresses emotional and affective attachment and caring. It is usually a hug, caress, or stroke.
- 37. Sexual Arousal Touch Touch that can be a part of love‑intimacy, but it can also be distinct. Sexual‑arousal touch can include the use of a person as an object of attraction or lust, or even monetary gain.
- 38. 12 Steps to Sexual Intimacy Eye to Body Eye to Eye Voice to Voice Hand to Hand Arm to Shoulder Arm to Waist Mouth to Mouth Hand to Head Hand to Body Mouth to Breast Hand to Genitals Genitals to Genitals
- 39. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Environmental Factors Formality Warmth Privacy Familiarity Constraint Distance
- 40. Types of Nonverbal Messages: Smell (Olfactics) Our sense of smell affects: Our moods Attitudes about others Perceptions of others Communication orientation toward others
- 41. Chronemics The Study of Time
- 42. Cultural Time Orientations Monochronic: M‑time emphasizes the scheduling of activities one at a time, the segmentation of work, and the promptness of work. Polychronic: P‑time emphasizes the involvement of many people and is less rigid about the ordering of events and scheduling. People functioning on P‑time believe in handling several transactions at once.
- 43. Types of Time
- 44. Technical Time Refers to precise, scientific measurements of time. It has the least correlation with interpersonal communication. The Directorate of Time
- 45. Formal Time The way in which a culture keeps track of time. Myan Calendar Sun Dial Clock
- 46. Informal Time The most difficult cultural time orientation to understand and learn; it varies greatly from culture to culture. It is the casual time employed by a culture. It is often unconscious and determined by the situation or context in which it is used.
- 47. Psychological Time Past Present Future
- 48. Biological Time How people feel and react physically to time, and the effects of time on physical well‑being. Owls Sparrows Sprowls
- 49. Chapter Five: Messages and Relationships This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of this program.
- 50. Immediacy The degree of perceived physical or psychological distance between people in a relationship.
- 51. Verbal Immediacy Messages that suggest openness to the other, friendship for the other, or empathy with the other. “ We & Us” Instead of “I & You” "I see what you mean," "Tell me more," "that is a good point," and "I think so too" will create increased immediacy. "Oh, shut up," "That is stupid," "I thought of that years ago," "Frankly, I don't care what you think." will decrease immediacy
- 52. Nonverbal Immediacy Gestures and Body Movements Physical Appearance and Attractiveness Dress and Artifacts Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior Voice Space Touch Environmental Factors Small Time
- 53. Outcomes of Immediacy Immediacy will likely: Increase communication between participants and interactants. Increase attentiveness by the interactants. Increase the likelihood that listening will improve between the interactants. Lead to liking between the interactants.
- 54. Disadvantages to Immediacy In some cases, immediacy may: Reduce privacy between individuals because of increased pressure to communicate. Increase the anxiety of the touch-avoidant or communication-apprehensive individual. Make people feel like they have lost control of the situation. Be Misinterpreted as invitations to intimacy.
- 55. Intimacy The perceived depth of a relationship between people.
- 56. Self-Disclosure Messages that reveal information that is private and personal to another.
- 57. Social Penetration Theory Breadth Depth As relationships become more intimate, self disclosure goes from breadth to depth.
- 58. Sexual Relations Casual Sex Instant Intimacy
- 59. Status A person's position in some hierarchy. Status Differential Eye Contact Kinesics Behaviors Vocal Behavior Use of Space and Touch Use of Time Dress