Data Visualization With R: Learn To Combine Multiple Graphs
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The document provides a comprehensive guide on how to combine multiple graphs in R using the par() and layout() functions. It explains the functionalities of these functions, including customizing graphical parameters and the use of different matrix structures to arrange plots. Several code examples illustrate specific combinations of plots in various configurations.
![dataCrunchRecipe 9: Code
Slide 31
Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by rows
The magic of the layout() function begins here. We want to combine 3 plots and the first plot should occupy both
the columns in row 1 and the next 2 plots should be in row 2. If you look at the matrix below, 1 is specified twice
and since the matrix is filled by row, it will occupy both the columns in the first row. Similarly the first plot will occupy
the entire first row. It will be crystal clear when you see the plot.
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 1
[2,] 2 3
# 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by row
layout(matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE))
# specify the 3 plots
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-31-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchRecipe 10: Code
Slide 33
Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by rows
The plots must be filled by rows and the third plot must occupy both the columns of the second row while the other
two plots will be placed in the first row. The matrix would look like this:
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 3
# 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by row
layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE))
# specify the 3 plots
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-33-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchRecipe 11: Code
Slide 35
Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by columns
The plots must be filled by columns and the first plot must occupy both the rows of the first column
while the other two plots will be placed in the second column in two rows. The matrix would look
like this:
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 1 3
# 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by columns
layout(matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE))
# specify the 3 plots
hist(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-35-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchRecipe 12: Code
Slide 37
Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by columns
The plots must be filled by columns and the first plot must occupy both the rows of the second
column while the other two plots will be placed in the first column in two rows. The matrix would
look like this:
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 3
[2,] 2 3
# 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by columns
layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE))
# specify the 3 plots
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-37-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchRecipe 13: Code
Slide 40
Width of the 2nd column is twice the width of the 1st column
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 3
[2,] 2 4
# 4 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by columns
layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE), widths = c(1, 3))
# specify the plots
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-40-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchRecipe 14: Code
Slide 42
Width of the 2nd column is twice that of the first and last column
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 2 3
[2,] 4 5 6
# 6 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 3 columns and filled by rows
layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE), widths = c(1, 2, 1))
# specify the plots
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-42-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchRecipe 16: Code
Slide 46
Height of the 3rd row is thrice that of the 1st and 2nd row
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 4
[3,] 5 6
# 6 plots to be combined in 3 row/ 2 columns and arranged by rows
layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE), heights= c(1, 1, 3))
# specify the plots
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-46-320.jpg)
![dataCrunchPutting it all together...
Slide 48
Before we end this section, let us combine plots using both the widths and heights option.
# specify the matrix
> matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 4
[3,] 5 6
# 6 plots to be combined in 3 row/ 2 columns and arranged by rows
layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE), heights= c(1, 2, 1),
widths = c(2, 1))
# specify the 6 plots
plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
plot(mtcars$mpg)
hist(mtcars$mpg)
boxplot(mtcars$mpg)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/layout-150826090437-lva1-app6892/85/Data-Visualization-With-R-Learn-To-Combine-Multiple-Graphs-48-320.jpg)
Data Visualization With R: Learn To Combine Multiple Graphs
- 1. www.r-squared.in/git-hub dataCrunch Data Visualization With R Learn To Combine Multiple Graphs
- 2. dataCrunchCourse Material Slide 2 All the material related to this course are available at our Website Slides can be viewed at SlideShare Scripts can be downloaded from GitHub Videos can be viewed on our Youtube Channel
- 4. dataCrunchLayout: Objectives Slide 4 In this section, we will learn to: Combine multiple graphs in a single frame using the following functions: ● par() function ● layout() function
- 5. dataCrunchLayout: Introduction Slide 5 Often, it is useful to have multiple plots in the same frame as it allows us to get a comprehensive view of a particular variable or compare among different variables. The Graphics package offers two methods to combine multiple plots. The par() function can be used to set graphical parameters regarding plot layout using the mfcol and mfrow arguments. The layout() function serves the same purpose but offers more flexibility by allowing us to modify the height and width of rows and columns.
- 6. dataCrunchLayout: par() Slide 6 The par() function allows us to customize the graphical parameters(title, axis, font, color, size) for a particular session. For combining multiple plots, we can use the graphical parameters mfrow and mfcol. These two parameters create a matrix of plots filled by rows and columns respectively. Let us combine plots using both the above parameters. Option Description Arguments mfrow Fill by rows Number of rows and columns mfcol Fill by columns Number of rows and columns
- 7. dataCrunchLayout: par(mfrow) Slide 7 (a) mfrow mfrow combines plots filled by rows i.e it takes two arguments, the number of rows and number of columns and then starts filling the plots by row. Below is the syntax for mfrow: Let us begin by combining 4 plots in 2 rows and 2 columns: # mfrow syntax mfrow(number of rows, number of columns)
- 8. dataCrunchRecipe 1: Code Slide 8 Let us begin by combining 4 plots in 2 rows and 2 columns. The plots will be filled by rows as we are using the mfrow function: # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 4 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # specify the graphs to be combined plot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 10. dataCrunchRecipe 2: Code Slide 10 Combine 2 plots in 1 row and 2 columns. # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 2 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(1, 2)) # specify the graphs to be combined hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 12. dataCrunchRecipe 3: Code Slide 12 Combine 2 plots in 2 rows and 1 column # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 2 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(2, 1)) # specify the graphs to be combined hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 14. dataCrunchRecipe 4: Code Slide 14 Combine 3 plots in 1 row and 3 columns # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 3 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(1, 3)) # specify the graphs to be combined plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 16. dataCrunchRecipe 5: Code Slide 16 Combine 3 plots in 3 rows and 1 column # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 3 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(3, 1)) # specify the graphs to be combined plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 18. dataCrunchLayout: par(mfcol) Slide 18 (a) mfcol mfcol combines plots filled by columns i.e it takes two arguments, the number of rows and number of columns and then starts filling the plots by columns. Below is the syntax for mfrow: Let us begin by combining 4 plots in 2 rows and 2 columns: # mfcol syntax mfcol(number of rows, number of columns)
- 19. dataCrunchRecipe 6: Code Slide 19 Combine 4 plots in 2 rows and 2 columns # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 4 graphs to be combined and filled by columns par(mfcol = c(2, 2)) # specify the graphs to be combined plot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 21. dataCrunchSpecial Cases Slide 21 What happens if we specify lesser or more number of graphs? In the next two examples, we will specify lesser or more number of graphs than we ask the par() function to combine. Let us see what happens in such instances: Case 1: Lesser number of graphs specified We will specify that 4 plots need to be combined in 2 rows and 2 columns but provide only 3 graphs. Case 2: Extra graph specified We will specify that 4 plots need to be combined in 2 rows and 2 columns but specify 6 graphs instead of 4.
- 22. dataCrunchSpecial Case 1: Code Slide 22 # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 4 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # specify the graphs to be combined plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 23. dataCrunchSpecial Case 1: Plot Slide 23
- 24. dataCrunchSpecial Case 2: Code Slide 24 # store the current parameter settings in init init <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # specify that 4 graphs to be combined and filled by rows par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # specify the graphs to be combined plot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) # restore the setting stored in init par(init)
- 25. dataCrunchSpecial Case 2: Plot Slide 25 Frame 1 Frame 2
- 26. r-squaredCombining Graphs: layout() Slide 26 At the core of the layout() function is a matrix. We communicate the structure in which the plots must be combined using a matrix. As such, the layout function is more flexible compared to the par() function. Let us begin by combining 4 plots in a 2 row/2 column structure. We do this by creating a layout using the matrix function. Option Description Value matrix Matrix specifying location of plots Matrix widths Width of columns Vector heights Heights of Rows Vector
- 27. dataCrunchRecipe 7: Code Slide 27 Combine 4 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by rows # specify the layout # 4 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by row layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)) # specify the 4 plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg)
- 29. dataCrunchRecipe 8: Code Slide 29 Combine 4 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by columns To fill the plots by column, we specify byrow = FALSE in the matrix. # specify the layout # 4 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and filled by columns layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE)) # specify the 4 plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg)
- 31. dataCrunchRecipe 9: Code Slide 31 Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by rows The magic of the layout() function begins here. We want to combine 3 plots and the first plot should occupy both the columns in row 1 and the next 2 plots should be in row 2. If you look at the matrix below, 1 is specified twice and since the matrix is filled by row, it will occupy both the columns in the first row. Similarly the first plot will occupy the entire first row. It will be crystal clear when you see the plot. # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 1 [2,] 2 3 # 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by row layout(matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)) # specify the 3 plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
- 33. dataCrunchRecipe 10: Code Slide 33 Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by rows The plots must be filled by rows and the third plot must occupy both the columns of the second row while the other two plots will be placed in the first row. The matrix would look like this: # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 2 [2,] 3 3 # 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by row layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)) # specify the 3 plots hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg)
- 35. dataCrunchRecipe 11: Code Slide 35 Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by columns The plots must be filled by columns and the first plot must occupy both the rows of the first column while the other two plots will be placed in the second column in two rows. The matrix would look like this: # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 2 [2,] 1 3 # 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by columns layout(matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE)) # specify the 3 plots hist(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
- 37. dataCrunchRecipe 12: Code Slide 37 Combine 3 plots in 2 rows/2 columns filled by columns The plots must be filled by columns and the first plot must occupy both the rows of the second column while the other two plots will be placed in the first column in two rows. The matrix would look like this: # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 3 [2,] 2 3 # 3 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by columns layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 3), nrow = 2, byrow = FALSE)) # specify the 3 plots boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg)
- 39. dataCrunchlayout(): Widths Slide 39 Widths In all the layouts created so far, we have kept the size of the rows and columns equal. What if you want to modify the width and height of the columns and rows? The widths and heights arguments in the layout() function address the above mentioned issue. Let us check them out one by one: The widths argument is used for specifying the width of the columns. Based on the number of columns in the layout, you can specify the width of each column. Let us look at some examples.
- 40. dataCrunchRecipe 13: Code Slide 40 Width of the 2nd column is twice the width of the 1st column # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 3 [2,] 2 4 # 4 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and arranged by columns layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE), widths = c(1, 3)) # specify the plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg)
- 42. dataCrunchRecipe 14: Code Slide 42 Width of the 2nd column is twice that of the first and last column # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1 2 3 [2,] 4 5 6 # 6 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 3 columns and filled by rows layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE), widths = c(1, 2, 1)) # specify the plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
- 44. dataCrunchlayout(): Heights Slide 44 Heights The heights arguments is used to modify the height of the rows and based on the number of rows specified in the layout, we can specify the height of each row. Height of the 2nd row is twice that of the first row # 4 plots to be combined in 2 row/ 2 columns and filled by rows layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE), heights= c(1, 2)) # specify the 4 plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg)
- 46. dataCrunchRecipe 16: Code Slide 46 Height of the 3rd row is thrice that of the 1st and 2nd row # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 2 [2,] 3 4 [3,] 5 6 # 6 plots to be combined in 3 row/ 2 columns and arranged by rows layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE), heights= c(1, 1, 3)) # specify the plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
- 48. dataCrunchPutting it all together... Slide 48 Before we end this section, let us combine plots using both the widths and heights option. # specify the matrix > matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 2 [2,] 3 4 [3,] 5 6 # 6 plots to be combined in 3 row/ 2 columns and arranged by rows layout(matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE), heights= c(1, 2, 1), widths = c(2, 1)) # specify the 6 plots plot(mtcars$disp, mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg) plot(mtcars$mpg) hist(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mtcars$mpg)
- 50. dataCrunch Slide 50 Visit dataCrunch for tutorials on: → R Programming → Business Analytics → Data Visualization → Web Applications → Package Development → Git & GitHub