Dna protein synthesis_ppt
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DNA contains the master code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is created by copying sections of DNA, which carry the code for proteins. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids brought by tRNA molecules. The amino acids bond together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, also known as proteins, according to the mRNA instructions. This allows DNA to direct the synthesis of proteins through intermediate RNA molecules.
Dna protein synthesis_ppt
- 3. EnzymesEnzymes areare proteins whichproteins which function tofunction to control the ratecontrol the rate of chemicalof chemical reactions.reactions. EnzymesEnzymes areare proteins whichproteins which function tofunction to control the ratecontrol the rate of chemicalof chemical reactions.reactions. complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly examples: muscles,examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nailshair, cartilage, nails examples: muscles,examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nailshair, cartilage, nails contain C, O, H,contain C, O, H, NN and usually Sand usually S contain C, O, H,contain C, O, H, NN and usually Sand usually S image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif 3D protein structure
- 4. anan aminoamino groupgroupanan aminoamino groupgroup are made up ofare made up of and an “and an “RR” group which” group which varies in the differentvaries in the different amino acidsamino acids and an “and an “RR” group which” group which varies in the differentvaries in the different amino acidsamino acids aa carboxylcarboxyl groupgroupaa carboxylcarboxyl groupgroup H H N C H R O OH C C H H H H H N C H O OH C C OH H H H H N C H O OH C Alanine Serine
- 5. What is the name of these monomers? To what organic compound group do they belong? N H H H O R C C O H N H H H O R C C O H amine group variable R group carboxyl group carboxyl groupamine group
- 6. What does the chain of amino acids represent? Threonine Arginine Glycine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine Polypeptide Chain – A Protein
- 7. What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
- 8. TRY THIS! Create a concept map using the 4 organic compounds. Include: monomer, functions and examples.
- 9. Protein Synthesis Vocabulary Protein Synthesis is when DNA’s code is used by the cell to make proteins. Protein Synthesis is also called gene expression. The genes “express themselves” when the proteins they code for are made. VOCABULARY: GENE CODON AMINO ACID
- 10. Protein Synthesis Vocabulary Protein Synthesis is when DNA’s code is used by the cell to make proteins. Protein Synthesis is also called gene expression. The genes “express themselves” when the proteins they code for are made. VOCABULARY: GENE CODON AMINO ACID
- 11. Gene Expression GENE: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait CODON: nucleotide triplet that codes for a specific amino acid AMINO ACIDS: amino acids make up proteins ACG GGA GGC CCA AAC CCG GCCCGC Threonine Arginine Glycine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine Amino Acid protein
- 13. Sections within a gene CODONS TAC Codes for protein Codon base triplets Examples ATC CCG Stop CodonStart Codon ATT, ATC, or ACT
- 14. Codons, Amino Acid & Protein One codon codes for one amino acid EX: ACG = amino acid (threonine) CGC = amino acid (arginine) GGA = aminio acid (glycine) A sequence of amino acids is a protein ACG GGA GGC CCA AAC CCG GCCCGC Threonine Arginine Glycine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine Amino Acid Protein
- 15. DNA has the code but RNA is needed to make proteins. There are major differences between DNA and RNA….
- 16. DNA vs RNA Contains deoxyribose sugar Is double stranded Bonds A-T and C-G Never leaves the nucleus Contains ribose sugar Is single stranded Bonds A-U and C-G Can leave the nucleus
- 17. How Does RNA Help? DNA - contains the master code tRNA towing Amino acid mRNA Protein factory tRNA, transfer RNA carries amino acids rRNA, ribosomal RNA guides the process in the ribosome mRNA, messenger RNA copies/carries the DNA code
- 18. How Does RNA Help? DNA - contains the master code tRNA towing Amino acid mRNA Protein factory tRNA, transfer RNA carries amino acids rRNA, ribosomal RNA guides the process in the ribosome mRNA, messenger RNA copies/carries the DNA code Chromosome DNA
- 19. The Role of ENZYMES To what organic compound group do enzymes belong? Enzymes are necessary in making a protein by controlling different parts of the reactions. breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases brings new nucleotides and bonds them to existing strands
- 20. Translation Protein is made by mRNA and tRNA Information is “deciphered” to build a protein. Transcription mRNA is made by copying DNA’s code for a protein Information in DNA is “rewritten” as a molecule of mRNA DNA DNA contains the code for all traits/ proteins Overall Process of Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) DNA Transcription Translation mRNA Protein
- 21. TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION: mRNA is made copying DNA’s code Uses enzymes Makes mRNA from DNA template Occurs in the nucleus click to play animation
- 22. A T T C C G TRANSCRIPTION 1. Enzymes help a gene portion of the DNA to unzip. enzymes break the bonds between the nitrogen bases A A G G C
- 23. T T C C A A T A G G C G TRANSCRIPTION 1. (continued) a gene portion of the DNA strand separates
- 25. 2. mRNA is made from the DNA template Enzymes bring in mRNA nucleotides and matches them with their DNA complement A T A G G C A T T C C G TRANSCRIPTION
- 26. Base Pairing Rule mRNA nucleotides match by the base pairing rule. A - T (RNA has U) C - G T G G C A A A T T C C G G A C G A U
- 29. A T A G G C G A G A U 3. mRNA separates from DNA and leaves the nucleus A T T C C G C
- 31. A T A G G C A T T C C G 4. The two DNA strands move back together
- 32. A T A G G C A T A G G C A T T C C G A T T C C G 4. An enzyme helps the DNA strands rezip.
- 33. REVIEWING TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION: mRNA is made copying DNA’s code 1. DNA unzips 2. mRNA is made from the DNA template 3. mRNA separates from DNA and leaves the nucleus 4. The DNA molecule rezips (closes back up.) click to play animation
- 34. TRY THIS! Transcribe this segment of DNA: CATAACCGATGA
- 36. TRANSLATION Process when the protein is actually made • Uses an anticodon to the tRNA to bring an amino acid to the ribosome • Occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm click to play animation
- 37. 5. mRna leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
- 38. And Auld Lang Syne! REMEMBER: DNA’s code is copied to mRNA in codon groups. A CODON is a grouping of three nitrogen bases in mRNA that carry the code for an amino acid. G A C G A U codon codon
- 39. Transfer RNA (tRNA) tRNA Has a clover- leaf shape tRNA carries an amino acid at one end and an anticodon at the other end. anticodon U AC amino acid
- 40. ANTICODON The anticodon is located on tRNA The anticodon is the “deciphered” mRNA code. EX: mRNA codon: AUG tRNA anticodon: UAC The tRNA also picks up the amino acid that corresponds to the mRNA codon A A C GA U U AC Codon Anticodon
- 41. AMINO ACID CHART This chart is used to find the appropriate amino acid using mRNA codons. What would be the amino acid for the mRNA codon UGG? U C A G U Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine Serine Serine Serine Serine Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Stop Cysteine Cysteine Stop Tryptophan U C A G C Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine Proline Proline Proline Proline Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine U C A G A Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methionine Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine Serine Serine Arginine Arginine U C A G G Valine Valine Valine Valine Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine U C A G FirstBase Second Base ThirdBase mRNA codon UGG is the amino acid Tryptophan
- 42. TRANSLATION mRNA at the ribosome in the cytoplasm How many amino acids would be present in the protein coded for by this mRNA strand? mRNA G A A C A U A U A AG U ribosome
- 43. TRANSLATION 6. tRNA assists by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome 7. tRNA matches its anticodon with the codon of mRNA to place the amino acid in the correct sequence G A A C A U A U A AG U U A C Methionine
- 44. G A A C A U A U A AG U TRANSLATION Isoleucine A U U Methionine U A C Peptide Bond Methionine U A C U U G LeucineLeucine U U G Isoleucine A U U Peptide Bond STOP A U U
- 45. G A A C A U A U A AG U Methionine Leucine TRANSLATION Isoleucine STOP Stop Codon A special codon called a STOP CODON marks the end of the gene and protein synthesis.
- 46. Polypeptide Chain - A Protein 8. The amino acids bond with peptide bonds and form a polypeptide chain or protein. polypeptide = protein peptide bonds amino acid
- 47. REVIEWING TRANSLATION Protein is made 5. mRNA leaves nucleus, goes to ribosome in cytoplasm 6. tRNA assists by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome 7. tRNA matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon putting amino acids in the correct sequence 8. amino acids bond, forming a protein click to play animation
- 48. TRY THIS! Transcribe and translate this segment of DNA: TACACCTGCGCATAG
- 49. DNA: TACACCTGCGCATAG mRNA: AUGUGGACGCGUAUC tRNA: UACACCUGCGCAUAG Amino Acids: Met-Try-Thr-Arg-Iso ANSWER
- 50. Chromosome Small section of this chromosome may contain MANY genes GENE – A gene is a section of DNA that has hundreds or thousands of base pairs Sections within a gene CODON Start Condon TAC Codes for protein Codon base triplets Examples ATC CCG Stop Codon ATT, ATC, or ACT REVIEW
- 51. SUMMARY Transcription Translation G A C G A U A A T T T C C A G G C G DNA mRNA A U U Amino Acid tRNA Protein Occurs in the Occurs in the DNA DNA has the master code mRNA is made, copying DNA’s code A protein is made
- 52. Works Cited “3D Protein Structure” Online Image, June 5, 2006 U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human
Editor's Notes
- #2: http://academy.d20.co.edu/kadets/lundberg/images/biology/dna21.gif – DNA image
- #3: ORGANIC MOLECULES lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein INORGANIC MOLECULES CO2 water: most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solution excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)
- #4: PROTEINS complex organic compounds made up of amino acids needed for the body to function properly Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
- #5: PROTEINS are made up of an amino group (boxes the amino group in a general molecular structure) a carboxyl group (boxes the carboxyl group in a general molecular structure) and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids (boxes the R group in a general molecular structure) (shows an alanine molecular structure) (shows a serine molecular structure)
- #8: PROTEIN REVIEW What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions Name examples of proteins. muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
- #13: Prentice Hall Biology textbook
- #14: Prentice Hall Biology textbook
- #35: You can have them do this on white boards or in their notes. If you are using the interactive notebook this will go on the left page.
- #51: Prentice Hall Biology textbook