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An analog frequency response and the
corresponding digital frequency response
obtained through impulse invariance.
2. Comments
With this lecture we begin the discussion of digital filter design techniques. The concept of
frequency selective filtering for discrete- time signals is identical to that for continuous-time signals
and stems from the fact that complex exponentials or sinusoids are eigen functions of linear shift-
invariant systems. Just as with analog filters, ideal frequency response characteristics cannot be
achieved exactly and must be approximated.
Design methods for analog filters have a long history and a variety of elegant design procedures have
been developed. Many of the most useful digital filter design techniques are directed at
transforming these analog filter designs to digital filter designs, thus taking advantage of a rich
collection of available filter designs.
In this lecture two such transformation procedures are discussed. The first corresponds to
approximating the linear constant coefficient differential equation for the analog filter by a linear
constant coefficient difference equation by replacing derivative by differences. As we see, this
transformation is not a useful one since it does not map the analog frequency response onto the unit
circle and does not guarantee that a stable analog filter will yield a stable digital filter.
The second transformation discussed is the use of impulse invariance, corresponding to obtaining
the discrete-time unit sample response by sampling the analog impulse response. Except for the
effect of aliasing the digital frequency response obtained is a scaled replica of the analog frequency
response. matlabassignmentexperts.com

3. Reading
Text: Sections 7.0 (page 403) and 7.1 up to example 7.3. (Example 7.3 will be covered in lecture 16.)
4. Problems
Problem 14.1
Consider an analog filter for which the input xa(t) and output ya(t) are related by the linear constant-
coefficient differential equation
A digital filter is obtained by replacing the first derivative by the first forward difference so that with x(n)
and y(n) denoting the input and output of the digital filter,
Throughout this problem the digital filter is assumed to be causal.
(a) Determine and sketch the magnitude of the frequency response of the analog filter.
(b) Determine and sketch the magnitude of the frequency response of the digital filter for T = 10/9. (
c) Determine the range of values of T for which the digital filter is unstable.
(Note that the analog filter is stable.)
Problem 14.2
Let h(n) denote the unit sample response and H(z) denote the system function
for the digital filter designed from this analog filter by impulse invariance, i.e.
with
Determine H(z), including T as a parameter, and show that for any positive
value of T, the digital filter is stable. Indicate also whether the digital filter
approximates a lowpass filter or a highpass filter. 1
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Problem 14.3
We now wish to design a digital filter from the analog filter of problem 14.2 using step invariance.
Let sa(t) denote the step response of the analog filter of problem 4.2 and s(n) the step response of
the digital filter, so that
(c) Determine H(z), the system function of the digital filter-. Note, in particular, that it is not the
same as the system function obtained in problem 14.2 by using impulse invariance.
Problem 14.4
The system function Ha (S) of an analog filter is
Determine the system function H(z) of the digital filter obtained from this analog filter by impulse
invariance. *
Problem 14.5 An ideal bandlimiting differentiator with delay T is defined by the frequency response

DESIGN OF IIR DIGITAL FILTERS - PART 1
Solution 14.1
(a) Applying the Laplace transform to both sides of the differential equation we obtain

For this particular choice for T the frequency response is constant, independent of frequency
in contrast to the analog filter, which is a lowpass filter. While this is a particularly severe
example of the effect of transforming an analog filter to a digital filter by replacing derivatives
by differences, it emphasizes the fact that the frequency response of the resulting digital filter
will in general-be severely distorted from that of the original analog filter.
(c) From the system function determined in part (b), the pole is at z = 1 - 0.9T. Assuming T to
be positive, the pole is outside of the unit circle for T > 20/9.
Solution 14.3 (a) The step response of the analog filter is the integral of its impulse
response, i.e.

Solution 14.4
The most straightforward procedure is to expand Ha (s) in a partial- fraction expansion
and utilize the relationship between Ha(s) and H(z) indicated on chalkboard (c) of
lecture 14. Thus,

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