Design and Analysis of Capacitive Power Transfer System with and without the Impedance Matching Circuit

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2017, pp. 1260~1273
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v8i3.pp1260-1273  1260
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
Design and Analysis of Capacitive Power Transfer System with
and without the Impedance Matching Circuit
F.K.A Rahman1
, Shakir Saat2
, Yusmarnita Yusop3
, Huzaimah Husin4
, Y.Aziz5
1,2,3,4
Faculty of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
5
Centre of Languages and Human Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 5, 2017
Revised Jul 7, 2017
Accepted Aug 3, 2017
This paper presents the design and analysis of a relatively new wireless
power transfer technique using capacitive coupling, named Capacitive power
transfer (CPT). In general, CPT system has been introduced as an attractive
alternative to the former inductive coupling method. This is because CPT
uses lesser number of components, simpler topology, enhanced EMI
performance and better strength to surrounding metallic elements. In this
work, aluminium sheet is used as a capacitive coupling at transmitter and
receiver side. Moreover, a Class-E resonant inverter together with π1a
impedance matching network has been proposed because of its ability to
perform the dc-to-ac inversion well. It helps the CPT system to achieve
maximum power transfer. The CPT system is designed and simulated by
using MATLAB/Simulink software. The validity of the proposed concept is
then verified by conducting a laboratory experimental of CPT system. The
proposed system able to generate a 9.5W output power through a combined
interface capacitance of 2.44nF, at an operating frequency of 1MHz, with
95.10% efficiency. The proposed CPT system with impedance matching
network also allows load variation in the range of 20% from its nominal
value while maintaining the efficiency over 90%.
Keyword:
Aluminum sheet
Capacitive power transfer
MATLAB simulink
Wireless power transfer
impedance matching
Copyright ©2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Shakir Saat,
Faculty of Electronics & Computer Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia.
Email: shakir@utem.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
As part of the promising wireless power transfer system, capacitive power transfer (CPT) has been
one of the major researches in building sustainable engineering system nowadays. Other than CPT, Inductive
Power Transfer (IPT) [1], [2] and Acoustic Energy Transfer (AET) are also available [3], [4], [5]. The major
difference of these types of wireless power transfer system is in terms of the coupling between transmitter
and receiver whereby CPT uses electric field propagation [6], [7] while IPT uses magnetic field
transfer [8], [9] and propagation of sound waves is the method used in AET [10], [4].
Some of the weaknesses of inductive power transfer which succeeded to be enhanced by CPT
include unable to penetrate metal shielding due to low anti-interference ability of the magnetic field, and also
larger eddy current produced by IPT thus indicate higher losses [11]. Strong anti-interference can reduce
energy loss and electromagnetic interference, besides enable the device to work in saturated or intense
magnetic fields environment.
Based on Figure 1, a CPT system consists of two major parts which are the transmitting unit and the
receiving unit and is separated by a medium i.e air/skin/paper/etc. Building CPT system by using class E
inverter is, at the moment, the most reliable method for higher frequency [12], [13], [14]. Moreover, this type
of inverter is also used since it has simple topology and a very high efficiency achieved in return because one
of the characteristics of class E is that it is able to achieve 100% switching condition known as Zero-Voltage

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IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2017 : 1260-1273
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Switching (ZVS). During time interval, the switch current and voltage waveforms must not be overlapped
throughout the switching time intervals thus produce highly efficient system since switching losses are
virtually zero, provided the components’ values are suitably chosen. The basic idea of a CPT system is as
sketched in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Basic CPT System
Apart from its advantages, CPT is currently having major issue on the efficiency as separation
distance is increasing. This can be clearly shown in [15] whereby in order to achieve efficiency of 98.44%,
the gap between the capacitive coupling is as near as less than 1mm for basic circuit configuration with class
E inverter. Besides, there was also an analysis regarding gap distance which concluded that as distance
increases, the efficiency of the system represented by output voltage is tremendously decreases exponentially
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Output voltage decreases tremendously and distance increases [15]
Realising the issue of system’s efficiency, this work intended to propose class E circuit with the
addition of an impedance matching circuit. This circuit is mainly added to improve efficiency of the
particular system by stabilising it and eventually sustain higher output power. Impedance matching of work
in [16] used to maximise the amount of power extracted in a power conditioning circuit. In another
work [17], by using impedance matching, the particular work achieved efficiency as high as 95.44% while
still able to produce a stable sinusoidal signal to drive the capacitive coupling based on flat rectangular
copper plates, and operated at 1MHz. The contribution of this paper can be brief as follows:
a. This paper focuses on designing a CPT system based on Class-E resonant inverter topology with
aluminum sheets acting as capacitive plates. The obtained efficiency is 95.1% with 12V dc input supply,
and operated at 1MHz to produce a stable sinusoidal signal across the load. The Class-E resonant

IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 
Design and Analysis of CPT System with and without the Impedance Matching Circuit (F.K.A Rahman)
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inverter with impedance matching network is also proposed to allow load variation in the range of 20%
from its nominal value.
b. Efficiency of the CPT system is maintained over 90% with smaller plates’ size with the introduction of
the π1a impedance matching network.
c. The effects on output power performance are analysed and being proved by comparing both conditions
of the circuit i.e non-matching and with matching network.
2. IMPEDANCE MATCHING NETWORK
A good system design is defined as a system which has a high output power and is able to achieve
almost 100% efficiency. Thus the purpose of an impedance matching in an ordinary circuit is to provide
maximum power transfer between the source and its load [18]. This is especially vital if one deals with low
amplitude signals. The work also highlighted two main reasons of having an impedance matching circuit.
First, is to have better power efficiency, and second, is to act as a device protection. The impedance matching
circuit is added before the resistive load, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Block diagram of the Class E amplifier with impedance matching resonant circuit [8]
According to [19], [20] there are four types of impedance matching networks namely and
; see Figure 4.
Figure 4. Different types of impedance matching networks introduced by Marian et.al. (a) Resonant
circuit . (b) Resonant circuit . (c) Resonant circuit . (d) Resonant circuit [19], [20].
All of these designs have different characteristics in terms of circuit configurations and also the
measurement for the components values. Figure 4 (a) and (c) focus on the reactance of the capacitor C,
while (b) and (d) are concerning on the reactance of the inductor L. In [17], authors utilized as their
matching circuit to enhance output power of the existing capacitive power transfer system. As a result, when
powered by 12V dc, the Class-E resonant inverter with matching network efficiency yields 95.44%. To note
here, the authors in [17] used copper plates as their coupling.
On top of the above type of impedance matching techniques, realizing the need to achieve automatic
current sharing for multi-phase resonant converters through matching the input impedance of each phase,
authors in [21] proposed Passive Impedance Matching (PIM) in their work. Thorough this PIM approach, the

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input impedances of each phase are more balance under virtual positive and negative resistor’s function. With
the integration of PIM into the CPT systems, the experimental results showed that the resonant current
sharing error reduced by 63 times which is around 0.44% at 600W total load power.
In this work, we proposed π1a impedance matching circuit since the matching provides downward
impedance transformation, and the added capacitor which is in parallel with the resistive load can maintain
the efficiency of the circuit as series capacitor C2 later modified to capacitive coupling plates to fit the actual
CPT system.
3. MAIN RESULTS
3.1. CPT System without Impedance Matching Network
The CPT system is first designed without any impedance matching circuit. This is important in order
to study and analyze the performance of the circuit without impedance matching. If the performance is not
satisfactory then the matching circuit can be proposed to the system. The CPT system with Class E inverter is
as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. CPT system with Class E inverter
The components value of the circuit are derived from [19] and given as follows:
Load resistor, RL: RL= * + (1)
Series inductor, L: L= (2)
Shunt capacitor, Cp: Cp= (3)
The series capacitor, C: C=
[ ]
(4)
The choke inductor, Lf : Lf= * + (5)
Based on Figure 5, the basic circuit configuration of class E inverter consists of a power MOSFET operates
as a switch, a L-C-RL series-resonant circuit, a shunt capacitor C1, and a choke inductor Lf. The switch turns
on and off at the frequency f = determined by a MOSFET driver. The transistor output capacitance, the
choke parasitic capacitance, and stray capacitances are included in the shunt capacitance C1. All of the
capacitance C1 can be supplied by the overall shunt parasitic capacitance for high operating frequencies.
Besides, resistor Ri is an AC load. The choke inductance Lf is assumed to be high enough so that the
AC ripple on the DC supply current II can be ignored. A small inductance with a large current ripple is also
possible. When the switch is ON, the resonant circuit consists of L, C, and Ri because the capacitance C1is
short-circuited by the switch. However when the switch if OFF, the resonant circuit consists of C1, L, C, and
Ri are connected in series [19]. Furthermore, in this work, the series capacitors are placed at both sides
(forward and reverse) in order to ensure the resonant composition network [11]. Furthermore, the function of
a choke inductor in the Class E circuit is to distinguish DC and the AC. Other than that, in order to
determine the performance of the circuit, the output voltage and power can be determined as follows:

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Amplitude of the output voltage,
√
[ ]
(6)
Output power of the system is given by,
(7)
3.1.1. Simulation Works for Circuit without Impedance Matching
Figure 6 shows the simulation of a complete system without impedance matching network.
Figure 6. Complete CPT system without impedance matching circuit
Based on Equations 1-5, the following components’ values are obtained, shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Calculated components’ values for Class E Design Specification for CPT System without impedance
matching network
Specification Value
Load resistance, RL 8.31Ω
Series inductor, L
Shunt capacitor, Cs 3.74nF
Series capacitor, C1 and C2 4.356nF
Choke inductor, Lf 57.6
Table 1 tabulated the calculated the value of parameters for basic class E CPT system in which no
impedance matching network is existed. Besides, following Table 2 shows the comparison of components’
values for the basic CPT system.
Table 2. Comparison for values of components used for CPT circuit without matching network
CPT System without impedance matching
Calculation Simulation Experimental work
Lchoke 57.6µH 57.6µH 100µH
CShunt 3.52nF 3.75nF 0.91nF
LSeries 13.23µH 13.26µH 33µH
CSeries (C1and C2) 2.17nF 2.178nF Capacitive coupling
0.21m x 0.24m (4.07nF)
RL 8.31Ω 8.3Ω 8.2Ω
Coupling plates

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From Table 2, it can be seen that experimentally, the values of series capacitors C1 and C2 is 4.07nF
(been multiplied since the capacitors are at both forward and reverse side of the system) and represented by a
capacitive coupling of 0.21m x 0.24m. As part of the work, the simulation results for ZVS and the output
voltage of the CPT system is also tabulated and labeled as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Simulation results for ZVS waveform and the output voltage for circuit without matching
network
Simulation Work for ZVS and output voltage for CPT system without impedance matching
Voltage gate-to-source Voltage drain-to-source
a. ZVS of the system b. Output Voltage
Referring to the ZVS condition of the simulation is achieved with the Vds value of 43.81V.
Meanwhile the output voltage of the simulation as shown in Table 3(b) is a DC waveform.
3.1.2. Experimental Works for Circuit without Impedance Matching Network
CPT system without impedance matching circuit is as shown in Figure 7. For this section, the size of
the capacitance plate represented by two pairs of aluminum sheets is 0.21m x 0.24m which is equal to
4.07nF, as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 7. Class E circuit without impedance matching network, together with the resistive load, RL
Resistive load, RL

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Figure 8. Whole circuit configuration including the capacitive coupling
The aluminium sheet is separated by a sheet of regular A4 paper with thickness of 0.1mm. Besides, the
results for this experimental work is as tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4. Results of experimental works for CPT system without matching circuit
Experimental Work
By referring to Table 5, ZVS of the built system is recorded in (a) while the outcome of the system
represented by the output voltage is as shown in (b). Furthermore, there are also detailed results in Table 5
which has been made by comparing the results for all three parts done for this work, as follows:
Table 5. Details for the results of CPT circuitry system without impedance matching network
Calculation Experimental work
Vin ,V 12.00 12.00
Vout , V (pk-pk) 25.78 25.50
Pout ,W 9.98 9.79
Efficiency, % 99.90 97.90
Table 5 explained the results comparison between calculation and experimental works. The
experimental work has shown the reliability of Class E CPT system as it achieved almost perfect results,
nearly 98% efficiency. The Vout tabulated in the table is concerning on the peak-to-peak values, and measured
at the resistive load. The output power, Pout for the work is measured by the formula in Equation (7), and the
experimental work yields 9.79W instead of 9.98W desired by calculation. This is due to environmental
condition as the experiment done in a normal laboratory. Besides, the components also have their ratings
which contributes to the lower output yielded. Moreover, the simulation works of the system displayed a
complete system including the rectifier thus the DC waveform of the output voltage. Whereas for
Transmitting unit
with resistive load
Capacitive coupling

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experimental side, this work is prepared without inserting rectifier part in order to focus on the ZVS
condition and the output voltage, and that explained the AC shape of the waveform.
3.2. CPT System with Impedance Matching Network
This enhanced CPT system is begun with the simulation work. In order to do this, the π1a
impedance matching circuit has been utilized by adding a capacitor parallel to the load. As mentioned before,
there are several types of matching outlined by [19] and one of them is by tapping the resonant capacitance C
to accomplish the impedance transformation, as shown in circuit configuration of π1a impedance matching
circuit as in Figure 4(a). The circuit configuration of class E inverter with the π1a impedance matching
network is as in Figure 9.
Figure 9. CPT system consisting of class E inverter with π1a impedance matching network
Besides, as the circuit enhanced, components’ values for this circuit, together with the value of the
newly-added capacitor C3 which acted as an impedance matching network, also have to be calculated by
using new series of Equations [19], as explained in (8) to (15):
The series equivalent resistance RS:
(8)
The reactance factor for the Ri-C3 and RS-CS equivalent two-terminal networks is
(9)
Besides, resistances Rs and Ri as well as the reactance and are also interrelated by
( )
(10)
And
( )
(11)
Rearrangement of (10) yield to
√ (12)

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Substitution of (12) into (9) gives
√ (13)
Later, one arrives at
[ ] [ √ ] (14)
From (9) and (12),
√
(15)
It follows from (15) that the resistances of circuit shown in Figure 4(a) can satisfy the inequality
Suboptimum operation is obtained for
0 .
This corresponds to
.
By referring to Equation 8, VI, PRi, and Ri are dependent quantities. The load resistance is given and
is different from that given in (8) for many applications available in the market. Therefore, there is a need for
matching circuits that provide impedance transformation, as the purpose of an impedance matching circuit is
to ensure and to provide impedance transformation downwards or upwards regardless the load
resistances [22]. After all new values of the components including impedance matching network, capacitor
C3 has been figured out, they were all been tabulated as in Table 6.
Table 6. Calculated components’ values for Class E design specification with the existence of π1a impedance
matching network
Specification Value
Load resistance, RL 8.31Ω
Series inductor, L
Shunt capacitor, Cs 3.7nF
Series capacitor, C1 and C2 4.6nF
Choke inductor, Lf 57.6
Impedance Matching, C3 1nF
The calculated impedance matching network value of C3 is 1nF. Moreover, as Table 1 and Table 6
to be compared, there are different values for the same components of series inductor L, the shunt capacitor
Cs, and the series capacitor C1 and C2. This is due to different equations that have been used to calculate the
components’ values, as displayed in Equations (8) to (15).
3.2.1. Simulation Works of Circuit with Impedance Matching Network
By using MATLAB Simulink, a simulation of CPT system including an impedance matching
network is constructed as is Figure 10. For this simulation circuit, a capacitor is placed parallel to the
resistive load and acts as an impedance matching network. Besides, there is also a pair of capacitors at the
forward and reserve side of the circuit. These capacitors are being modified into two pairs of capacitive
couplings in the experimental works, shown in Figure 11(b). Moreover, after the simulation work is being

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accomplished by inserting suitable values of the components, the desired results are tabulated in Table 7. The
two main concern of the simulation work is the waveforms of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) condition, and
the output voltage of the system.
Figure 10. Simulation diagram for a complete CPT system including π1a impedance matching network
Table 7. Simulation results for ZVS waveform and the output voltage for circuit with matching network
Simulation Work
Voltage gate-to-source Voltage drain-to-source
As mentioned previously, the waveform for output voltage is in DC since the system is completely
constructed with the rectifier. However the experimental work, as shown in Table 8, is prepared up to the
impedance matching network without the rectifier part since this work is focusing on the ZVS condition and
the output voltage, thus the AC waveform presented.
3.2.2. Experimental Works of the CPT System with Impedance Matching
Moreover, the work is later advanced by adding an impedance matching circuit represented by a
capacitor. Figure 11 shows the experimental work of the system with the existence of π1a impedance
matching network. By referring to Figure 11, after adding the impedance matching, the size of capacitor
plates becoming smaller to 0.15m x 0.16m which is equivalent to 2.44nF, almost half of the value before.
This shows that the impedance matching is able to reduce the size of capacitive coupling while still
Impedance matching
network
Coupling plates

1270
maintaining the output of the system by allowing power transmission through them. The impedance matching
network has enhanced several things including the output values for the circuit of the CPT system. Table 8
explained the results of the experiment by taking into account the values of components for the system.
(a)
(b)
Figure 11(a) and (b). Circuit representation of CPT system with an existence of impedance
matching network
Table 8. Results of experimental works for CPT system with matching circuit
Experimental Work
By referring to Table 8, ZVS condition of the CPT system is recorded in (a) while the outcome of
the system represented by the output voltage is as shown in (b- upper part). In conjunction to the impedance
matching network, the detailed components’ values for calculation, simulation, and experimental works for
CPT system with π1a impedance matching network is as explained in Table 9.
Transmitter circuit
with an impedance
matching network
and resistive load
Capacitive
coupling
π1a impedance
matching network
Resistive load

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Table 9. Values of components used for CPT circuit with π1a impedance matching network
CPT System with impedance matching network
Calculation Simulation Experimental work
Lchoke 57.63µH 57.6µH 100µH
CShunt 3.52nF 3.52nF 52.1pF
LSeries 13.23µH 13.12µH 60.3µH
CSeries (C2) 2.16nF 2.3nF Capacitive coupling
0.15m x 0.16m (2.44nF)
RL 16.6Ω 20Ω 18Ω
Impedance matching (C3) 9.6nF 1nF 9.8nF
Based on Table 9, for experimental work, the aluminium sheets were utilized to replace the series
capacitors as the forward and reverse capacitive couplings respectively. Moreover, as for results comparison,
the calculated values are almost the same as simulated ones, except for the impedance matching C3.
However, when compared with the experimented values, they displayed huge difference due to imperfect
environmental situation since it is not vacuumed and the components ratings. The experiment is also done by
using a breadboard which may contribute to the significant values difference. Finally, the output results of the
CPT system with π1a impedance matching circuit are as tabulated in Table 10.
Table 10. Details for the results of CPT circuitry system with impedance matching network
Calculation Experimental
Vin, V 12.00 12.00
Vout, V (pk-pk) 37.44 37.00
Pout, W 9.73 9.51
Efficiency, % 97.30 95.10
By referring to Table 10, the experimental part of the CPT system produced 37V, which is 0.44V
lesser than the calculated value. This situation more or less affected the output power of the system
experimentally to be 0.22W lesser than calculation value which is 9.73W.
3.2.3. Aluminium Sheets as Capacitive Couplings
This work uses aluminium sheet as the capacitive coupling. The reason of utilizing this type of
material is because aluminium has advantages in terms of its excellent corrosion resistance, and good thermal
and electrical conductivity. As proved and explained in previous sections, the aluminium sheets’ size for the
CPT system is getting smaller by the existence of an impedance matching network, as shown in Figure 12.
This is due to the recalculation of components values by using equations (8-15) and by adding an extra
capacitor as impedance matching, the desired output is achieved and maintained with smaller size of
capacitive plates. The value of the capacitive coupling is initially 0.21m x 0.24m, which is equal to 4.07nF.
However, after inserting the extra capacitor as impedance matching network, the value of capacitive coupling
is 0.15m x 0.16m that is equal to 2.44nF.
Figure 12. Comparison of couplings’ size between CPT circuit without π1a impedance matching network (a)
and the circuit with π1a impedance matching network (b).
(a) (b)

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It can be seen that there is major difference by referring to Figure 12, as the diameter of the
couplings is being compared. This shows that the presence of an impedance matching network has significant
change towards the whole CPT system particularly on the maintainance of ZVS and also the output voltage
and power which are the two concerns in this work.
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
This paper proposes an impedance matching circuit for a CPT system. The power output for both
conditions is analyzed, which indicate the circuit without impedance matching and with the extra circuitry
part. A prototype of the CPT system with an impedance matching network is designed and implemented to
validate the theoretical results of the improvised circuit system. Finally, the normal circuit and with
impedance matching circuit topologies are compared in terms of power, size of capacitive plates, and
efficiency. The efficiency of the system after the introduction of matching is 95.10%. It shows that the
installation of matching circuit can maintain the efficiency while using smaller size of capacitive plates.
For future works, the self-tuning circuit will be proposed into the CPT system in order to enhance the power
output and the efficiency by using phase locked-loop (PLL) and later with a PID controller.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
[RAGS/1/2014/TK03/FKEKK/B00062] and Malaysian Ministry of Education
[FRGS/2/2014/TK03/FKEKK/03/F00243] grants.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
F.K.A Rahman was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1992. She obtained her Bachelor Degree
in Applied Physics from Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia in
November 2015. She had her internship at Significant Technologies Sdn Bhd for five months
until June 2015 before pursuing her Masters Degree in Electronic Engineering at Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, UTeM since September 2015. Now, she is working on her Masters
project in Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka which is focusing on the capacitive power transfer system.
Shakir Saat obtained his B.Eng and Master in Electrical Engineering from UTM in 2002 and
2006, respectively. Then, he obtained his PhD from The University of Auckland in the field of
nonlinear control theory in 2013. He is now a senior lecturer and Head of Department of
Industrial Electronic Department, Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, UTeM. His
research interest is on nonlinear systems control theory and wireless power transfer technologies.
He has published one monograph (published by Springer Verlag) on polynomial control systems
and many journals and mostly published in the high quality journal International Journal of
Robust and Nonlinear Control, and IET Control.
Yusmarnita Yusop was born in Melaka, Malaysia in 1979. She received the B.Eng in Electrical
Engineering (Mechatronic) from University of Technology, Malaysia, in 2001, the M.Eng
degree in Electrical Engineering from Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, in 2004. From
2005 to 2014, she was a Lecturer in the Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Since that time, she has been involved in teaching for
many subjects such as Power Electronics, Advanced Power Electronics, Electronic Systems and
Manufacturing Automation. She is currently working on her PhD. Her area of research interests
include electronic system design, wireless power transfer and power electronics.
Siti Huzaimah Husin received the B.Eng (2000) from Multimedia University, M.Eng (2005)
from Kolej Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia respectively. First appointed as Engineering
Instructor (2001) at Kolej Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka and promoted as Lecturer (2005)
and Senior Lecturer (2008) in the Department of Industrial Electronics, Faculty of Electronic and
Computer Engineering at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. She is currently pursuing her
PhD in Advanced Control Technology since September 2014 that focused on acoustics energy
transfer.
Aziz Yahya is a senior lecturer at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. His research expertise is
on human technology interaction mainly focusing on relationship between technology,
leadership and communication. He is also a certified Neuro Linguistic Trainer and has published
in the area of critical and creative thinking, individual and group peak performance, modelling
best digital performance, and other related human and technology ineraction aspects. He can be
contacted through aziz@utem.edu.my.

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