Energy efficient architecture
- 1. ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE.. -French School, Damascus, Syria. −Vidhi R Shah −B1335 −Electives − T. Y. B.Arch.
- 2. Location of Syria on world map.
- 3. Location Of French School, Damascus, Syria.
- 4. About the French school: • The French school, known as Lycée Charles de Gaulle, follows the French educational system and is accredited by the French ministry of education. • Architects: ateliers lion (French architect). • The brief for the design team was to develop a campus for the school with a capacity for 900 students ranging from kindergarten to high school. • Task - to develop a campus embodying sustainability by using – Low-technology solutions for ventilation & conditioning of the school spaces, – maintaining the thermal comfort levels required for students in an educational environment.
- 5. Introduction: • The school houses 900 students from kindergarten up to baccalaureate level, is a garden-like school with classrooms integrated with system of courtyards and green patios. The main aim of the design was to : • Design in respect to the environment that aspires to sustainability. • Consequently it sets out to eliminate air conditioning and use only natural ventilation, cooling, light/shadows which economize on running costs. • The project fully reflects its aims and translates them into a special architectural language of forms with rhythms of alternating spaces, masses, gardens and a dramatic skyline rendered by the distinct vertical elements of the proposed solar chimneys.
- 6. Design Objectives: - Minimization of building operation cost (energy, maintenance). - Minimization of building invest. - Natural, comfortable and inspiring environment. Climate responsive design elements: -Daylight. -Night cooling of thermal mass. -Natural ventilation. -wind and solar supported chimney. -Ground heat exchanger.
- 7. Climatic conditions • Damascus has a hot arid climate due to the rain shadow effect of the mountains and the prevailing ocean currents. • Summers are dry and hot with less humidity. • Winters are mild and comparatively rainy, sometimes with snow. • The annual rainfall is around 130 mm (5 in), occurring from october to may. • However, the weather has changed and water has become ever scarcer, due to rapid urbanization around the city and its region • The average temperature in damascus is 17.6°c (64°f). • The warmest average max/high temperature is 37°c (99°f) in august; • The coolest average min/low temperature is 2°C (36°F) in january
- 8. Local architectural character, including forms and materials. • The school is mainly surrounded by residential blocks in the east and south and a hospital in the north. • To the west, it merges smoothly into the topography of one of the hills. • The local architectural character around these blocks is mixed. • Predominantly, it is comprised of typologies of four-floor plain concrete slab buildings. • The building materials are of better quality: mostly stone cladding that is used to upgrade the appearance of the façades, with some marble sections.
- 9. Project requirements: • Integration of all school sections in one campus, alongside facilities and common amenities. • The list of requirements was as follows: – Kindergarten – Primary school – Secondary school – Several canteens for all ages and for staff – Administration section – Function hall/gymnasium (used also as multi-purpose occasionally) – Common and sports amenities • A system of courtyards and patios relate to the biomatic scheme inherent to their core architectural concept and strategy
- 10. The design: • The concept was not only familiar to the local climate, but relied mostly on passive design strategies to achieve the required comfort levels. • Emphasized – on local materials & revived a number of passive design strategies that were common in traditional middle eastern architecture. • The design of the school was shaped by the need to respond to Damascus's dry desert climate with its hot days and cold nights. • design goals- – to optimize classroom ventilation using natural ventilation, – to naturally condition the classroom spaces especially during the summer, – to develop outdoor spaces that are usable by students and teachers. • The master plan of the school reflected these goals.
- 11. • The school’s complex- whose area totals to 5600 m² was made up of two clusters of small buildings, each with two stacked classrooms. • The building clusters are connected via small courtyards covered with light removable shading. Legend 1. Nursery 2. Primary School 3. High School 4. Restaurant 5. Administration 6. Gymnasium Floor plan of French school ,Syria
- 12. Site plan of French school. Blown up of classes. A A´
- 13. Section AA’ •The exterior walls are constituted of a separate hollow block wall by an air gap and an inner wall in solid blocks of ten centimeters. •This will restore the freshness stored during the night during the day. • The white coating on the walls and the roof-light colored aluminum tray reflect the sun's rays. •In summer, the incoming air of freshness is ensured by a Canadian system well situated in the floor slab of the buildings, and the development of courtyards between the buildings. •Good air circulation is ensured by solar chimneys equipped with black metal plates. Cloth shed. Courtyard. 25mm thk roof Double block wall Classrooms stacked one above other
- 14. •The removable shading devices above the courtyards provide solar protection during summer days and are opened for cooling at night by radiation to the sky. •In winter the operation of the solar shading is reversed, opening it during the day to capture solar gains and closing it at night to prevent their loss to the clear night sky . •This creates shaded and landscaped courtyard spaces around the classrooms, creating a walkable outdoor micro-climate connecting the classrooms and serving as an environment for social interaction between students Shaded courtyards between classroom buildings. Image 1 Image 2 Courtyard shading and ventilation inlet at courtyard base.
- 15. Natural Ventilation and Passive cooling: •Strategies include the shading and cooling of the classroom roofs to reduce the solar heat gain inside the classrooms. • Wind-assisted solar chimneys are used to drive natural cross-ventilation through the classrooms. •The chimneys are faced with a polycarbonate sheet to trap solar radiation and enhance the stack effect. • During the day, outdoor intake air comes either directly from the shaded microclimate of the courtyards or is pre-cooled using miniature earth ducts made up of pipes embedded in the ground floor slab. •The function of the earth ducts is to pre-cool the air temperature further before it comes into the classroom, by maximizing its contact with the earth, which has an almost steady temperature year round.
- 16. •Natural ventilation system of the classrooms. •During the winter the earth ducts reverse their role, warming cool winter air as it comes into contact with earth’s steady temperature. •Operable louvers at the air intake and exhaust provide ventilation control. •The school’s thick walls also respond to the local climate by making use of the high diurnal swings of the desert climate. •The school’s high thermal mass structure improves indoor conditions by absorbing heat during the day and preventing most of it from making its way into the indoor spaces. Courtyard Classrooms Earth-ducts Exterior walls are constituted of a separate hollow block wall
- 17. Detailed section indicating ventilation system.
- 18. Solar chimneys: • The solar chimneys- an integral part to the school’s ventilation strategy, used to drive natural cross- ventilation through the classrooms. • The chimneys, dominate the school’s form and skyline, are oriented towards the south and are covered with black-painted polycarbonate sheet to trap solar radiation at the top of the chimney. • This trapping of heat enhances the stack effect inside the chimneys, pulling warm air from the classrooms below. • The chimneys designed to use wind to create negative pressure at the top of the chimney to improve the stack air movement inside the chimney. • During night time, the thermal mass of the chimney releases the heat it stored during the day and thus continues to draw air through the open windows and the earth ducts, which helps cool the structure further for the following day.
- 19. Sun rays Courtyard Cloth shade. Solar chimneys •Winter strategies: sun heats patios, ventilation. •The sun begins to heat up solar chimneys and accelerates the flow of air (thermosiphon effect.) •During the afternoon after patios completely regiment sunlight. •The fireplaces set off around 16h, once the well heated patios. •Winter draws in pre-heated patio to the passage in the floor slab and will then heat to Hollow blocks for external. 25mm thk roof
- 20. Sun rays Courtyard Cloth shade. Solar chimneys Earth duct •Summer strategies: sun visors, ventilation, microclimate. •In Late morning, patios start to receive the sun's rays and to warm. •The air entering the ventilation system will be hotter. •At noon, the microclimate is provided by the sun visor and the vegetation that regulates the temperature and humidity has natural grace transpiration. 25mm thk roof
- 21. The campus and facade openings of the buildings are mainly oriented east-west •Front and rear facades of a classroom. •Each classroom is typically two-level structures, each giving onto a small, lush, sheltered garden/patio. •This has been translated as 29 building units on two levels each with 10,000 square meters net floor area
- 22. •The classrooms are arranged in rows on both sides of the major axes, in a pattern of alternating masses •And gardens, a response to the physical constraints of the site, climate and plot ratios. Natural ventilation system in the classrooms.
- 23. •Natural ventilation system in the classrooms. •The patios between the classrooms are covered with shade cloth in addition to the trees and shrubs. •The size and position of the windows had been calculated to provide maximum natural lighting. •At the same time, acting as part of the ventilation system The primary school patio.
- 24. The high school playground runs between the existing trees. The primary school playground.
- 25. View of French school.
- 26. Thank you!!