Chapter5 (1)
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This chapter discusses quantitative methods for facility layout in healthcare settings. It describes three main types of layouts: product layouts, process layouts, and fixed-position layouts. Process layouts are most commonly used in hospitals as they allow flexibility for varying patient needs. Methods for designing process layouts include closeness rating charts, minimizing travel distances and costs, and computer algorithms. The goal is to optimize functionality and efficiency by reducing travel times between departments that frequently interact.
Chapter5 (1)
- 1. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementChapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. OzcanYasar A. Ozcan 11 Chapter 5.Chapter 5. Facility LayoutFacility Layout 1. Nurse’s station 5.Main entrance 3. Patient room area 2. Amb. entrance 4.Laundry6.Dietary dept.
- 2. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 2 OutlineOutline Overview of Layout Decisions Product Layout Process Layout Methods – Minimizing Costs & Distances – Computerized Layouts Fixed Position Layout
- 3. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 3 A General ApproachA General Approach Whenever an existing facility is renovated or a new facility designed, the chance exists to develop a layout that will improve process flow and minimize wasted space. When a new facility is designed, the facility layout should be integrated into the architectural design. Limitations on building lot size and shape, however, may heavily influence the layout configurations available. In other situations, a new layout is achieved simply by renovating an existing area, in which case the size and shape of the area is set, and the limitations relating to the funds available.
- 4. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 4 A General ApproachA General Approach The basic goals in developing a facility layout should be functionality and cost savings. Functionality includes placing the necessary departments, such as the operating and recovery rooms, close together. Functionality also includes keeping apart those departments which should not be together. Overall, functionality includes aspects of a layout which may not be immediately quantifiable, such as facilitating communication and improving staffer morale.
- 5. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 5 Existing Inefficiencies (e.g.. high costs) Accidents or Safety Hazards Changes in Offerings New Offerings Volume Changes (patient volume and/or mix- output) Changes in Methods or Equipment Changes in Environment or Laws Morale Problems Reengineering of Facilities and Services Summary of Reasons for New Layout
- 6. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 6 Two key elements of these goals are saving space, and reducing the travel distance/time between departments. The amount of space allocated to a given department often is set by factors beyond the control of the facility planner, whose job it then is to make the most of that space. A poorly designed work-space harms both productivity and quality. Another aspect, the travel distance between departments, is a cost that can reach enormous proportions long-term. What may seem a short walk to a designer may add up, over the life of a facility, to days lost to travel. That not only adds to costs, but also weakens staff morale. Other AspectsOther Aspects
- 7. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 7 Which layout type should we choose?Which layout type should we choose? Product Layouts Process Layouts Fixed-Position Layouts
- 8. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 8 The Product Layout Used for highly standardized (repetitive) processing operations Achieves a smooth, rapid, high-volume flow Examples: Production or Assembly lines In healthcare/hospitals it is rarely used. It may be seen in the labs, pharmacy, and cafeteria.
- 9. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 9 The Process Layout Facilitate processing items or providing services that present a variety of processing requirements Features departments or functional groups; examples of a process layout can be found in physician offices (group practice), a clinic, or hospitals. The hospital groups together functions such as intensive care, surgery, emergency medicine, and radiology as separate departments. This arrangement allows one patient entering through the emergency room to be seen in radiology, possibly surgery, and then intensive care, and another to be admitted directly for elective surgery and then to intensive care. The variability among patients makes such flexibility necessary.
- 10. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 10 Process Layout Tools The many tools for designing a process layout generally weigh both quantitative and qualitative factors in deciding which departments should be placed closer together. The number of trips that employees make between two departments is a quantitative measure that can approximate the cost of having the two departments far apart. Hazards such as supplemental oxygen and open flame as (in a kitchen) are qualitative factors to consider.
- 11. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 11 Process Layout Tools: Method of Closeness Rating Qualitative factors are easily analyzed in a closeness rating chart, developed by Richard Muther (1962), named systematic layout planning (SLP). The closeness rating chart is essentially a grid that qualitatively assesses the desired closeness between departments. For some departments closeness may be undesirable. SLP codes denote the desired closeness, according to the relative strength of the closeness: A-absolutely necessary E - very important I – important O - ordinary importance U- unimportant, and X – undesirable.
- 12. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 12 Process Layout Tools Example 5.1: A long-term care facility will be constructed with total available area of 200 * 400 ft., as shown in Figure 5.1 The dimensions of each department and the desired relationships among the departments are depicted in Figure 5.2. A functional layout with the given parameters is desired.
- 13. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 13 Figure 5.1 Available Space for Layout of Long-term Facility 400 ft 200ft
- 14. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 14 1. Nurse’s station 2. Ambulance entrance 3. Patient room area 4. Laundry 5. Main entrance 6. Dietary department A A E Figure 5.2 Closeness Rating Chart for Long-term Care Facility E O E I U U U X X X I I A absolutely necessary E very important I important O ordinary importance U unimportant X undesirable Area in feet Department 40 * 80 80 * 80 40 * 80 40 * 40 40 * 80 Remaining space
- 15. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 15 Process Layout Tools: A Heuristic Algorithm A X 1-2 2-5 1-3 4-5 5-6 Identify A and X relationships and determine closeness based on frequency.
- 16. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 16 1. Nurse’s station 2. Ambulance entrance 3. Patient room area Figure 5.3 A and X Closeness Representation 40 by 8040 by 40 “A” closeness “X” undesirable 5. Main entrance 80 by 80 4. Laundry 6. Dietary department 40 by 40 40 by 40
- 17. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 17 1. Nurse’s station 5.Main entrance 3. Patient room area 2. Amb. entrance 4.Laundry6.Dietary dept. Figure 5.4 Layout Solution
- 18. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 18 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs If the objective of the layout is to create efficiencies in functional areas where repetitive processes (nurses walking on hallways to fetch supplies or delivering care for patients) occur, then minimizing the costs or repetitive distances traveled becomes a goal. Data representing such traffic can be summarized in a from-to chart. A from-to chart is generally a table listing the departments to be considered and the number of trips (or flow) between them in a given period.
- 19. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 19 Exhibit 5.1 From-to-Chart for a Small Hospital
- 20. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 20 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Once flow information is identified, those areas with the most frequent interaction may be assigned adjacent to each other, and an initial layout can be generated. However, there may be many possible assignments. If three departments are to be assigned three spaces, there are six possible layouts. This is calculated by factorial formulation, n!, where n represents departments. Increasing the number of departments dramatically increases the number of possible solutions. For example, for four departments, 4!, there are 24 possible assignments.
- 21. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 21 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs The objective of the layout is to minimize total cost (TC) function, and the problem can be specified as: ∑= ij TCMinimize jiijij C*W*D
- 22. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 22 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Example 5.2: Consider the departments A, B, and C of a small hospital. Assume the distance between the locations 1 and 2 to be 100 feet, between 1 and 3 to be 200 feet, and between 2 and 3 to be 100 feet. Assign these departments to locations 1, 2 and 3 in a rectangular space.
- 23. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 23 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Solution: Assuming that on average a nurse can walk 100 feet in 30 seconds and earns $48.00 per hour including fringe benefits, what is the total initial cost of initial the layout? A summary of the information for this problem is shown in Table 5.1. Since there are 3 departments to be assigned 3 locations, there are 3! = 6 possible assignment configurations, as shown in table 5.2.
- 24. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 24 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Table 5.1 Distance and Flows among Three Hospital Departments Distance among locations Flow among departments From/To Location From/To Department 1 2 3 A B C 1 - 100 200 A - 10 3 2 100 - 100 B 23 - 1 3 200 100 - C 11 1 -
- 25. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 25 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Table 5.2 Possible Assignment Configurations of Departments to Three Locations Locations Assignment Configurations 1 2 3 1 A B C 2 A C B 3 B A C 4 B C A 5 C A B 6 C B A
- 26. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 26 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Table 5.2 Possible Assignment Configurations of Departments to Three Locations Locations Assignment Configurations 1 2 3 1 A B C 2 A C B 3 B A C 4 B C A 5 C A B 6 C B A
- 27. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 27 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Table 5.3 Ranking Departments According to Highest Flow Trips between locations Distance in feet Department pair Workflow Total flow 1-2 100 B-A 23 33 2-1 100 A-B 10 2-3 100 C-A 11 14 3-2 100 A-C 3 1-3 200 C-B 1 2 3-1 200 B-C 1
- 28. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 28 Process Layout Tools: Method of Minimizing Distances and Costs Table 5.4 Total Cost of a Layout Department To Flows Location Distance Distance*Flow Dij * Wij Combined Dij * Wij Total Cost Dij * Wij *Cij A B C 10 3 1-2 1-3 100 200 10*100=1000 3*200= 600 1600 1600*.4=$640 B A C 23 1 2-1 2-3 100 100 23*100=2300 1*100= 100 2400 2400*.4=960 C A B 11 1 3-1 3-2 200 100 11*200=2200 1*100= 100 2300 2300*.4=920 Total 6,300 $9,520
- 29. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 29 Computer Based Layout Programs ALDEP-- based on closeness ratings CORELAP-- based on closeness ratings CRAFT-- based on minimization of flow (WinQSB use this one)
- 30. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 30 Computer Based Layout Programs The most widely used program in this area is Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique (CRAFT) The two most commonly used distance measures between departments can be straight line, also called Euclidian distance or Squared Euclidian; and rectilinear distance, known as Manhattan distance, which emulates the streets of Manhattan in New York City. Manhattan distance means that, to go from one place to another, one has to travel up or down, right or left through the streets, rather than crossing to the buildings. Most real life problems have similar conditions: in order to go from one department to another, one has to walk through corridors, take elevators, emulating travel in Manhattan. Hence, the rectilinear distance measure will be used in our computerized solutions.
- 31. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 31 The item remains stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed. Used to some degree in decentralized nursing systems; for instance, when all equipment is taken to the patient The Fixed Position Layout
- 32. Chapter 5: Quantitatve Methods in Health Care ManagementYasar A. Ozcan 32 The End