Computer hardware devices used in computing
- 1. Chapter 3 Computer Hardware And Software
- 2. Chapter 3 Slide 2 Hardware vs. Software Hardware • The physical equipment used to process information Software • Instructions that, with the help of people, command the hardware to perform desired tasks
- 3. Chapter 3 Slide 3 Computer Hardware Conceptual Overview Figure 3-1
- 4. Chapter 3 Slide 4 Computer Devices Processing hardware • Controls the peripheral devices, as directed by computer software Data bus • Electrical connection managing the flow of data between the processing hardware and the rest of the computer
- 5. Chapter 3 Slide 5 Computer Devices Adaptors (controllers) • Reside inside the computer and convert commands and data from the data bus into signals that peripheral devices can use Port • A connection between the computer box and a device outside the computer
- 6. Chapter 3 Slide 6 Computer Devices Input, output, and communications devices • Transfer data between a computer and its users or other computers Storage devices • Save data for later processing
- 7. Chapter 3 Slide 7 Uses of Input Hardware Active data entry • A person uses an input device to enter data into a computer Passive data entry • The computer obtains information without the active participation of a user Control • A person uses an input device to control the tasks or actions of the computer.
- 8. Chapter 3 Slide 8 Input Devices Keyboard • Consists of a plastic or metal housing containing keys that, when pressed, send a signal to the computer Pointing devices • Allow the user to control the movement of a cursor (pointer) on the screen
- 9. Chapter 3 Slide 9 Input Devices Formatted Text Readers • Read text formatted specifically for the device in use Image Capture Devices • Include scanners, digital still cameras, and digital camcorders
- 10. Chapter 3 Slide 10 Input Devices Instrumentation devices • Receive input through other devices, such as machines and musical instruments, that produce electrical output Sensors • Devices that respond to the environment with a signal that a computer can interpret
- 11. Chapter 3 Slide 11 Processing Hardware – The Execution Cycle Figure 3-5
- 12. Chapter 3 Slide 12 Measuring Processing Power Word length and bus width Speed of arithmetic Instruction speed Instruction set Pipelining
- 13. Chapter 3 Slide 13 Processing Hardware Parallel processing • Uses two or more processors in a single computer Specialized processors • Processors, such as video accelerators, voice processors, cryptographic coprocessors, and DSPs, that perform highly specialized tasks
- 14. Chapter 3 Slide 14 Processing Trends Moore’s Law • A 1965 prediction by Gordon Moore, a co- founder of Intel, that the amount of information storable in a square inch of silicon would double about every 18 months
- 15. Chapter 3 Slide 15 Types of Storage Hardware Primary storage • Electrical, resides on the bus, and is directly accessible to the processor Secondary storage • Storage that the processor cannot access directly
- 16. Chapter 3 Slide 16 Types of Storage Hardware Volatile storage • Requires electrical power to retain its data Non-volatile storage • Retains its data in the absence of electrical power
- 17. Chapter 3 Slide 17 Primary Storage Devices Cache memory • Expensive super-fast primary storage RAM (random access memory) • Volatile primary storage ROM (read-only memory) • Non-volatile primary storage
- 18. Chapter 3 Slide 18 Secondary Storage Devices Fixed media • Hard disk • RAID Removable media • Includes diskettes, cartridge disks, magnetic tape, optical media, and flash memory
- 19. Chapter 3 Slide 19 Other Storage Technologies Distributed Storage • Storage Area Networks (SANs) Volumetric Storage • Holographic • MFD
- 20. Chapter 3 Slide 20 Hardware for Data Output Softcopy • Output on an unmovable medium, such as a computer screen. Hardcopy • Output on a medium, such as paper, that can be removed from the computer. Robotic • Output into devices that physically move in response to signals from a computer.
- 21. Chapter 3 Slide 21 Types of Software - Overview Figure 3-12
- 22. Chapter 3 Slide 22 Types of Software Vertical application software • Performs tasks common to a specific industry, or a function within an industry Horizontal application software • Addresses tasks that are common to users in all or almost all industries
- 23. Chapter 3 Slide 23 Types of Software Systems Software • Performs tasks to manage the devices and resources of a computer and its network Systems-development software • Used to create new software
- 24. Chapter 3 Slide 24 Vertical Software Issues Make vs. Buy • Custom • Customized • Packaged (COTS) Integration • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) • Middleware
- 25. Chapter 3 Slide 25 Horizontal Software Types Office Automation Business Function Application • Examples: Sales force management, Human resources management, Inventory management, Bookkeeping
- 26. Chapter 3 Slide 26 Systems Software Operating System Kernel Systems Utilities Network and Systems Management Software
- 27. Chapter 3 Slide 27 Systems Development Software – Language Differences Language Translation Method • Interpreted • Compiled Level of Abstraction Procedural vs. Non-Procedural Command/Data Oriented vs. Object Oriented
- 28. Chapter 3 Slide 28 A Layered View of Software Client/Server model • Divides a software application into at least two separate but interdependent parts called the client and the server
- 29. Chapter 3 Slide 29 Client/Server Models Two-tiered model • Client responsible for user interface • Server responsible for data storage and management • Result: Clients often need lots software and storage -- fat clients
- 30. Chapter 3 Slide 30 Client/Server Models Three-tiered model • Client: User interface • 1st Tier Server: Business logic • 2nd Tier Server: Data handling • Results in “thin clients” Multi-tiered models • Divide application into many components, each of which can call on the others to perform services
- 31. Chapter 3 Slide 31 Peek Into The Future – Nanotechnology Nanotechnology • Refers to building structures on a scale of one-billionth of a meter, about five times the diameter of a carbon atom Nanobots • Nanometer-sized robots, able to perform nano-assembly under the direction of a computer; perhaps able to reproduce
- 32. Chapter 3 Slide 32 Peek Into The Future – Artificial Intelligence Rule-based systems • One in which the computer makes decisions based on logical rules Neural network • Approach to artificial intelligence that operates by mimicking the human brain
- 33. Chapter 3 Slide 33 Peek Into The Future – Artificial Intelligence Evolutionary algorithms • Approach to artificial intelligence that operates by observing the success or failure of millions of different sets of rules and approaches to solving a problem
- 34. End of Chapter 3 Computer Hardware And Software