Dimensions of growth and development
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The document discusses physical, cognitive, social, moral, and emotional development from infancy through adolescence. It describes the major physical changes that occur, including rapid growth in the first years followed by slower growth. It also outlines key stages in cognitive development like language acquisition, memory development, and the development of reasoning abilities. Socially, children transition from egocentric behavior to learning social norms. Morally, children progress from anomy to understanding right and wrong through influences like parents and peers.
Dimensions of growth and development
- 1. Presented by Suresh Babu G Asst. Professor in General Education CTE, CPAS Paippad
- 2. Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Moral Development Emotional Development
- 3. Physical growth and development refers to a process which brings bodily and physiological changes . Generally these changes take place in: 1. His gross physical structure or physique – Involves changes in height , weight , body proportions and general physical appearance. 2. In the internal organs- It involves changes in the function of glands , nervous system and other body system. ie, circulatory , digestive , muscular , lymphatic and reproductive.
- 4. Increase in Height and weight (general pattern) • At birth a baby is about 19-20 inches in height and between 7 to 8 pounds (3.5 kg)in weight • First two years a rapid increase in height and weight • Steady and slower growth from third year till the on set of puberty • At five years the height and weight increases double than birth • During the time of adolescence can find a sudden increase • Girls reaches puberty about a year or two year earlier than boys do • Both men and women get its maximum height and weight at the end of adolescence
- 5. Child growth shows a marked change in the proportion of the different parts of the body. eg. The head constitutes about one fourth the height of the body at birth ,its size is relatively much larger than the arms and legs. The proportion of the head becomes one eights of the body proportion at the end of adolescence stage. In addition to head the other body parts ,legs , arms ,etc also show change in proportions as child grows
- 6. The bones of a child are smaller in size than the bones of an adult , but they differ also in composition . The child bones are softer and more blood flows than the adult And regards the eruption of teeth , it has been found that most of the children acquire their milk teeth by the time they are two years of age. Near the end of the fifth year the permanent teeth become to appear the growth of which acquires a long time.
- 7. Nervous system 1. Rapid growth during the first four years 2. After four years the growth precedes a relatively slow rate Muscular system 1.New muscle fibers develop after birth 2. Gradually it becomes stronger Circulatory system 1.lungs and heart are very small in early childhood gradually it grows its maximum up the end of adolescence 2. Veins and arteries do not follow the same growth as heart and lungs
- 8. Digestive system 1.The young child has a small tubular shaped stomach in comparison with the bag like one in adults. 2. Greater quantity of food needed at early stage of growth. Lymphatic System 1. It involves the elimination of waste and destruction of bacteria in the body. 2. From the birth onwards this system shows the sign of rapid development until age 11 and 12
- 9. Reproductive system 1. Its development is vary slow during early childhood 2. It will be faster at the stage of as child advances towards adolescence.
- 10. It is rapid from birth to the age of two or three years It continues at a diminished rate till the beginning of adolescence The first three years of adolescence are marked as the year of rapid growth and development This is followed by a period of slow growth and development to the time of maturity.
- 11. He can be aware of the physical deviates , their psychology and problem of adjustment . He can help them in their social and emotional adjustment as well as in school learning. Can make valuable help in physical development their by overall development of child Needs , desires , interests , attitudes and in way the overall behaviour of an individual is controlled to a great extent by his physical growth and development
- 12. Sensation and perception Concept Formation Development of language Development of memory Development of problem solving ability Development of Reasoning and Thinking
- 13. In the beginning the child lacks in sensation as well as perception. When he becomes able to use his sense organs he becomes increasingly conscious of the things around. As the individual passes through the peaks of his adolescence the sensory activity reaches almost to its peak and perceptual pattern become more organized and refined.
- 14. In the early childhood , the concrete experiences in the form of actual objects helps the child in the formulation of concept In later period vicarious experiences offered by reading , movies, lectures ,etc also provides the basis of concept formation.
- 15. At birth the child can utter some crying sounds By the age of one and little later he may learn to speak a few words After that speaking vocabulary increase rapidly Much of the speech pattern , that child learn , is the result of imitation of others in the environment During the course of learning to speak it is possible that certain speaking disorders like omissions , stuttering , stammering etc may develop.
- 16. There is continuous increase in the size of one’s vocabulary and a continuous increase in the size of one’s vocabulary during childhood Later on as the result of environmental need and opportunities in learning, the vocabulary goes on developing .
- 17. The child shows development of memory from the early childhood In the young age it is a rote memory During later childhood and adolescence the memory tends to function more logically and a selection process of remembering and forgetting begins to operate In later years of childhood memory tends to decrease It varies from individual to individual
- 18. Thinking and reasoning powers begins to grow as early as two and one half or three years The young child deals more easily with the concrete than with the abstract He began to compare and evaluate the ideas and solve the problems through the utilization of verbal symbols and imaginary concepts With increase in the age the more complicated problems requiring abstract thinking and widened experiences may be given to them
- 19. In addition to these aspects , the aspects of mental growth and development include attention, imagination, decision-making and ability of interpretation etc. Like other aspects they also change , grow and mature with the increase in age due to maturation and learning
- 20. Freeman and Showel : Social development is the process of learning to conform to group standards , mores traditions and becoming imbued with a sense of oneness, inter- communication and co-operation
- 21. Gradual Development – in infancy social development takes place gradually as the infant advances in age. Change in pattern of play – As the infant grows older , the pattern of his play also evinces (reveal the presence of ) many significance changes. Eg at early stage infant can hold only object later can play with toys .. Ego-centrism – Gradually , the feelings of ‘I’ and ‘mine’ develop and strengthen , but at the same time he also learns what ‘you’ and ‘yours’ mean.
- 22. Socialization – Moving from the egocentric behavior of the first three years to the pre- school period , the infants conduct begins to appear socialized . At infancy the child is most completely egocentric and selfish , not being inclined to give any of his possessions to anyone else. As his social development progresses towards ultimate maturity , he learns to divide and share his own with others and to cooperate with them.
- 23. Group Membership – Living in the group , the infant gradually evolves the communal sentiment.
- 24. Period of social awareness Tries to seek independence from his parents and other elders To become a active member of a peer groups and replace family group Segregation among boys and girls of the this age Clash with interests and values of teachers and parents – to maintain the interest of peer group ( gang age)
- 25. Changes in social behavior Friendship Social Interest – parties, celebration , conversation of problems School and social development To organize social function To arrange excursions and trips Games , debates and seminars Teacher should arrange a socialization environment
- 26. Personal Factors 1.Bodily structure and health 2.Intelligence 3.Emotional Development Environmental factors 1.Family atmosphere 2.The school and its atmosphere 3.Peer group relationship and gang influence 4.Community and neighborhood 5.Religious institutions and clubs 6.Information and entertainment agencies
- 27. Moral development refers to the development of moral concepts and moral behaviour Moral concepts starts developing when the child learns what is good and what is bad , what is right and what is wrong Characteristics from the stages of infancy to adolescence According to Jean Piaget , moral development of an individual an individual takes place four hierarchical levels 1. Anomy 2. Heteronomy 3. Reciprocity 4. Autonomy
- 28. Infancy is a period of Anomy. During infancy the child knows no rules or norms of behavior. Heteronomy – It is a period of differentiation of right and wrong. The child is influenced by conventions and standard of conduct set by his parents and elders . Reward and punishment plays a vital role in developing the morality of child at this stage, till he is eight years. Reciprocity – stage till teenage – it is the practice of give and take. Will control their behaviour with a voluntary will. Autonomy – stage of moral development – spread over the whole of ones teenage – individual begins to develop rational and emotional maturity .
- 29. The parents and teachers should serve as good models for imitative learning as far as character is concerned The teacher must teach the child directly what is right and what is wrong Teacher should take necessary steps to develop a positive self –concept in children Organization of group projects , group games , school parliament , morning assembly , celebration of National days and festivals will help children in character formation.
- 33. During infancy 1. Infant cries and his bodily movements seem to give evidence of the presence of emotional element in him. 2. The stage of undifferentiated excitement is over in a vary short time. 3. During first two months pleasure and displeasure come response to physical stimulation . At third month it will be psychological stimulation (smile in response to human face). Later it will be psychological as well as physical stimuli (baby reaction if left alone)
- 37. During childhood 1.Peer group , school and other environment influence his emotional behavior 2.In this stage the child tries to express his behavior through reasonable means and reacts less violently to emotionally disturbing situations 3. During later period of childhood child advances towards emotional stability and control.
- 39. Adolescence stage 1.Experences the violent and intensive current of emotion 2.Period of storm and stress 3.Emotional energy is so strong and dangerous 4.Defficult to control emotion 5.Development of abstract emotion 6.Complexity 7.Bearing of tensions 8.Capacity of sharing emotions 9.Loyalities expand 10.Reviewing of hopes and aspirations 11.Increased compassion
- 40. THE END