Farming system
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The document discusses the challenges faced by agriculture, particularly in India, including declining productivity, malnutrition, and environmental issues. It introduces integrated farming systems as a solution that combines various agricultural practices to enhance sustainability, productivity, and food security. Various models and examples of integrated farming are provided, emphasizing the importance of resource recycling and effective management in achieving economic viability and ecological balance.
Farming system
- 1. Farming System : Concept, Scope and modules Dr. R P Singh Associate Director Extension G.B.P.U.A & T., Pantnagar 1
- 2. Challenges Rate of changes Challenge Current status (per year) world 6 billion + 1.3% Population India 1 billion + 1.95% Food insecure population 790 million 1.0% Soil degradation 1966 m ha 5-10 M ha Desertification 1016 m ha 6 M ha Irrigated area per person 0.045 ha -1.3% Grain harvested area per person 0.11 ha -0.55% Forested area per capita 0.59 ha -0.78% Atmospheric concentration of GHGs CO2 370 ppm +0.5% CH4 1.74 ppm +0.75% 2 N2O 311 ppb +0.25%
- 3. Requirement by 2020 AD to meet the balanced diet as per norms prescribed by ICMR Crops/item Requirement Requirement in (gm/capita/day) million tons 2010 2020 Cereals and millets 420(391) 237.4(195) 280.99 Pulses and legumes 70(33) 22.61(13) 26.76 Fats and oils 40(34) 12.44 (9) 14.72 Vegetables 125 109.52 129.62 Roots and tubers 75 42.39 50.18 Fruits 50 43.81 51.85 Milk 150 84.79 100.35 Sugar 30(57) 16.96(19.2) 20.07 3 Egg 45 (The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture, 2006) 25.44 30.11
- 4. Problems of present day agriculture • Decline in agriculture growth rate • Decline in factor productivity • Static or decline in food production • Increasing malnutrition • Shrinkage in net cultivable area • increasing environmental pollution • Depleting ground water table • Increasing cost of production • Low farm income • Increasing unemployment What is the solution? “Integrated Farming Systems” 4
- 5. Farming system? Farming : • Farming is a process of harnessing solar energy in the form of economic plant & animal products. • System: implies a set of interrelated process organized into a functional entity. 5
- 6. Features of diversified farming in sustainable agriculture • Maintain vegetative cover • Provide regular supply of organic matter • Enhance nutrient recycling mechanism • Pest control through enhanced bio-control activity
- 7. Farming System--components Other resources laborer Soil FARM Family livestock Water crops • Functions with in limitation of capability/resources/socio cultural settings • Interacting with physical, biological, economic factors • managing agricultural activity/even non farm vocations 7
- 8. Farming system designates a set of agricultural activities organized into functional units: To profitably harness solar energy Preserving land productivity Ensuring environmental quality Maintaining desirable level of biological diversity and ecological stability. 8
- 9. Further: IFS Resource Management strategies achieving economy and sustaining agriculture production Meeting diverse requirements of farming house holds Conserving the resource base and maintaining environment quality Efficient use of land, labour and available resources 9
- 10. Integrated Farming Systems Crop husbandry Livestock production Poultry Duckery Horticulture Aquaculture Apiculture Sericulture Mushroom cultivation Agro-forestry Biogas plants Miscellaneous enterprises 10
- 11. An arrangement of recycling products/ by- products of one component as input to another linked component Reduction in cost of production Increase in productivity per unit area per unit time Increase in total income of farm Effective utilization of family labors around the year 11
- 12. Constraints Components Objective IFS Physical Determinants Social Economic Environment 12
- 13. Factors determining type of farming • Physical factor (Climate ,soil, topography) • Economic factor – Marketing cost – Labour availability – Capital – Land value – Competition for enterprises – Consumer demand – Prevalent pest and diseases • Social factor (type of community, easy transport, marketing facilities and co-operative spirit) • Objective (income, production, minimizing cost etc.) • Availability of resources and components 13
- 14. Types of Integrated Farming Systems Crop-live stock farming system Crop-live stock –fishery farming system Crop-live stock – poultry - fishery farming system Crop-poultry-fishery – mushroom farming system Crop-fishery-poultry farming system Crop- livestock-fishery-vermicomposting farming system Crop-live stock-forestry farming system Agri-silvi-horticulture system Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral system 14 Home garden agro-forestry system
- 15. Factor deciding nature and size of enterprises • Farm size • Marketing facilities • Climate • Technologies available • Soil type and condition • Income level • Credit facility • Skill/Knowledge and • Social accessibility 15
- 16. Types of farming system • Crop livestock farming system HOUSE HOLD Excreta Biogas Crop Animals BIO GAS PIT Dung Slurry as manure Crop residue as feed Family Resources flow in farming system LIVE STOCK CROP 16
- 17. Crop- livestock- forestry farming system 17
- 18. Crop- fish- poultry farming system 18
- 19. Crop –livestock- poultry- fishery farming system 19
- 20. Labour intensive farming system for small area Faeces Poultry as feed Pig Energy for use Earth worm feed Faeces Biogas Biogas Plant Mushroom Slurry Biogas Biogas Slurry Biogas Slurry Slurry Vermiculture Fish Pond Orchard fruit trees 20
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- 24. Agroforestry in Kerala: A Model 24 (Salam et al.,1992)
- 25. Enterprises linked in different agro- ecosystem Dry land Garden land Wet land • Dairy • Dairy • Dairy • Sheep • Poultry • Poultry • Goat • Mushroom • Mushroom • Agro forestry • Apiary • Apiary • Farm pond • Piggery • Fish culture • Sericulture • Duck farming 25
- 26. Farming system for different agro- climatic zones of India Regions System High altitude cold desert Pastures with agro-forestry, goats, angora rabbits and a region limited agricultural crops like millets, wheat, barley, fodders are recommended. Arid and desert region Farming system is centering mainly in animal husbandry with camels, sheep and goat and with moderate cropping components involving pearly millet, wheat, pulses, gram and fodder. Western and central Horticultural crops act as a major component and have Himalayan region a less intensive agriculture mainly on the hill terraces and slopes with maize, rice, wheat, pulses and fodder crops. Eastern Himalayan region Primitive crop husbandry with rice, millets, pulses etc. Agro-forestry system are also common. Piggery and poultry are the chief livestock activity. 26 Cont……..
- 27. Regions System Indo-gangetic plains Intensive crop husbandry involving rice-wheat, maize-mustard pulses is integrated livestock (including dairy cattle and buffaloes). Central and southern Cotton-sorghum-millets-pulses in linked with dairy- highlands cattle, sheep, goat poultry (as the secondary enterprises). Western ghats Major activity is cultivation of plantation crops. Cultivation of rice and pulses are the secondary agricultural activity. Cattle, sheep and goats are the livestock components which is maintained as large herds and allowed for free ranging. Delta and coastal plains Rice cultivation is linked along with fish culture, poultry and piggery enterprises. Capture fisheries of the marine ecosystem is a specialized enterprise and does not mix with cropping activity. 27
- 28. Productivity of Rice-based IFS: A case study Farming system Component productivity (Kg/ha) Rice-grain equivalent Crop Poultry Mushroom yield (Kg/ha) Rice – fallow 4311 - - 4311 (Existing system) Rice-Groundnut + 6557 (39) 6,060 (36) 4,305 (25) 16,922 Mushroom+ poultry Rice-Cowpea+ 7,662 (43) 6,060 (34) 4,305 (23) 18,027 Mushroom+ poultry Rice-Brinjal+ 11,122 (52) 6,060 (28) 4,305 (20) 21,487 Mushroom+ poultry Rice-Sunnhemp+ 4,993 (33) 6,060 (39) 4,305 (28) 15,358 Mushroom+ poultry Figures in parentheses indicate per cent contribution to the total system productivity Experiment conducted at the ICAR Res. Complex, Goa (Manjunath & Itnal, 2003) 28
- 29. Income and employment generation under IFS Location: Kalahandi district of Orissa Enterprises Unit Cost of Gross return Net return B:C Man production (Rs./unit) (Rs./unit) ratio days (Rs./unit) Crop 5.0 ha 2,28,000 6,82,900 4,54,900 3.00 1310 component Animals (2 5 Nos. 16,200 38,880 22,680 2.40 140 cows + 3 (4.6%) buffalo) Poultry (40 80 Nos. 2,000 11,600 9,600 5.80 60 chicks + 40 (1.9%) ducks) Pisciculture 0.2 ha 8,000 20,000 12,020 2.50 45 (fingerlings) (2.4%) Total 5.2 ha 2,54,200 7,53,380 4,99,180 2.96 1,555 Convention 1.4 ha 13,100 19,220 6,120 1.40 ------- al systems On- farm experiment conducted in the farm of Mr. Murli Budhia, Vill. Kanakpur, Bhawanipatna 29 (Nanda et al., 2007)
- 30. A case study of Integrated Farming System OBJECTIVES: To identify profitable, sustainable and eco-friendly farming systems for 2 ha land holding. Comparative evaluation of different farming systems to reduce cost of cultivation for higher returns through recycling of residues within the system CENTRAL SOIL SALINITY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL 30
- 31. Proposed Model (Land area 2.0 hectare) (A) Crop production : 0.8 ha Rice-Wheat 0.2 ha. Maize- Wheat-Moong 0.2 ha. Winter Maize-Soybean 0.2 ha. Pigeon pea-Mustard-Fodder maize 0.2 ha. (B) Fodder Production: 0.4 ha Maize- Maize-Berseem 0.2 ha. Sorghum-Berseem/Oat 0.2 ha. 31
- 32. (C) Horticulture: 0.2 ha Papaya and guava (D) Vegetables : 0.2 ha Bottle ground-Cauliflower (E) Floriculture : 0.2 ha Marigold, Gladiolus and Chrysanthemums in Rabi Baby corn, Sweet corn etc. in Kharif (F) Fish, bee keeping and mushroom : 0.2 ha Catla, rohu, mrigal, common carp and grass carp, 25 bee boxes. 32
- 33. Outcome S. No. Enterprise Benefit/ Gain 1. Crop production Net profit Rs.39,400/ha; (Rice-Wheat) B:C ratio 1.70 2. Vegetables Net profit of Rs.80,000/ha (bottleguard-cauliflower) 3. Fodder production Net profit of Rs.59,000 / ha ; (Maize- Maize-Berseem) B:C ratio 2.98 4. Fodder production Net profit 40,000 / ha; (Sorghum-Berseem/Oat) B:C ratio 2.91, 5. Milk production (Buffaloes) Rs.400 per day from milk; 91 q dung* in 4 months 6. Bee-keeping (Honey ) Rs.40,000 in six months 7. Fishery Rs.15,000/ year * The dung also supplied equivalent to 73 kg N, 46 kg p, 109 kg K, 4.4 kg Zn, 1.32kg Cu and 7.99 kg Mn 33
- 34. Productivity (RGEY) of IFS in Irrigated Agro-Ecosystem of Eastern U.P. Farming system Component productivity (q) Component productivity (q/ ha) Crop Dairy Poultry Fish Total Total Rice- pea- okra (MRS) 42.72 - - - 42.72 170.88 MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 32.70 236.33 - - 269.03 1076.12 maize+ dairy MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 32.70 - 30.37 - 63.07 252.28 maize+ poultry MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 28.57 - - 15.06 43.63 174.52 maize+ fish MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 32.42 236.33 30.37 - 299.12 1196.48 maize+ dairy+ poultry MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 28.09 236.33 - 15.06 279.48 1117.92 maize+ dairy+ fish MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 28.09 - 30.37 15.06 73.52 294.08 maize+ fish+ poultry MRS+ sorghum- berseem- 27.61 236.33 30.37 15.06 309.37 1237.48 maize+ dairy+ fish+ poultry Res. Farm, IAS,BHU (Varanasi) (Singh et al.,2007) 34
- 35. Poultry component Poultry Dairy component (1800 brollers)- 0.02 ha dropping (20 cow)- 0.02 ha Suplement green fodder cow dropping Cowdung utilized as manure Poultry dropping as manure Crop component Fish component Rice-pea-okra (0.5 ha) 2 fish ponds of 0.2 ha Sorghum-berseem-maize (0.26ha) Each with 2000 fish density Productivity Productivity (94532 kg RGEY) (12148 kg RGEY) Income: Rs 317904 Income: Rs 39768 Labour:0 man days Productivity Labour:0 man days (11044.9 kg RGEY) Income: Rs 42708 Productivity Labour:731 man days (6024 kg RGEY) Income: Rs 21224 Farm house hold (1.0 ha) Labour:0 man days Productivity :123748 kg RGEY , Income: Rs. 421604 Employment generation : 731 man days/yr Economics of a Sustainable Farming System model for Irrigated Agro- ecosystem of Varansi and Chanduli region of NEPZ of UP 35 (Singh et al., 2007)
- 36. Proposed Model for Integrated Farming System in Lower Hill/Tarai Irrigated 36
- 37. Cropping system (0.364 ha) Feed (forage crops) Milch cows i. sunflower- maize+cow pea + green gram (0.016 ha) (60% area) ii. Bajra (fodder)+desmanthus (20% area) manure iii.bhindi- chilles (10 %) Field and fodder crops Biocompost (0.008 ha) labour Food, Milk, Income income Vegetable crops Vegetable labour Crops residues Farm household (0.40 ha) Meat, Egg, Income Income labour labour Goat and Guinea Vermicompost (0.008 ha) fowl manure (0.004 ha) Feed (Forage & crop wastes) Resource flow model of integrated farming system – Irrigated upland 37 (0.4 ha) for Western zone of Tamil Nadu (Jayanthi et al.,2007)
- 38. Productivity and economic analysis of different integrated farming systems Farming system RGEY Cost of Gross Net Per day (kg/ha) production return return Return (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Cropping alone 12,222 24,922 61,112 36,190 167 Crop +fish + poultry 31,858 44,627 159,292 114,665 436 Crop + fish + pigeon 32,554 43,310 161,772 118,462 443 Crop + fish + goat 39,610 51,483 178,047 12,564 493 Experiment undertaken at Coimbatore, Tamilnadu (low land) (Jayanthi et al., 2003) 38
- 39. Employment generation (man-days) Employment generation (man-days) Farming system Crop Poultry Pigeon Fish Goat Total system employment generation Cropping alone 369 - - - - 369 Crop +fish + 420 61 - 34 - 515 poultry Crop + fish + 420 - 61 34 - 515 pigeon Crop + fish + 420 - - 34 122 575 goat Experiment undertaken at Coimbatore, Tamilnadu (low land) (Jayanthi et al., 2003) 39
- 40. Income and expenditure of different integrated farming modules for small farmers S Treatment Expenditur Gross Net B:C Employme no e income income ratio nt days . (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) 1 Crop (1.4 ha) 28925 47225 18300 1.63 385 2 Crop + 39755 70800 31044 1.78 528 2 bullocks+3cows 3 Crop +2 bullocks + 40559 83833 43273 2.07 528 3 buffaloes 4 Crop +2 bullocks + 43221 94325 51104 2.18 554 1 cow + 2 buffaloes + 15 goats 5 Crop +2 bullocks+ 46430 104887 58456 2.25 571 1 cow + 2 buffaloes + 15 goats + 20 poultry + 20 ducks (Ramrao et al .,2005) Chhattisgarh plains 40
- 42. Fishing in Paddy Fields
- 43. Practical Out-look of Trench-refuge combinations in rice- fish culture plots
- 44. Grain yield and economics of rice-azolla-fish farming system Systems Grain Yield (t/ha) Fish Yield Return I crop II crop (Kg/ha) per Rupee invested Rice alone 3.90 3.60 - 2.32 Rice+azolla 4.63 4.46 - 2.87 Rice+fish 3.70 3.41 900 2.83 Rice+fish+ 4.08 4.06 900 3.05 azolla CD (P=0.05) 0.60 0.73 - - Shivakumar and Balasubramaniam, 2000
- 45. Agro-climatic zone-wise promising agroforestry systems Agro-climatic Agroforestry Tree component Crop/grass zone system Western Silvipasture (RF) Grewia optiva Setaria spp. Himalayas Morus alba Setaria spp. Agrihorticulture Malus pumila Millets, wheat Agrihorticulture Prunus persica Maize, Soybean Anthocephalus Eastern Agrisilviculture Cadamba Paddy Himalayan Agrihorticulture Alnus nepalensis Large Cardamom/Coffee Silviculture Bamboos
- 47. Agro-climatic Agroforestry Tree Crop/grass zone system component Western Silvipasture Grewia optiva Setaria Himalayas spp. (RF) Morus alba Setaria spp. Agrihorticulture Malus pumila Millets, wheat Agrihorticulture Prunus persica Maize, Soybean Anthocephalus Eastern Agrisilviculture Cadamba Paddy Himalayan Agrihorticulture Alnus Large nepalensis Cardamom/Coffee Silviculture Bamboos Silvipasture Alnus Setaraia spp., nepalensis, Native grasses, Pinus Napier grass roxburghii
- 48. Agro-climatic Agroforestry Tree component Crop/grass zone system Lower Gangetic Agrisilviculture (Irri) Eucalypts Paddy, Sheat Plains Agrihorticulture (Irri) Mango/Banana, Litchi Maize Silvipasture Acacia auriculiformis Middle Gangetic Agrisilviculture (Irri) Populus deltoids Sugarcane-wheat Plains Agrisilviculture (Irri) Eucalypts Rice-Wheat Agrisilviculture Dalbergia sissoo Sesamum Agrihorticulture (Irri) Mango/citrus Rice-Wheat Trans Gangetic Agrihorticulture (Irri) Emblica officinalis Black gram/Green gram Plains Agrisilviculture Azadirachta indica Black gram- Wheat/Mustard Upper Gangetic Agrisilviculture (Irri) Populus deltoids Wheat, Bajra fodder plains Agrihorticulture (Irri) Eucalypts Rice-Wheat Silvipasture Eastern Plateau & Agrisilviculture Gmelina arborea Paddy, linseed Paddy Hills Agrisilviculture Acacia nilotica Silviculture Acacia mangium Silviculture Bamboos
- 49. Bambusa balcoo + toria + apiculture
- 50. Bamboo+cowpea
- 51. Poplar + direct seeded rice
- 52. Poplar + Soybean
- 53. Shisham + Wheat
- 60. LONG TERM Advantages of Integrated Farming Systems Regular income and year round employment Provides food and nutritional security Eco- recycling of agriculture residues/ by-products/wastes Better soil quality for sustainable agriculture Halting of ground water depletion through the enterprises requiring less water Minimization in pollution hazards improves micro climate Conservation of natural resources Minimizes the risk of failure in productivity 60
- 61. Limitations of IFS Lack of awareness about sustainable farming systems Unavailability of varied farming system models Lack of credit facilities at easy and reasonable interest rate Lack of banking aptitude and habit to take full advantage of credit facilities Non-availability of ensured marketing facilities specially for perishable commodities Lack of marketing intelligence among farmers Lack of deep freezing and storage facilities Dedicated / committed extension services Lack of timely availability of inputs Lack of knowledge/education among farming community specially of rural youth 61
- 62. Issues to be Considered: Need to conduct adaptive research for developing efficient IFS model Provision of training to technicians, extension workers and farm engineers to support and sustain farming system Availability of adequate banking facilities and loans with the priority to small and marginal farmers Provision of assured marketing facilities specially for perishable commodities A better coordination among research institutes, Govt. development agencies and NGOs Timely supply of necessary inputs on subsidized base Farmer should develop their banking aptitude and habits to take full advantage of credit facilities Cataloguing and utilization of ITK concepts in the development of 62 farming system modules
- 63. • IFS is a promising approach for increasing over all productivity and profitability through recycling the farm by-products, and efficient utilization of available resources • It could further generate employment opportunities to the farming communities round the year and provide a better economic and nutritional security • The combination of different enterprises needs to be seriously viewed. This can go long way uplift rural life through increased income . 63
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