Elm3 chart10 05
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This document discusses reducing adjective clauses by omitting words like relative pronouns and forms of "to be". It provides examples of reduced clauses using various verb forms like passive, progressive, simple present and past. Reduced clauses usually follow the noun they modify. Common verbs used in reduced clauses include concerning, containing, having, involving, requiring, resulting in, and using. Adjective clauses with object relative pronouns cannot be reduced since we cannot omit the subject.
Elm3 chart10 05
- 1. Section A
- 2. We can sometimes reduce (or shorten) an adjective clause when the relative pronoun is the subject. We call this a reduced adjective clause. The first word that was spoken on the moon was “OK.” The first word spoken on the moon was “OK.” We can reduce adjective clauses that have passive verb forms. We omit the relative pronoun and the verb be. COMPARE
- 3. The first thing that was mentioned at the meeting was the new tax law. The first thing mentioned at the meeting was the new tax law. There are a lot of movies that are based on books. There are a lot of movies based on books. Remember: We form the passive with: a form of be the past participle of the main verb+ COMPARE
- 4. Like a full adjective clause, the reduced adjective clause usually comes directly after the noun it describes based on given taken caused made used concerned with produced Some past participles commonly used in reduced adjective clauses include:
- 5. Section B
- 6. We can reduce adjective clauses that have present or past progressive verb forms by omitting the relative pronoun and the verb be. The boy who was sitting in front saw everything. The boy sitting in front saw everything. I don’t know the woman who is talking to Maria. I don’t know the woman talking to Maria. COMPARE
- 7. We can reduce adjective clauses that have simple present or past verb forms by omitting the relative pronoun or replacing the verb with an –ing form. The table was set with large vases that contained yellow flowers. There are a number of questions that concern the company’s finances. There are a number of questions concerning the company’s finances. The table was set with large vases containing yellow flowers. COMPARE
- 8. We can use the –ing form to reduce adjective clauses with many verbs that are not normally continuous. The most common examples are concerning, containing, having, involving, requiring, resulting in, and using. WARNING! Because we cannot omit the subject of an adjective clause, we cannot reduce adjective clauses with object relative pronouns. The cake that they’re eating looks delicious. (NOT: The cake eating looks delicious.)