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Foundations of Radio for Scientists and Technologists
The go-to text for non-specialists requiring a serious introduction to radio. Designed
for those without a specialist theoretical background in electronic and electromagnetic
engineering, it uses a holistic, physics-based approach to describe the theory under-
pinning radio science and engineering. It covers a wide range of topics, from
fundamentals such as radio wave theory, the electronics of radio, antennas and radio
wave propagation, to software radio, spread spectrum and MIMO. With a wealth of
practical exercises and examples accompanying the book online, this is the ideal text for
graduate students, professionals and researchers who work on radio systems and need
to understand both the science and practice of radio.
Christopher John Coleman is an associate professor at the University of Adelaide and a
senior visiting research fellow at the University of Bath, having previously worked as a
principal research scientist on Australia’s Jindalee over-the-horizon radar project. He is
the author of An Introduction to Radio Frequency Engineering (Cambridge University
Press, 2004) and Analysis and Modeling of Radio Wave Propagation (Cambridge
University Press, 2017).

Foundations of Radio for
Scientists and Technologists
CHRISTOPHER JOHN COLEMAN
University of Bath and University of Adelaide

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www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108470940
DOI: 10.1017/9781108684514
© Cambridge University Press 2018
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Coleman, Christopher, 1950– author.
Title: Foundations of radio for scientists and technologists /
Christopher Coleman (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Adelaide University).
Description: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018015101 | ISBN 9781108470940 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Radio–History. | Radio waves. | Radio wave propagation. |
Radio–Equipment and supplies.
Classification: LCC TK6550.C675 2018 | DDC 621.384–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015101
ISBN 978-1-108-47094-0 Hardback
Additional resources for this title available at www.cambridge.org/coleman2
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.

Contents
Preface page ix
1 Electromagnetism 1
1.1 Electricity 1
1.2 Magnetism 10
1.3 Electromagnetism 14
1.4 Maxwell’s Equations 19
1.5 Conclusion 20
2 Radio Waves 21
2.1 Waves 21
2.2 Electromagnetic Waves 23
2.3 The Field of an Accelerating Charge 29
2.4 The Field of an Oscillating Charge 31
2.5 The First Radio Systems 34
2.6 Conclusion 38
3 Tuned Circuits 39
3.1 Time-Harmonic Circuits 39
3.2 Power Transfer 40
3.3 Basic Tuned Circuits 42
3.4 The Inductive Transformer 45
3.5 The L Network 47
3.6 Capacitive Transformer 49
3.7 Filters 50
3.8 Conclusion 52
4 Amplification 53
4.1 Thermionic Valves 53
4.2 Semiconductor Diodes 56
4.3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor 59
4.4 The Field-Effect Transistor 66
4.5 Radio Frequency Amplifiers 71
4.6 Noise 75

vi Contents
4.7 The Effect of Nonlinearity 79
4.8 Conclusion 82
5 Radio Transmitters and Receivers 83
5.1 Feedback and Oscillators 83
5.2 Mixers 89
5.3 Modulation and Demodulation 93
5.4 Oscillator Noise and Reciprocal Mixing 100
5.5 Power Amplifiers 105
5.6 Conclusion 108
6 Digital Techniques and Software-Defined Radio 110
6.1 Basic Digital Electronics 110
6.2 Digital Signal Processing 114
6.3 Analogue-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analogue Converters 120
6.4 Digital Receiver and Transmitter Architecture 125
6.5 Conclusion 128
7 Transmission Lines 129
7.1 Transmission-Line Theory 129
7.2 The Termination of Transmission Lines 133
7.3 Transmission-Line Resonators 135
7.4 Scattering Matrices 139
7.5 Transmission-Line Transformers 146
7.6 Conclusion 149
8 Antennas 150
8.1 The Electric Dipole 150
8.2 The Magnetic Dipole 155
8.3 Reciprocity 157
8.4 Gain 159
8.5 The Monopole Antenna 161
8.6 Reducing the Size of Antennas 163
8.7 Broadband Antennas 165
8.8 Array Antennas 169
8.9 Aperture Antennas 176
8.10 Conclusion 182
9 Radio Wave Propagation 183
9.1 Reflection and Refraction 183
9.2 The Friis Equation 185
9.3 Huygens’ Principle and Propagation by Refraction 187
9.4 Scatter and Diffraction 198
9.5 Conclusion 205

Contents vii
10 Modern Radio Systems 206
10.1 Digital Communication Systems 206
10.2 Spread-Spectrum Systems 208
10.3 Cellular Radio 210
10.4 MIMO 211
10.5 Radar Systems 213
10.6 Satellite Systems 217
10.7 Noise and Radio Astronomy 220
10.8 Conclusion 224
Appendix A: Some Useful Mathematics 225
A.1 Trigonometric Identities 225
A.2 Taylor Series 226
A.3 Fourier Series 226
A.4 Forced Oscillator 227
Appendix B: Some Useful Data 229
Bibliography 231
Index 235

Preface
Radio is one of the most pervasive technologies of the twentieth century and is a major
element in all of our lives. Besides being the major technology that makes the broadcast
and telecommunication industries possible, it is an important supporting technology for
the transport industry, the military and the emergency services. In the sphere of scientific
research, it is an important element in data gathering and, through radar, provides a
primary research tool for geology, meteorology and environmental science. Furthermore,
through radio telescopes, it is a major tool for astronomers. It is clear that many scientists
will need to understand, and even design, radio systems of considerable sophistication.
Whilst such scientists might not need to design the electronics, they will certainly need
to understand its capability and performance limitations. However, such knowledge is
usually the preserve of the professional RF engineer; knowledge he will have gleaned
from a series of courses in diverse areas that include electronics, signal processing,
communications, electromagnetism, antennas and propagation. Material from these
topics constitutes the subject of radio. Many scientists, and technologists, do not have
the luxury of being able to study such a range of material in detail. Consequently, it is
the aim of the presented text to provide such readers with a basic understanding of radio,
both its theory and practice.
This is not a book about the design of radio frequency circuits, but rather a book about
the phenomenon of radio and how it works. Consequently, there is an even balance
between the physics of radio and the technology that has made it possible. The primary
aim in writing this book has been to make some quite advanced topics in radio accessible
to a more general audience. However, due to the mathematical nature of most radio
theory, there is a danger that such a book can end up as just a list of facts and formulas.
To avoid this, the book uses a more physics-based approach to the complex theory of
radio. This not only aids the reader’s understanding but also avoids the requirement of
a large prerequisite knowledge in advanced mathematics. Indeed, the reader only needs
some basic knowledge of vectors, calculus and complex numbers. In particular, the book
does not require knowledge of vector calculus. As a consequence, the book should be
accessible to a large range of scientists, engineers and technicians.
The book develops the theory of electromagnetism in a historical fashion, from early
ideas concerning electrostatics to the prediction and discovery of radio waves. It then
looks at the fundamental technological developments that have made modern radio
possible.Thebookintertwinesthehistoryofradiowiththetheory,hencegivingthereader
an idea of how, and why, certain technologies were developed. Importantly, the book

x Preface
discusses issues that can affect the performance of radio systems. The book develops,
in some detail, the important topics of transmission lines, antennas and propagation.
Additionally, it looks at some important modern radio technologies such as spread
spectrum, cellular radio, MIMO and radar. Whilst the book does not aim to train the
reader in radio electronics, the book will provide a sufficient background for the reader
to progress onto relatively advanced texts in this area. Much of the material in this book
grew out of courses given to non-specialists with a need to understand radio in more
detail than is offered by most introductory texts. The students on these courses were
mainly users of radio (ionospheric physicists and radar scientists for example) with a
need to understand radio in greater depth. Such students are the intended readership of
this book. However, the book might also be of interest to those with an electrical and
electronic engineering (EEE) background. The coverage of radio in a typical EEE degree
tends to be disjointed and it is possible that this book might prove useful to those who
wish to fill gaps in their knowledge of radio, or simply to revise their knowledge. For
those readers interested in the practical application of the material in this book, the online
resources include numerous examples and exercises.
I would like to thank my wife, Marilyn, for her invaluable support and help in preparing
this book.

1 Electromagnetism
Radio is a technology that is based upon electromagnetic phenomena and an
understanding of electromagnetic theory is crucial to the understanding of radio. Ideas
of electricity and magnetism have been in existence for many millennia, but the theory
of electromagnetism was the result of a surge in activity over the last four centuries. The
development of electromagnetic theory culminated in the Maxwell equations, equations
that are crucial to our understanding of radio waves. Radio is an example of the triumph of
theoretical science in that it was predicted through theory rather than being discovered by
accident. It is the aim of the current chapter to describe electromagnetic theory through its
historical development. The chapter has been written for those with very little knowledge
in the area and so can be skipped by those who already possess a good knowledge of the
subject. However, it is expected that some readers will be a little rusty on the theory and
so this chapter will serve as revision for them.
1.1 Electricity
The first recorded observations of electrical effects go back to the Greeks. In the sixth
century BC, Thales of Miletus observed that amber, when rubbed, would attract light
objects. This phenomenon is exemplified by the old schoolboy trick of rubbing a comb
on your trousers and then seeing it lift small scraps of paper. Today we know that matter
is made up of atoms which contain particles with positive electric charge (protons),
negative electric charge (electrons) and no charge (neutrons). Further, that like charges
repel each other and that unlike charges attract. A simple model of a single atom consists
of a number of electrons that orbit around a nucleus consisting of the same number of
protons and possibly some neutrons (see Figure 1.1). The electrons are arranged in shells
around the nucleus, each shell containing electrons of approximately the same energy
(the energy increases with radius) and are designated, in order of energy, as K, L, M, N,
O, P and Q (it should be noted that the energy gap between these shells is much larger
than the range of energies within a shell). Due to quantum mechanical effects, the shells
contain only a limited number of electrons (the K shell can contain a maximum of 2
electrons, the L shell 8 electrons, the M shell 18 electrons, the N shell 32, etc.). Matter
will consist of a large collection of such atoms which, under normal circumstances,
will be in overall electrical neutrality (the numbers of electrons and protons are equal).
Under some circumstances, however, it is possible to increase, or decrease, the number

2 Electromagnetism
a) lithium b) boron
Fig. 1.1 Atomic structure consists of electrons orbiting an equal number of protons and possibly some
neutrons.
of electrons and the material will become electrically charged. This is what is achieved
in the above rubbing process, sometimes known as the triboelectric effect. The essential
condition for the effect to exist is that the materials being rubbed together have different
strengths of the force that bind their electrons to the nucleus (glass has a far stronger
bond than rubber for example). When the materials are brought together, electrons in the
material with the weaker force will be attracted to the material with the stronger force.
When the materials are then separated, some of the transferred electrons will remain on
the material with the stronger force and both materials will be charged, one positively
(the one with the weaker force) and one negatively (the one with the stronger force).
Real matter can be quite complex in structure, with many materials composed of
molecules that are complex combinations of different kinds of atoms. The heavier atoms
(those with a large number of protons) can have many layers of electrons surrounding the
nucleus and this means that the bond of the outer electrons can be relatively low. This can
lead to high electron mobility in materials composed of such atoms. Materials for which
the electrons are highly mobile, relative to the protons, are known as conductors and are
exemplified by metals such as copper, silver and gold. Materials where the electrons are
relatively immobile are known as insulators (glass and rubber being important examples).
Insulators and conductors turned out to be of great importance in the development of
electricity.
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were a period of great advances in our
knowledge of electrical effects, much of it made possible by increasingly sophisticated
machines for developing charged materials through the triboelectric effect. Figure 1.2
shows the basic mechanism of such machines. The rubber belt rolls over the glass cylinder
and this causes electrical charge to build up on these components through the triboelectric
effect.Whenthecomponentsseparate,thebeltwillbenegativelychargedandthecylinder
positively charged. The negative charges on the belt will eventually reach a conducting
brush that sweeps them up onto a conducting metal wire along which they travel until
reaching a conducting sphere on which they accumulate. In a similar fashion, the positive
charge travels with the cylinder until it reaches a conducting brush. At this brush, the
positive charge is neutralised by negative charge that has been drawn from the lower
sphere along the conducting wire. In this fashion, positive charge accumulates on the
lower sphere. As shown in Figure 1.2, the charge accumulates on opposing faces of the
spheres. This occurs due to the mobility of electrons on conductors and the fact that

1.1 Electricity 3
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
+ +
+
-
- -
-
-
glass
cylinder
metal
sphere
metal
sphere
rubber belt
metal wire
metal wire
Fig. 1.2 A basic machine for creating positive and negative charge by the triboelectric effect.
opposing charges attract. The medium between the spheres is composed of air and this
will tend to act as an insulator and so the charge will just accumulate on the spheres.
Furthermore, the charges on the opposing spheres will balance each other out.
If a charged particle is placed between the spheres, it will be drawn towards the sphere
with the opposing charge and repulsed by the sphere with the same charge. Consequently,
if we want to increase the amount of negative charge on the upper sphere by directly
moving positive charge to the lower sphere, this will require an external agency to do
some work. This brings us to the important concept of potential difference. The potential
difference between two points is defined to be the work done by an external force in
moving positive charge between these points and is measured in terms of volts (1 volt is
1 joule per coulomb). In order to quantify this, we need to be able to calculate the force
that one charge imposes upon another. The force F imposed on charge q by charge Q is
given by Coulomb’s law
F =
1
4π0
qQ
r2
, (1.1)
where r is the distance that separates the charges and 0 is known as the permittivity
of free space (i.e. space that is devoid of matter). This force is repulsive if the charges
have the same sign and attractive if the sign is different. The law was formulated by
Charles Augustin de Coulomb in 1784 as the result of much experimental work. The
units of charge are known as coulombs, with a proton having a charge 1.60219×10−19
coulombs and an electron minus that amount. If distances are measured in metres and
the force in newtons, 0 = 8.85 × 10−12.
Force is vector in nature, i.e. it has both magnitude and direction. Consequently, we
need some understanding of vector quantities. Pictorially, we can represent a vector as
an arrow that points in the direction of the vector with its length equal to the magnitude
(Figure 1.3). Vectors are not only useful for describing quantities such as force, but can
also be used for describing the geometrical concept of position. The position of a point
can be described by the vector that joins some arbitrary origin to this point, the magnitude
being the distance from the origin to the point. An important concept in vectors is that of

4 Electromagnetism
a
a) b)
a
b
a
Fig. 1.3 a) Vector represented graphically as an arrow and b) angle between vectors for the vector dot
product.
a
b
a+b
Fig. 1.4 The addition of vectors.
the dot product of two vectors a and b, written as a·b. If the two vectors have magnitudes
a and b, respectively, the dot product is defined to be abcosθ where θ is the angle between
these vectors (see Figure 1.3). It can now be seen that a =
√
a · a and b =
√
b · b. (Note
that we often use |x| as mathematical shorthand for magnitude x =
√
x · x of the vector.)
The dot product can be used to find the component of a force F in a particular direction.
Let t̂ be a unit vector (|t̂| = 1) in the direction of interest, then t̂ · F is the component of
force in that direction.
An important operation we can perform on a vector p is to multiply it by a scalar s to
get a new vector sp that points in the same direction as p but now has the magnitude sp.
Another important operation when we have multiple vectors is their addition. For the
vectors a and b, if we join the tip of the arrow representing a to the base of the arrow
representing b, the sum a + b is represented by the arrow from the base of the arrow
representing a to the tip of the arrow representing b (see Figure 1.4).
In terms of vectors, Coulomb’s law can be rewritten as
F =
1
4π0
qQ
r2
r̂, (1.2)
where r̂ is a unit vector (r̂ · r̂ = 1) in the direction from Q to q. An alternative way of
looking at this is to regard charge Q as creating an electric field (sometimes known as
the electric intensity)
E =
1
4π0
Q
r2
r̂ (1.3)
that pervades space. When a charge q is placed in this field, it is acted upon by a force
qE where E is the value of the field at the position of charge q (E will have units of volts

1.1 Electricity 5
per metre). The concept of a field that exists at all points of space was a revolution in
thinking and was an extremely important step in the development of electromagnetism.
One can now ask what the field will be when there are charges at a variety of locations.
Fortunately, it turns out that this field will simply consist of the sum of the fields due
to the individual charges. Consequently, at a position r, a system of N charges has the
electric field
E(r) =
1
4π0
N

i=1
Qi
|r − ri|3
(r − ri), (1.4)
where ri is the position of the ith charge Qi and |r − ri| is the distance from ri to r.
We now return to the question of the potential difference between points rA and rB.
This is the work done in moving a unit charge from a point rA to a point rB. If there is a
constant electric field, the work done in moving from point rA to rB is −(rB −rA)·E (i.e.
minus the field in the direction of rB from rA multiplied by the distance in that direction).
When moving through the field produced by a finite number of charges, however, the
force will vary from point to point. Consequently, we will need to split the path over
which the unit charge moves into a number of short segments on each of which the
electric field can be regarded as constant (see Figure 1.5). The potential difference will
now be approximated by
V = −
M

i=1
E(ri) · (ri − ri−1), (1.5)
where M is the number of segments. Taking the limit where the segment lengths tend
to zero, the above sum becomes the mathematical operation of integration along a line,
that is
V = −
rB
rA
E(r) · dr. (1.6)
In the case of our finite system of charge, we will define the potential V of the system
to be the potential difference when point rA is a point at infinity and rB is the test point
r, then
V(r) =
1
4π0
N

i=1
Qi
|r − ri|
. (1.7)
r1
ri+2
ri+1
ri
r0
rM–1
rM
Fig. 1.5 Path for calculating work done when divided into segments (r0 = rA and rM = rB).

6 Electromagnetism
a) b)
Fig. 1.6 Field lines and lines of constant potential for positive and negative charges.
Fig. 1.7 Field lines and lines of constant potential for a dipole.
We can visualise a field in terms of what are known as field lines. Such lines have
the property that, at any point, their tangent is in the direction of the field at that point.
Figure 1.6 shows the field lines for positive and negative charges, the fields run in the
radial direction (outwards and inwards respectively). It will be noted that the field lines
spread out as we move away from the sources and so the density of field lines at any point
is an indication of the strength of the field at that point. Also shown are the surfaces of
constant potential (spherical surfaces around the charge that are depicted as broken lines).
Figure 1.7 shows the field lines for positive and negative charges of equal magnitude
that are separated by a finite distance d. This combination is often known as a dipole and
is important in the development of radio theory. At great distances from the dipole the
effects of the charges will almost balance out and so the field will be much weaker than

1.1 Electricity 7
d
A
-Q
V
a) b)
+Q
Fig. 1.8 a) Geometry of a parallel plate capacitor and b) field lines in a charged capacitor.
that of a single charge. At great distances, the field will have the form
E =
1
4π0r3
(3r̂p · r̂ − p), (1.8)
where p = Q(r+ − r−) is known as the dipole moment with r+ and r− the positions of
the positive and negative charges respectively.
We now return to the configuration of Figure 1.2 and note that the machine causes the
accumulation equal numbers of opposite-signed charges, positive on the lower sphere
and negative on the upper sphere. The spheres essentially store charge and are an example
of an electrical device known as a capacitor. It will be noted that the potential on each
sphere must be constant. This property follows from the fact that charges can move freely
on a conducting sphere and so no further work is needed to move them around on the
sphere. It turns out that the charge Q on the lower sphere is proportional to the potential
difference V = V+Q − V−Q between the spheres. The constant of proportionality C is
known as the capacitance (Q = CV) and is measured in farads (coulombs per volt).
Spheres are not the only capacitors and an important form of capacitor is known as the
parallel plate capacitor (see Figure 1.8a). In this device the charge is accumulated on
opposing faces of two parallel plates. The field between the plates is mainly constant
(magnitude E = Q/A), except at the edges, where it adjusts to the zero field outside
the capacitor. If the plates are distance d apart and have surface area A, the capacitance
will be C = 0A/d. This value can be enhanced by inserting an insulating material
between the plates. The capacitance will now given by C = A/d where is known
as the permittivity of the insulator. When an insulator is added (see Figure 1.9a), the
molecules become polarised (electrons are drawn towards the positive plate and protons
towards the negative plate). The material will then consist of a collection of dipoles that
are orientated along the original field line and this causes an additional field that partially
counters the original field. The reduced field inside the dielectric will then result in an
increased capacitance. The capacitor is an important component in electronic circuits
and is represented by the symbol shown in Figure 1.9b.
If we connect the two sides of a capacitor by a conductor, electrons will flow from the
negative side to the positive side until all the charge has been neutralised. For a perfect
conductor, this will happen instantaneously. In reality, however, conductors are imperfect
and there will be some resistance to the flow due to collisions on the molecular scale.
The flow through an imperfect conductor is described by Ohm’s law, according to which

8 Electromagnetism
-Q
V
a) b)
+Q
Fig. 1.9 a) Parallel capacitor with dielectric and b) symbol for capacitor.
V
time
R C
a) b) c)
Fig. 1.10 Resistor and a capacitor drained by a resistor.
the potential drop V across the conductor is proportional to the current I through the
conductor. Current is the rate at which charge flows in a conductor and is measured in
amperes (1 ampere is 1 coulomb per second). Somewhat confusingly, current has always
been taken to be flow of positive charge from higher to lower potential (the opposite
direction to the reality of electron flow) and so is the rate of decrease of charge Q on the
capacitor plate (I = −dQ/dt in the language of calculus). The constant of proportionality
in Ohm’s law is known as the resistance R (V = RI) and has units of ohms (1 ohm is
1 amp per volt). George Ohm proposed his famous law in 1827 and it is an important
relation in circuit theory. In the case of a wire of length L and cross-sectional area A, the
resistance is given by R = L/Aσ where σ is a material property known as its conductivity.
An imperfect conductor is known as a resistor and is an important component in
electronic circuits. A resistor is a lossy device and dissipates energy as heat at a rate
RI2 (this is known as Ohmic loss). Figure 1.10b shows a simple circuit consisting of a
capacitor and a resistor that dissipates the energy stored in the capacitor (Figure 1.10a
shows the symbol used to represent the resistor). When the switch is thrown, a current I
will flow through the resistor and the voltage drop across the capacitor will be given by
V = RI. As the resistor drains the capacitor, the voltage across the capacitor will drop
since the charge will be steadily depleted (see Figure 1.10c). Since Q = CV we will have
I = −CdV/dt and hence V = −RCdV/dt. This is an ordinary differential equation that
has the solution V = V0 exp(−t/RC) where V0 is the initial voltage difference between
the capacitor plates and t is the time after switch on.
Much of the early development of the science of electricity was hindered by the
need to use machines, such as that shown in Figure 1.2, to generate electric charge.
In 1794, however, this process was revolutionised through the invention of the battery
by Alessandro Volta, a device that creates charge through a chemical process rather
than a mechanical process. Figure 1.11 shows a single-cell version of Volta’s battery

1.1 Electricity 9
+
–
2H+
SO4
2–
SO4
2–
SO
SO4
2–
–
SO4
2
2H+
2H+
2H+
copper
zinc
4
2–
2H+
Fig. 1.11 Volta’s battery.
(Volta in fact made a stack of these in order to produce large potential differences). It
consists of a layer of copper (the anode), a layer of felt that is soaked in a mixture of
water and sulphuric acid (the electrolyte) and a layer of zinc (the cathode). Within the
electrolyte, the sulphuric acid will disassociate into SO2−
4 and H2+ ions. At the copper
plate electrons are drawn into the electrolyte to combine with hydrogen ions and form
hydrogen gas, hence causing an accumulation of positive charge. Meanwhile, at the zinc
plate, this is counterbalanced by zinc ions dissolving into the electrolyte, hence causing
an accumulation of negative charge. The chemistry can be summarised as
Cu + Zn + 3H2SO4 = Zn2+
+ 2SO2−
4 + Cu2+
+ SO2 + H2 + 2H2O. (1.9)
An important concept in electromagnetic theory (and many other field theories) is the
concept of flux. Consider a flat surface with area A and unit normal n. If G is a constant
vector field, it will have a flux n · GA across the surface (i.e. the normal component
of the field multiplied by the area of the surface). A good illustration of the notion of
flux comes from the study of fluid flow. Such a medium is usually described in terms
of its velocity field, a vector field that gives the magnitude and direction of the fluid
velocity at a given point. The flux is then the total volume of fluid crossing the surface
in a unit time. For a general surface surface S with unit normal n, the flux through S
is defined by the integral over the surface of the normal component of the vector field,
i.e.

S G(r) · ndS. The surface integral is a calculus concept that can be understood by
approximating the surface by a set of small flat surface elements on each of which n
and G can be approximated by constant values. If the ith element has area Si, we
approximate n by a constant vector ni and G by a constant vector Gi. The total flux
through S is then approximated by the sum of the fluxes G(ri) · niSi through these
smaller elements, i.e.
total flux through S ≈
N

i=1
Gi · niSi. (1.10)
In the limit of this sum as the areas of the surface elements tend to zero, the above sum
then becomes the surface integral

S G(r) · ndS.

10 Electromagnetism
S
Si
Fig. 1.12 Flux surface integral.
S
internal charge
external charge
Fig. 1.13 Gauss’ law.
An important property of the electric field is that the total flux through a closed surface
S is proportional to the charge contained within that surface. This is known as Gauss’
Law which, in mathematical terms, is given by

S
E(r) · ndS = total charge within S, (1.11)
where S is an arbitrary closed surface in space and n is unit normal on this surface. Gauss’
law is one of the fundamental laws of electromagnetism. A simple example is given by
a single charge located at the origin and a surface S that consists of a sphere of radius a
with centre at the charge. The field is given by Eq. 1.3 and from which E ·n = Q/4π0a2
since n is a unit vector in the radial direction (i.e. the field direction). Since E · n is
constant, we simply multiply by the area of the sphere (4πa2) to get the integral over
the sphere. As a consequence

S E(r) · ndS = q/0, which is Gauss’ law.
1.2 Magnetism
At the time of their discovery of electrostatic attraction, the Greeks were also aware
that the mineral magnetite (the oxide of iron Fe3O4) could attract pieces of non-oxide
iron. Further, that the iron itself could be magnetised by stoking with the magnetite.
The Chinese were also aware that magnetite (also known as lodestone) was a naturally
occurring magnet that could attract iron. Indeed, the Chinese also discovered the effect

1.2 Magnetism 11
of a magnet orientating itself with respect to Earth. By the twelfth century, both the
Chinese and Europeans were using compasses in the form of lodestones for navigation.
However, it took until 1600 for the Earth itself to be recognised as having the property of
a magnet. This was recognised by William Gilbert in his book ’De Magnete’, one of the
first works on magnetism. The recognition of the Earth’s magnetic properties led to the
designation of the two ends of a magnet as North and South. However, unlike electric
sources where positive and negative charge can have separate existence, the sources of
magnetic fields are always found in North/South pairs. Because of this, the flux of a
magnetic field through a closed surface S is zero, i.e.

S
B(r) · ndS = 0, (1.12)
where B is the magnetic field (sometimes known as the magnetic flux density).
Since the magnetic poles always appear in North and South pairs, the basic source of
magnetism is the magnetic dipole. This has a field
B =
μ0
4πr3
(3r̂ · Mr̂ − M), (1.13)
where M is known as the dipole moment and μ0 is a constant that is known as the
permeability of free space. The dipole will have the field lines shown in Figure 1.14
(also shown is the field lines of Earth’s magnetic field for which north is at 79◦ latitude).
If the basic magnetic source is the dipole, how do we interpret the dipole moment? It
turns out that, if we suspend a magnetic dipole of moment m in field B, the dipole will
experience a torque
τ = m × B. (1.14)
This is a more complex behaviour than the interaction of an electric charge with an
electric field. In particular, it involves a vector product, defined by a × b = absin(θ)n̂
where θ is the angle between the vectors and n̂ is a unit vector that is perpendicular to
magnetic north
N S
a) b)
Fig. 1.14 Magnetic field lines.

12 Electromagnetism
a
b
n
Fig. 1.15 Vector product.
I
a) b)
dF
I
I’
L
field lines
r
Fig. 1.16 The magnetic field of a current-carrying wire.
both a and b (direction defined by the right-hand screw rule as shown in Figure 1.15). An
important consequence of 1.14 is that a magnet, freely suspended in the magnetic field
of Earth, will rotate until it aligns with Earth’s field lines (i.e. until the torque becomes
zero), an effect that is used in navigation in the guise of a compass.
In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted discovered the magnetic effect of current. By
observing the deflections of a compass, he showed that a long straight wire carrying
a steady current I caused a magnetic field that had circular field lines centred on the wire
(see Figure 1.16a) and a magnitude B that depended upon the distance r from the wire
B =
μ0I
2πr
, (1.15)
where I is the current in the wire. The unit for the magnetic field is usually the tesla, a
quantity that is one newton per ampere per metre. Further, in such units, the permeability
has the value 4π × 10−7.
From the work of Oersted, it became clear that the moving charge had the ability to
cause a magnetic field. Further, that a current carrying wire could experience the force of
a magnetic field. According to Oersted, a wire element of length L carrying a current
I will suffer a force
F = I
Lt × B, (1.16)
where t is a unit vector in the direction of the current.

1.2 Magnetism 13
N
S
a) current loop b) unmagnetised
c) magnetised
N
S
Fig. 1.17 The current loop and the current loop model of magnetism.
The fact that moving charge could produce a magnetic field led to further illumination
of the concept of a magnetic dipole. Around 1820, the formula of Oersted was further
generalised to allow for an arbitrary circuit C by the work of Jean-Baptiste Biot and
Felix Savart. The Biot–Savart formula is
B(r) =
μ0I
4πr

C
dr × (r − r)
|r − r|3
. (1.17)
For points at a large distance from a planar current loop, this expression reduces to (1.13)
with M = IAn where n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the loop and A is the
area of the loop. The magnetic dipole can thus be pictured as a loop of current. In fact,
at a molecular level, we can interpret this as orbiting electrons or spinning charge. All
matter will consist of many such dipoles, but in most matter these will be in a random
configuration and hence have no net effect. However, for materials such as magnetite,
these dipoles are aligned with each other and hence the material will exhibit magnetic
properties. Materials such as iron can be magnetised when external fields align their
dipoles and materials such as steel can retain this magnetism.
Current can be regarded as a stream of charge travelling down a wire and the above
considerations suggest that the force F that acts upon a charge q will be
F = qE + qv × B, (1.18)
where v is the velocity vector of the charge. This force is often known as the Lorentz force
and is important for understanding the interaction of matter with the electromagnetic
field.
A general law connecting magnetic fields and current was discovered by Andre-Marie
Ampère in 1823. Consider a surface S through which current passes and which is bounded
by a curve C. Ampère’s law, in its mathematical form, then states that

C
B(r) · dr = μ0I, (1.19)
where I is the total current passing through the surface S. If we consider the case of a
long straight wire carrying current I, we could take the curve C to be a circle of radius
a that is centred on the wire. In this case, the magnetic field B will be constant on C

14 Electromagnetism
a) b)
1
2
D
Fig. 1.18 The magnetic field of a long solenoid.
and we will have

C B(r) · dr = 2πμ0aB. Substituting from (1.15), the right-hand side
becomes μ0I, i.e. we have Ampère’s law.
Ampère’s law is a useful result for determining complex magnetic fields. Consider
the example of an infinitely long solenoid (a good approximation to a long solenoid,
as in Figure 1.18a). By symmetry, the only dependence of the magnetic field is the
radial distance r from the axis. Further, by analogy with the limiting case of an infinite
wire, the field lines outside the wire will be circular and centred on the solenoid axis,
i.e. the field will point in the rotational direction. We first apply Ampère’s law on a
circular curve C with radius r and centred on the axis (the curve 1 in Figure 1.18b). On
curve C the magnetic field will be constant and so

C B(r) · dr = 2πrB, where B is the
component magnetic field that is tangent to C. Consequently, if current I flows through
the solenoid, Ampère’s law will imply B = μ0I/2πr. Inside the solenoid, Ampère’s law
will imply that the rotational component of the field is zero and so, as a consequence,
we take the field to be parallel to the solenoid axis. If we apply Ampère’s law on the
rectangular curve in Figure 1.18 (curve 2), we find that

C B(r)·dr = DB where B is the
magnitude of the magnetic field parallel to the axis. The current through the loop will be
nDI where n is the number of turns per unit length on the solenoid. As a consequence,
Ampère’slawwillimplythatB = μ0nI insidethesolenoid.Uptonow,wehaveimplicitly
assumed that the radial component of the magnetic field is zero, but we can verify this
using (1.12). We take the surface S to be a cylinder of radius r, and length D, with
the same axis as the solenoid. The magnetic flux through the cylinder ends will cancel,
but the contribution from the curved surface will be 2πrDB, where B is now the radial
component of the magnetic field. Equation 1.12 will then imply that this radial component
is zero.
What emerges from our considerations is that the various integral results, such as
Ampère’s and Gauss’ laws, constitute a powerful and self-contained description of
electromagnetism. In order to complete this description, however, we need to introduce
one further integral law and this is the subject of the next section.
1.3 Electromagnetism
We now consider the consequences of the variation of fields with time. This brings us to
Faraday’s law, one of the key discoveries in the development of electromagnetic theory.

In 1830, Michael Faraday discovered magnetic induction when he noted that, by moving
a loop of wire in and out of a magnetic field, he could cause a current to flow in the
loop. This was an important discovery as, hitherto, the battery and the charged capacitor
had been the only means of driving a current through an electrical circuit. Somewhat
confusingly, the effective potential of this new sort of generator came to be known as the
electromotive force (or EMF for short). Faraday concluded that the EMF induced in a
circuit was proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through that circuit, a result
that is known as Faraday’s law.. For a surface S with bounding curve C (see Figure 1.19),
the flux is given by =

S B(r,t) · ndS and the law has the mathematical form

C
E(r,t) · dr = −
d
dt

S
B(r,t) · ndS. (1.20)
Figure 1.20 shows two different ways in which magnetic flux can vary in a circuit. If
we consider the loop in Figure 1.20a to be rotating at angular speed ω, the flux through
the loop will be = ABsin(ωt) where A is the area of the loop and B is the magnetic field
(we assume the plane of the loop is parallel to the field when t = 0). As a consequence,
an EMF ABcos(ωt) will be generated and this causes an alternating current to flow in
the load. In Figure 1.20b a conducting bar with load moves over a rectangular circuit at
speed v and so causes the total area of the circuit to change at rate vd. As a consequence,
the magnetic flux will increase at a rate vdB and so, by Faraday’s law, an EMF of −vdB
will be generated in the circuit (B is a magnetic field orthogonal to the loop). We can
view this last example from the viewpoint of the Lorentz force. A unit charge, located
on the conducting bar, will suffer a Lorentz force vB in the clockwise direction due to
n
C
S
Fig. 1.19 Geometry for Faraday’s law.
N
S
S
N
a) b)
B
v
d
Fig. 1.20 Magnetic induction.

16 Electromagnetism
the imposed motion transverse to the bar. Consequently, integrating along the bar, we
obtain an EMF of −vdB.
A time-varying current brings us to the concept of mutual impedance. Consider a
solenoid with a wire loop wrapped around it. If we now drive the solenoid by a alternating
current I1(t), there will be a magnetic field B(t) = μ0nI1(t) through the loop and hence
a flux = Aμ0nI1(t) where A is the area of the loop. According to Faraday’s law, this
will generate an EMF of
E2 = −L21
dI1
dt
(1.21)
in the wire, where L21 = Aμ0n is known as the mutual inductance of the wire loop and
solenoid. If the solenoid has a finite length l with N1 turns then n = N1/l and the mutual
inductance will be given by L12 = μ0N1A/l. Further, and if the loop has N2 turns, the
mutual inductance will now be given by L12 = μ0N1N2A/l. A device with mutually
interacting windings is known as a transformer and is represented by the symbol shown
in Figure 1.21b. The longer solenoid is often known as the primary and the loop winding
as the secondary. If current flows through the secondary, it is clear the secondary itself
will cause additional flux and so
E2 = −L21
dI1
dt
− L22
dI2
dt
, (1.22)
where L22 is known as the self inductance of the secondary winding. It is clear that the
primary will also experience self inductance and that the EMF generated in the primary
will take the form
E1 = −L11
dI1
dt
− L12
dI2
dt
, (1.23)
where it should be noted that L12 = L21. For the solenoid, it is obvious that it will
induce a flux = Aμ0I1(t)Aμ0N1/l in itself and so it will have a self inductance
L11 = μ0N2
1 A/l. Likewise, the secondary will have a self inductance L22 = μ0N2
2 A/l.
The unit of inductance is the henry and is named after Joseph Henry who discovered
magnetic induction independently of Faraday and at about the same time. An inductance
of 1 henry will result in an EMF of 1 volt in a closed loop for a change of 1 amp in the
current over a period of 1 second.
primary
secondary
a) b)
Fig. 1.21 Transformer and transformer symbol.

From the above considerations, it will be noted that a solenoid that carries a current
I will always have a self-induced EMF, even if the secondary winding does not exist.
For this reason, such a device is known as an inductor and is an important component
in radio technology (it is represented by the symbol shown in Figure 1.21a). For such a
component we will have the self-induced EMF
E = −L
dI
dt
, (1.24)
where I is the current in the inductor and L is the self inductance (L = μ0N2A/l for a
solenoid with length l and cross-sectional area A). We can enhance the inductance of
the solenoid by winding it around a core made up of ferromagnetic material (iron and
cobalt for example). As can be seen in Figure 1.22, the solenoid field causes the current
loops within the core to align and this causes an increase in the magnetic flux density.
Consequently, the inductance in the solenoid will now become L = μN2A/l, where μ is
known as the permeability of the core. Permeability is a material property of the solenoid
core and has units of henries per metre.
We now consider the circuit shown in Figure 1.23b, consisting of a series capacitor,
resistor, inductor and switch. Before the switch is closed we assume the capacitor to be
charged to a voltage V0. After the switch is closed, however, the capacitor discharges
and the potential difference across the capacitor will decay.
Fig. 1.22 Magnetic flux enhanced by a ferromagnetic material.
a) b)
C L
R
time
Q
+Q
–Q
c)
Fig. 1.23 Inductor and oscillating circuit.

18 Electromagnetism
We can analyse the circuit by noting the famous Kirchhoff circuit laws:
1. The total current into any junction is equal to the total current out.
2. The total voltage drop around any circuit loop is zero.
(Since they both have units of volts, voltage is a terminology often used for both
potential difference and EMF.) From the first law we obtain that the same current I
flows in and out of all components and from the second law we obtain that
− L
dI
dt
− IR +
Q
C
= 0. (1.25)
In terms of the charge Q on the upper capacitor plate, we have the ordinary differential
equation (ODE)
L
d2Q
dt2
+ R
dQ
dt
+
Q
C
= 0, (1.26)
which can be solved to yield
Q = V0C exp(−ζω0t)cos(

1 − ζ2ω0t), (1.27)
where ω0 = 1/
√
LC and ζ = R
√
C/L/2. It will be noted that when the capacitor is
discharged through an inductor, it will ring, i.e. there will be oscillations in the circuit
at an angular frequency of

1 − ζ2ω0. Further, the oscillations will decay at a rate that
is dependent upon the amount of resistance R in the circuit.
The frequency ω at which a circuit rings is of great important to us in radio. Consider
the parallel combination of a capacitor C, an inductor L and a load resistance R with
the inductor driven by harmonic voltage source VS cos(ωt) (see Figure 1.24). By the
Kirchhoff current law, we have that
I = C
dV
dt
+
V
R
(1.28)
and from the Kirchoff voltage law
V = VS cos(ωt) − L
dI
dt
. (1.29)
As a consequence
VS cos(ωt) − V = LC
d2V
dt2
+
L
R
dV
dt
(1.30)
R
C
L
I
V
VS cos t
ω
Fig. 1.24 A sinusoidally driven circuit.

1.4 Maxwell’s Equations 19
and, dividing by LC, we obtain
d2V
dt2
+
1
RC
dV
dt
+
V
LC
=
VS
LC
cos(ωt). (1.31)
After the source is switched on, the solution will settle down to the steady state
V(t) =
VS
LC
(ω2
0 − ω2)cos(ωt) + ω
RC sin(ωt)
(ω2
0 − ω2)2 + ω2
R2C2
, (1.32)
where ω0 = 1/
√
LC, i.e. the voltage in the circuit oscillates at the forcing frequency ω. It
will be noted, however, that as frequency ω approaches ω0, the amplitude of oscillations
will increase, reaching a peak value of QVS where Q = R/ωL. The circuit is said to
resonate at frequency ω0 and Q is a measure of the strength of this resonance.
1.4 Maxwell’s Equations
Until about 1860, Eqs. (1.11), (1.12), (1.19) and (1.20) were presumed to correctly reflect
the content of electromagnetic theory. Whilst these equations imply that time-varying
magnetic flux will cause an electric field, they do not imply that time-varying electric flux
will cause a magnetic field. Around 1860 the physicist James Clerk Maxwell became
convinced that time-varying electric flux should cause a magnetic field. Indeed, there are
good reasons for believing that Ampère’s law needs some form of modification. Consider
Ampère’s law in form

C
B(r) · dr = μ0I. (1.33)
We consider the case of two charged spheres that are made to discharge by connecting
them through a conducting wire that, as a result, carries a current I. Referring to
Figure 1.25, if we apply Eq. (1.33) using surface S1 we obtain that

C1
B(r) · dr = μ0I
and using surface S2 we obtain that

C2
B(r) · dr = 0. If we add these two results, the
path integrals will cancel (the curves are identical but the integrals are evaluated in
opposite directions) and this will imply that I = 0. This clearly poses a problem for
electromagnetic theory. Maxwell’s solution was to add another term to Eq. (1.33), which
he called the displacement current. The resulting equation is

C
B(r,t) · dr = μ0
d
dt

S
E(r,t) · ndS + μ0I. (1.34)
-Q
+Q
C1
S1
a)
-Q
+Q
C2
S
b)
2
I
I
n n
Fig. 1.25 Configuration for testing Ampère’s law.

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CHAPTER II
A Rage of Obliging
Camilla, from the instant she had perceived Edgar, had been in the
utmost emotion, from doubt if his journey were to seek a
reconciliation, or only to return her letters, and take a lasting
farewell. Her first feeling at his sight urged her to retire: but
something of a softer nature speedily interfered, representing, if now
he should join her, what suffering might mutually be saved by an
immediate conference. She kept, therefore, her seat, looking steadily
straight down the water, and denying herself one moment's glance
at anything, or person, upon the beach: little imagining she
ingrossed, herself, the attention of all who paraded it. But, when the
insinuations of the flippant perfumer had once made her looked at,
her beauty, her apparently unprotected situation, and the account of
the wager, seemed to render her an object to be stared at without
scruple.
Mrs. Mittin saw how much they were observed, but Camilla,
unheeding her remarks, listened only to hear if any footsteps
approached; but when, at last, some struck her ears, they were
accompanied by an unknown voice, so loud and clamorously jovial,
that, disturbed, she looked round ... and saw the door violently flung
open, and three persons, dressed like gentlemen, force their way
into the small dwelling place.
Mr. Halder, the leader of this triumvirate, was the particular patron of
Girt, the young perfumer; and, though his superior in birth and
riches, was scarcely upon a par with him, from wilful neglect, in
education; and undoubtedly beneath him in decency and conduct,
notwithstanding young Girt piqued himself far less upon such

sentimental qualifications, than upon his skill in cosmetics, and had
less respect for unadulterated morals, than unadulterated powder.
The second who entered, was, in every particular, still less
defensible: he was a peer of the realm; he had a daughter married,
and his age entitled him to be the grandfather of young Halder. In
point of fortune, speculatists deemed them equal; for though the
estate of Halder was as yet unincumbered with the mortgages that
hung upon that of Lord Valhurst, they computed, with great
exactness, the term of its superiority, since already he had inlisted in
the jockey meetings, and belonged to the gaming clubs.
The third, a young man of a serious, but pleasing demeanour, was
rather an attendant than a partner in this intrusion. He was the only
one of the whole party to whom the countenance of Camilla had
announced innocence; and when Halder, instigated by the assertions
of the facetious Girt, proposed the present measure, and Lord
Valhurst, caught by the youthful beauty of the fair subject of
discussion, acceded, this single champion stood forth, and modestly,
yet firmly, declaring his opinion they were mistaken, accompanied
them with a view to protect her, if he himself were right.
Boisterously entering, Halder addressed at once to Camilla, such
unceremonious praise of her beauty, that, affrighted and offended,
she hastily seized the arm of Mrs. Mittin, and, in a voice of alarm,
though with an air of command that admitted no doubt of her
seriousness, and no appeal from her resolution, said, 'Let us go
home, Mrs. Mittin, immediately.'
Simple as were these words, their manner had an effect upon Halder
to awe and distance him. Beauty, in the garb of virtue, is rather
formidable than attractive to those who are natively unenlightened,
as well as habitually degenerate: though, over such as have ever
known better sentiments, it frequently retains its primeval power,
even in their darkest declension of depravity.

But while Halder, repulsed, stood back, and the young champion,
with an air the most respectful, made way for her to pass; Lord
Valhurst, shutting the door, planted himself against it.
Seeing terror now take possession of every feature of her face, her
determined protector called out: 'Make way, my Lord, I beg!' and
offered her his hand. But Camilla, equally frightened at them all,
shrunk appalled from his assistance, and turned towards the
window, with an intention of demanding help from Edgar, whom she
supposed still on the beach; but the peer, slowly moving from the
door, said he was the last to mean to disconcert the young lady, and
only wished to stop her till he could call for his carriage, that he
might see her safe wherever she wished to go.
Camilla had no doubt of the sincerity of this proposal, but would
accept no aid from a stranger, even though an old man, while she
hoped to obtain that of Edgar. Edgar, however, she saw not, and fear
is generally precipitate: she concluded him gone; concluded herself
deserted, and, from knowing neither, equally fearing both the young
men, inclined towards Lord Valhurst; who, with delighted surprise,
was going to take her under his care, when Edgar rushed forward.
The pleasure that darted into her eyes announced his welcome.
Halder, from his reception, thought the enigma of his own ill success
solved; the other youth, supposing him her brother, no longer
sought to interfere; but Lord Valhurst exhibited signs of such
irrepressible mortification, that inexperience itself could not mistake
the dishonourable views of his offered services, since, to see her in
safety, was so evidently not their purpose. Camilla, looking at him
with the horror he so justly excited, gave her hand to Edgar, who
had instantly claimed it, and, without one word being uttered by
either, hastily walked away with him, nimbly accompanied by Mrs.
Mittin.
The young man, whose own mind was sufficiently pure to make him
give easy credit to the purity of another, was shocked at his
undeserved implication in so gross an attack, and at his failure of

manifesting the laudable motive which had made him one of the
triumvirate; and, looking after her with mingled admiration and
concern, 'Indeed, gentlemen,' he cried, 'you have been much to
blame. You have affronted a young lady who carries in the whole of
her appearance the marks of meriting respect.'
The sensibility of Lord Valhurst was not of sufficient magnitude to
separate into two courses: the little he possessed was already
occupied by his disappointment, in losing the beautiful prey he
believed just falling into his hands, and he had no emotion,
therefore, to bestow upon his young reprover. But Halder, who, to
want of feeling, added want of sense, roared out, with rude raillery,
a gross, which he thought witty attack, both of the defender and the
defended.
The young man, with the proud probity of unhackneyed sentiment,
made a vindication of his uncorrupt intentions; which produced but
louder mirth, and coarser incredulity. The contest, however, was
wholly unequal; one had nerves of the most irritable delicacy; the
other had never yet, by any sensation, nor any accident, been
admonished that nerves made any part of the human composition:
in proportion, therefore, as one became more offended, the other
grew more callous, till the chivalry of indignant honour, casting
prudence, safety, and forbearance away, dictated a hasty challenge,
which was accepted with a hoarse laugh of brutal senselessness of
danger. Courage is of another description. It risks life with heroism;
but it is only to preserve or pursue something, without which the
charm of life were dissolved: it meets death with steadiness; but it
prepares for immortality with reverence and emotion.
Edgar and Camilla continued their walk in a silence painful to both,
but which neither knew how first to break; each wished with
earnestness an opening to communication and confidence; but,
mutually shocked by the recent adventure, Edgar waited the

absence of Mrs. Mittin, to point out the impropriety and insufficiency
of such a guard; and Camilla, still aghast with terror, had no power
of any sort to begin a discourse.
Their taciturnity, if not well supplied, was, at least, well contrasted
by the volubility of Mrs. Mittin, which, as in the bathing house it had
been incessant, in declaring, to the three intruders, that both she
and the other young lady were persons of honour, was now no less
unremitting in boasting how well she had checked and kept them in
order.
The horror of the attack she had just escaped became soon but a
secondary suffering to Camilla, though, at the moment, it had
impressed her more terribly than any actual event of her life, or any
scene her creative imagination had ever painted; yet, however
dreadful, it was now past; but who could tell the end of what
remained? the mute distance of Edgar, her uncertainty of his
intentions, her suspicions of his wished secession, the severe task
she thought necessary to perform of giving him his liberty, with the
anguish of a total inability to judge whether such a step would recall
his tenderness, or precipitate his retreat, were suggestions which
quickly succeeded, and, in a very short time, wholly domineered
over every other.
When they arrived at the house, Edgar demanded if he might hope
for the honour of being presented, as a friend of the family, to Mrs.
Berlinton.
Reviving, though embarrassed, she looked assent, and went forward
to inquire if Mrs. Berlinton were come home.
The servant answered no; but delivered her a letter from that lady;
she took it with a look of distress whether or not to invite Edgar to
enter, which the, at this period, welcome officiousness of Mrs. Mittin
relieved, by saying, 'Come, let us all come in, and make the parlour
a little comfortable against Mrs. Berlinton comes home; for, I dare

say, there's nothing as it should be. These lodging-houses always
want a heap of things one never thinks of before hand.'
They then all three entered, and Mrs. Mittin, who saw, she said, a
thousand ways by which she might serve and oblige Mrs. Berlinton,
by various suggestions, and even directions, which she hazarded
against her return, busied herself to arrange the two parlours to her
satisfaction; and, then, went up stairs, to settle, also, all there;
making abundant apologies for leaving them, and assuring them she
would be back again as soon as she possibly could get all in order.
Her departure was a moment of extreme confusion to Camilla, who
considered it as an invitation to her great scheme of rejection, but
who stammered something upon every other subject, to keep that
off. She looked at her letter, wondered what it could contain, could
not imagine why Mrs. Berlinton should write when they must so
soon meet; and spent in conjectures upon its contents the time
which Edgar besought her to bestow upon their perusal.
Nothing gives so much strength to an adversary as the view of
timidity in his opponent. Edgar grew presently composed, and felt
equal to his purposed expostulation.
'You decline reading your letter till I am gone?' cried he; 'I must,
therefore, hasten away. Yet, before I go, I earnestly wish once more
to take upon me the office formerly allowed me, and to represent,
with simple sincerity, my apprehensions upon what I have observed
this morning.'
The beginning of this speech had made Camilla break the seal of her
letter; but its conclusion agitated her too much for reading it.
'Is this silence,' said he, trying to smile, 'to repress me as arrogant,
... or to disregard me as impertinent?'
'Neither!' she answered, forcing herself to look towards him with
cheerfulness; 'it is merely ... attention.'

'You are very good, and I will try to be brief, that I may put your
patience to no longer proof than I can avoid. You know, already, all I
can urge concerning Mrs. Berlinton; how little I wonder at the
promptness of your admiration; yet how greatly I fear for the
permanence of your esteem. In putting yourself under her
immediate and sole protection, you have shewn me the complete
dissonance of our judgments upon this subject; but I do not forget
that, though you had the goodness to hear me, you had the right to
decide for yourself. Trust indeed, even against warning, is so far
more amiable than suspicion, that it must always, even though it
prove unfortunate, call for praise rather than censure.'
The confusion of Camilla was now converted into self-reproach.
What she thought coldness, she had resented; what appeared to her
to be haughtiness, she had resisted; but truth, in the form of
gentleness, brought her instantly to reason, and reason could only
resume its empire, to represent as rash and imprudent an expedition
so repugnant, in its circumstances, to the wishes and opinions of the
person whose approbation was most essential to her happiness.
Edgar had paused; and her every impulse led to a candid recognition
of what she felt to be wrong; but her precarious situation with him,
the report of his intended flight by Jacob, the letters still detained of
Sir Sedley Clarendel, and no explanation demanded, by which she
could gather if his plighted honour were not now his only tie with
her, curbed her design, depressed her courage, and, silently, she let
him proceed.
'Upon this subject, therefore, I must say no more, except to hint a
wish, that the apprehensions which first induced me to name it may,
unbidden, occur as timely heralds to exertion, should any untoward
circumstances point to danger, alarm, or impropriety.'
The new, but strong friendship of Camilla was alarmed for its
delicacy by these words. The diffidence she felt, from conscious
error, for herself, extended not to Mrs. Berlinton, whom, since she
found guiltless, she believed to be blameless. She broke forth,
therefore, into a warm eulogy, which her agitation rendered

eloquent, while her own mind and spirits were relieved and revived,
by this flight from her mortified self, to the friend she thought
deserving her most fervent justification.
Edgar listened attentively, and his eyes, though they expressed
much of serious concern, shewed also an irrepressible admiration of
an enthusiasm so ardent for a female friend of so much beauty.
'May she always merit this generous warmth!' cried he; 'which must
have excited my best wishes for her welfare, even if I had been
insensible to her own claims upon every man of feeling. But I had
meant, at this time, to confine my ungrateful annotations to another
... to the person who had just quitted the room.'
'You do not mean to name her with Mrs. Berlinton? to imagine it
possible I can have for her any similar regard? or any, indeed, at all,
but such common good-will as all sorts and classes of people are
entitled to, who are well meaning?'
'Here, at least, then,' said Edgar, with a sigh half suppressed, 'our
opinions may be consonant. No; I designed no such disgraceful
parallel for your elegant favourite. My whole intention is to
remonstrate ... can you pardon so plain a word?... against your
appearing in public with a person so ill adapted to insure you the
respect that is so every way your due.'
'I had not the smallest idea, believe me, of appearing in public. I
merely walked out to see the town, and to beguile, in a stroll, time,
which, in this person's society, hung heavy upon me at home, in the
absence of Mrs. Berlinton.'
The concise simplicity of this innocent account, banished, in a
moment, all severity of judgment; and Edgar, expressively thanking
her, rose, and was approaching her, though scarcely knowing with
what purpose, when Mrs. Mittin burst into the room, exclaiming:
'Well, my dear, you'll never guess how many things I have done
since I left you. In the first place, there was never a wash-ball; in
the next place, not a napkin nor a towel was in its proper place;

then the tea-things were forgot; and as to spoons, not one could I
find. And now, I've a mind to go myself to a shop I took good notice
of, and get her a little almond powder for her nice white hands;
which, I dare say, will please her. I've thought of a hundred things at
least. I dare say I shall quite win her heart. And I'm sure of my
money again, if I lay out never so much. And I don't know what I
would not do for such a good lady.'
During this harangue, Camilla, ashamed of her want of resolution,
secretly vowed, that, if again left alone with him, she would not lose
a moment in restoring him his liberty, that with dignity she might
once more receive, or with fortitude for ever resign it. She thought
herself, at this moment, capable of either; but she had only thought
it, since his softened look and air had made her believe she had
nothing to fear from the alternative.
Mrs. Mittin soon went, though her continued and unmeaning
chattery made the short term of her stay appear long.
Each eager upon their own plan, both then involuntarily arose.
Camilla spoke first. 'I have something,' she cried, 'to say, ...' but her
voice became so husky, the inarticulate sounds died away unheard,
and blushing at so feeble an opening, she strove, under the auspices
of a cough, to disguise that she had spoken at all, for the purpose of
beginning, in a more striking manner, again.
This succeeded with Edgar at this moment, for he had heard her
voice, not her words: he began, therefore, himself. 'This good lady,'
he said, 'seems bit with the rage of obliging, though not, I think, so
heroically, as much to injure her interest. But surely she flatters
herself with somewhat too high a recompence? The heart of Mrs.
Berlinton is not, I fancy, framed for such a conquerer. But how, at
the same time, is it possible conversation such as this should be
heard under her roof? And how can it have come to pass that such a
person....'

'Talk of her,' interrupted Camilla, recovering her breath, 'some other
time. Let me now inquire ... have you burnt ... I hope so!... those
foolish ... letters ... I put into your hands?...'
The countenance of Edgar was instantly overclouded. The mention
of those letters brought fresh to his heart the bitterest, the most
excruciating and intolerable pang it had ever experienced; it brought
Camilla to his view no longer artless, pure, and single-minded, but
engaged to, or trifling with, one man, while seriously accepting
another. 'No, madam,' he solemnly said, 'I have not presumed so far.
Their answers are not likely to meet with so violent a death, and it
seemed to me that one part of the correspondence should be
preserved for the elucidation of the other.'
Camilla felt stung by this reply, and tremulously answered, 'Give me
them back, then, if you please, and I will take care to see them all
demolished together, in the same flames. Meanwhile....'
'Are you sure,' interrupted Edgar, 'such a conflagration will be
permitted? Does the man live who would have the philosophy ... the
insensibility I must rather style it—ever to resign, after once
possessing, marks so distinguishing of esteem? O, Camilla! I, at
least, could not be that man!'
Cut to the soul by this question, which, though softened by the last
phrase, she deemed severely cruel, she hastily exclaimed:
'Philosophy I have no right to speak of ... but as to insensibility ...
who is the man that ever more can surprise me by its display? Let
me take, however, this opportunity....'
A footman, opening the door, said, his lady had sent to beg an
answer to her letter.
Camilla, in whom anger was momentary, but the love of justice
permanent, rejoiced at an interruption which prevented her from
speaking, with pique and displeasure, a sentence that must lose all
its purpose if not uttered with mildness. She would write, she said,
immediately; and, bidding the man get her pen and ink, went to the

window to read her letter; with a formal bow of apology to Edgar as
she passed him.
'I have made you angry?' cried he, when the man was gone; 'and I
hate myself to have caused you a moment's pain. But you must feel
for me, Camilla, in the wound you have inflicted! you know not the
disorder of mind produced by a sudden, unlooked-for transition from
felicity to perplexity, ... from serenity to misery!...'
Camilla felt touched, yet continued reading, or rather rapidly
repeating to herself the words of her letter, without comprehending,
or even seeking to comprehend, the meaning of one sentence.
He found himself quite unequal to enduring her displeasure; his
own, all his cautions, all Dr. Marchmont's advice, were forgotten; and
tenderly following her, 'Have I offended,' he cried, 'past forgiveness?
Is Camilla immoveable? and is the journey from which I fondly
hoped to date the renewal of every hope, the termination of every
doubt, the period of all suffering and sorrow....'
He stopt abruptly, from the entrance of the servant with pen and ink,
and the interruption was critical: it called him to his self-command:
he stammered out that he would not impede her writing; and,
though in palpable confusion, took his leave: yet, at the street-door,
he gave a ticket with his name, to the servant who attended him, for
Mrs. Berlinton; and, with his best respects, desired she might be told
he should do himself the honour to endeavour to see her in the
evening.
The recollection of Edgar came too late to his aid to answer its
intended purpose. The tender avowal which had escaped him to
Camilla, of the view of his journey, had first with astonishment
struck her ear, and next with quick enchantment vibrated to her
heart, which again it speedily taught to beat with its pristine vivacity;
and joy, spirit, and confidence expelled in a breath all guests but
themselves.

CHAPTER III
A Pleasant Adventure
Camilla was again called upon for her note, before she had read the
letter it was to answer; but relieved now from the pressure of her
own terrifying apprehensions, she gave it complete and willing
attention.
It contained four sides of paper, closely yet elegantly written in the
language of romantic sentiment. Mrs. Berlinton said she had spent,
as yet, only a few minutes with her aunt; but they had been awfully
important; and since she had exacted from her a promise to stay the
whole day, she could not deny her disappointed friendship the
transient solace of a paper conversation, to sooth the lingering
interval of this unexpected absence. 'My soul pines to unburden the
weight of its sorrows into thy sympathising bosom, my gentlest
friend; but oh! there let them not sojourn! receive but to lighten,
listen but to commiserate, and then, far, far thence dismiss them,
retaining but the remembrance thou hast dismissed them with
consolation.' She then bewailed the time lost to soft communication
and confidence, in their journey, from the presence of others; for
though one was a brother she so truly loved, she found,
notwithstanding the tenderness of his nature, he had the prejudices
of a man upon man's prerogatives, and her woes called for soothing
not arguments; and the other, she briefly added, was but an
accidental passenger. ''Tis in thee only, O my beauteous friend! I
would trust the sad murmurs of my irreversible and miserable
destiny, of which I have learnt but this moment the cruel and
desperate secret cause.' She reserved, however, the discovery for
their meeting, and called upon her pity for her unfortunate brother,
as deeply involved in his future views, as she in her past, by this

mystery: 'And have I written this much,' she burst forth, 'without
speaking of the cherished correspondent whom so often I have
described to thee? Ah! believe me not faithless to that partner of my
chosen esteem, that noble, that resistless possessor of my purest
friendship! No, charming Camilla, think not so degradingly of her
whom fate, in its sole pitying interval, has cast into thy arms.' Two
pages then ensued with this exclusive encomium, painting him chief
in every virtue, and master of every grace. She next expressed her
earnestness to see Indiana, [who] Camilla had told her would be at
Southampton. 'Present me, I conjure thee, to the fair and amiable
enslaver of my unhappy brother! I die to see, to converse with her,
to catch from her lovely lips the modest wisdom with which he tells
me they teem; to read in her speaking eyes the intelligence which
he assures me illumines them.' She concluded with desiring her to
give what orders she pleased for the coach, and the servants, and to
pass the day with her friends.
Camilla, whose own sensations were now revived to happiness, read
the letter with all the sympathy it claimed, and felt her eyes fill with
generous tears at the contrast of their situations; yet she highly
blamed the tenderness expressed for the unknown correspondent,
though its innocence she was sure must vanquish even Edgar, since
its so constant avowal proved it might be published to all mankind.
She answered her in language nearly as affectionate, though less
inflated than her own, and resolved to support her with Edgar, till
her sweetness and purity should need no champions but themselves.
She was ashamed of the species of expectation raised for Indiana,
yet knew not how to interfere in Melmond's idea of her capacity, lest
it might seem unkind to represent its fallaciousness; but she was
glad to find her soft friend seemed to have a strict guardian in her
brother; and wished eagerly to communicate to Edgar a
circumstance which she was sure would be so welcome to him.
Impatient to see Eugenia, she accepted the offer of the carriage,
and desirous to escape Mrs. Mittin, begged to have it immediately;
but that notable person came to the door at the same time as the

coach, and, without the smallest ceremony, said she would
accompany her to the hotel, in order to take the opportunity of
making acquaintance with her friends.
Courage frequently, at least in females, becomes potent as an agent,
where it has been feeble as a principal. Camilla, though she had
wished, upon her own account, to repress Mrs. Mittin in the
morning, had been too timid for such an undertaking; but now, in
her anxiety to oblige Edgar, she gathered resolution for declining her
company. She then found, as is generally the case with the fearful,
the task less difficult than she had expected; for Mrs. Mittin, content
with a promise self-made, that the introduction should take place the
next day, said she would go and help Mrs. Berlinton's woman to
unpack her lady's things, which would make a useful friend for her in
the house, for a thousand odd matters.
The carriage of Sir Hugh was just driving off as Camilla arrived at
the hotel.
She hurried from Mrs. Berlinton's coach, demanding which way the
company was gone; and being answered, by a passing waiter, up
stairs, ran on at once, without patience or thought for asking if she
should turn to the right or left; till seeing a gentleman standing still
upon the landing place, and leaning upon the bannisters, she was
retreating, to desire a conductor, when she perceived it was Dr.
Orkborne; who, while the ladies were looking at accommodations,
and inquiring about lodgings, in profound cogitation, and with his
tablets in his hands, undisturbed by the various noises around him,
and unmoved by the various spectators continually passing and
repassing, was finishing a period which he had begun in the coach
for his great work.
Camilla, cheerfully greeting him, begged to know which way she
should find Eugenia; but, making her a sign not to speak to him, he

wrote on. Accustomed to his manner, and brought up to respect
whatever belonged to study, from the studious life and turn of her
father, she obeyed the mute injunction, and waited quietly by his
side; till, tired of the delay, though unwilling to interrupt him, she
glided softly about the passage, watching and examining if she could
see any of the party, yet fearing to offend or mortify him if she called
for a waiter.
While straying about thus, as far off as she could go without losing
sight of Dr. Orkborne, a door she had just passed was flung open,
and she saw young Halder, whose licentious insolence had so much
alarmed her in the bathing-house, stroam out, yawning, stretching,
and swearing unmeaningly, but most disgustingly, at every step.
Terrified at his sight, she went on, as she could not get to the Doctor
without passing him; but the youth, recollecting her immediately,
called out: 'Ah, ha! are you there again, you little vixen?' and
pursued her.
'Dr. Orkborne! Dr. Orkborne!' she rather screamed than said, 'pray
come this way! I conjure—I beseech—I entreat—Dr. Orkborne!—'
The Doctor, catching nothing of this but his name, querulously
exclaimed: 'You molest me much!' but without raising his eyes from
his tablets; while Halder, at the appeal, cried: 'Ay, ay, Doctor! keep
your distance, Doctor! you are best where you are, Doctor, I can tell
you, Doctor!'
Camilla, then, too much scared to be aware she ran a far greater risk
than she escaped, desperately sought refuge by opening the nearest
door; though by the sudden noises upon the stairs, and in all the
adjoining passages, it seemed as if Dr. Orkborne were the only one
not alarmed by her cries.
No one, however, could approach so soon as the person of whose
chamber she had burst the door; who was an old gentleman, of a
good and lively countenance, who promptly presenting himself,

looked at her with some surprise, but good humouredly asked her
what she was pleased to want in his room.
'That gentleman,' she cried, panting and meaning to point to Dr.
Orkborne; 'that gentleman I want, sir!' but such a medley of waiters,
company, and servants, had in a moment assembled in the space
between them, that the Doctor was no longer to be discerned.
'Do you only open my door, then,' said he, drily, 'to tell me you want
somebody else?'
Yet when Halder, vowing he owed her an ill turn for which she
should pay, would have seized her by the hand, he protected with
his own arm, saying: 'Fie, boy, fie! let the girl alone! I don't like
violence.'
A gentleman now, forcing himself through the crowd, exclaimed:
'Miss Camilla Tyrold! Is it possible! what can you do here, madam?'
It was Dr. Marchmont, whom the affrighted Camilla, springing
forward, could only answer in catching by the arm.
'Tyrold!' repeated the old gentleman; 'Is her name Tyrold?'
Sorry now to have pronounced it in this mixt company, Dr.
Marchmont evaded any answer; and, begging her to be composed,
asked whither, or to whom, he might have the honour of conducting
her.
'Almost all my family are here,' cried she, 'but I could not make Dr.
Orkborne shew me the way to them.'
The old gentleman then, repeating 'Tyrold! why if her name is
Tyrold, I'll take care of her myself;' invited her into his apartment.
Dr. Marchmont, thanking him, said: 'This young lady has friends,
who in all probability are now uneasily seeking her; we must lose no
time in joining them.'

'Well, but, well,' cried the old stranger, 'let her come into my room till
the coast is clear, and then take her away in peace. Come, there's a
good girl, come in, do! you're heartily welcome; for there's a person
of your name that's the best friend I ever had in the world. He's
gone from our parts, now; but he's left nothing so good behind.
Pray, my dear, did you ever hear of a gentleman, an old Yorkshire
Baronet, of your name?'
'What! my uncle?'
'Your uncle! why are you niece to Sir Hugh Tyrold?'
Upon her answering yes, he clapped his hands with delight, and
saying: 'Why then I'll take care of you myself, if it's at the risk of my
life!' carried, rather than drew her into his room, the Doctor
following. Then, loudly shutting his door in the face of Halder, he
called out: 'Enter my castle who dare! I shall turn a young man
myself, at the age of seventy, to drub the first varlet that would
attack the niece of my dear old friend!'
They soon heard the passage clear, and, without deigning to listen
to the petulant revilings with which young Halder solaced his foolish
rage, 'Why, my dear,' he continued, 'why did not you tell me your
name was Tyrold at once? I promise you, you need carry nothing
else with you into our parts, to see all the doors fly open to you. You
make much of him, I hope, where he is? for he left not a dry eye for
twenty miles round when he quitted us. I don't know how many
such men you may have in Hampshire; but Yorkshire's a large
county, yet the best man in it would find it hard to get a seat in
Parliament, where Sir Hugh Tyrold would offer himself to be a
candidate. We all say, in Yorkshire, he's so stuffed full of goodness
and kindness, that there's no room left in him for anything else;
that's our way of talking of him in Yorkshire; if you have a better
way in Hampshire, I shall be glad to learn it; never too late for that;
I hate pride.'

No possible disturbance could make Camilla insensible to pleasure in
the praise of her uncle, or depress her spirits from joining in his
eulogy; and her attention, and brightening looks, drew a narrative
from the old gentleman of the baronet's good actions and former
kindnesses, so pleasant both to the speaker and the hearer, that the
one forgot he had never seen her before, and the other, the frightful
adventure which occasioned their meeting now.
Dr. Marchmont at length, looking at his watch, inquired what she
meant to do; to seek her sister and party, she answered; and,
returning her host the warmest acknowledgments for his assistance
and goodness, she was going; but, stopping her: 'How now?' he
cried, 'don't you want to know who I am? Now I have told you I am
a friend of your uncle, don't you suppose he'll ask you my name?'
Camilla, smiling, assured him she wished much to be informed, but
knew not how to trouble him with the question.
'Why my name, my dear, is Westwyn, and when you say that to your
uncle, he won't give you a sour look for your pains; take my word
for that beforehand. I carried over his nephew and heir, a cousin, I
suppose, of yours, to Leipsic with me, about eight years ago, along
with a boy of my own, Hal Westwyn; a very good lad, I assure you,
though I never tell him so to his face, for fear of puffing him up; I
hate a boy puffed up; he commonly comes to no good; that's the
only fault of my honoured friend; he spoils all young people—witness
that same cousin of yours, that I can't say I much like; no more
does he me; but tell your good uncle you have met me; and tell him
I love and honour him as I ought to do; I don't know how to do
more, or else I would; tell him this, my dear. And I have not forgot
what he did for me once, when I was hard run; and I don't intend it;
I'm no friend to short memories.'
Camilla said, his name, and her uncle's regard for him, had long
been familiar to her; and told him Clermont Lynmere was of the
party to Southampton, though she knew not how to enter abruptly
into an explanation of his mistake concerning the inheritance. Mr.

Westwyn answered he was in no hurry to see Clermont, who was
not at all to his taste; but would not quit Hampshire without visiting
Cleves: and when he gathered that two more nieces of Sir Hugh
were in the house, he desired to be presented to them.
Upon re-entering the passage, to the great amusement of Dr.
Marchmont, and serious provocation of Camilla, they perceived Dr.
Orkborne, standing precisely where he had first stationed himself;
attending no more to the general hubbub than to her particular
entreaty, and as regardless of the various jolts he had received
during the tumult, as of the obstruction he caused, by his
inconvenient position, to the haste of the passers by. Still steadily
reposing against the bannisters, he worked hard at refining his
paragraph, persuaded, since not summoned by Miss Margland, he
had bestowed upon it but a few minutes, though he had been fixed
to that spot near an hour.
Miss Margland received Camilla with a civility which, since her
positive and public affiance to Edgar, she thought necessary to the
mistress of Beech Park; but she looked upon Dr. Marchmont, whom
she concluded to have been her advocate, with a cold ill-will, which,
for Mr. Westwyn, she seasoned still more strongly by a portion of
contemptuous haughtiness; from a ready disposition to believe every
stranger, not formally announced, beneath her notice.
The Doctor soon retired, and found Edgar in his apartment, just
returned from a long stroll. He recounted to him the late transaction,
with reiterated exhortations to circumspection, from added doubts of
the solidity, though with new praise of the attractions of Camilla.
'She seems a character,' he said, 'difficult to resist, and yet more
difficult to attach. Nothing serious appears to impress her for two
minutes together. Let us see if the thoughtlessness and inadvertence
thus perpetually fertile of danger, result from youthful inexperience,
or have their source in innate levity. Time and reason will rectify the
first; but time, and even reason, will but harden and embolden the
latter. Prudence, therefore, must now interfere; or passion may fly,
when the union it has formed most requires its continuance.'

CHAPTER IV
An Author's Time-keeper
Mr. Westwyn, charmed to meet so many near relations of a long-
valued friend, struck by the extraordinary beauty of Indiana, and by
the sensible answers of the child, as he called Eugenia; as well as
caught by the united loveliness of person and of mind which he
observed in Camilla, could not bring himself to retire till the dinner
was upon the table: pleading, in excuse for his stay, his former
intimacy with Sir Hugh. Miss Margland, seeing in him nothing that
marked fashion, strove to distance him by a high demeanour: but
though not wanting in shrewdness, Mr. Westwyn was a perfectly
natural man, and only thinking her manners disagreeable, without
suspecting her intention, took but little notice of her, from the time
he saw she could give him no pleasure: while with the young party,
he was so much delighted, that he seriously regretted he had only
one son to offer amongst them.
When the dinner was served, Eugenia grew uneasy that Dr.
Orkborne should be summoned, whose non-appearance she had not
ventured to mention, from the professed hatred of his very sight
avowed by Miss Margland. But Camilla, brought up to exert
constantly her courage for the absent, told the waiter to call the
gentleman from the head of the stairs.
'My master himself, ma'am,' he answered, 'as well as me, both told
the gentleman the company he came with were served; but he as
good as bid us both hold our tongues. He seems to have taken a
great liking to that place upon the stairs; though there's nothing I
know of particular in it.'

'But, if you tell him we wait dinner—' cried Eugenia; when Miss
Margland, interrupting her said, 'I'm sure, then, you won't tell him
true: for I beg we may all begin. I think it would be rather more
decorous he should wait for us!'
The waiter, nevertheless, went; but presently returned, somewhat
ruffled; saying, 'The gentleman does not choose to hear me, ma'am.
He says, if he mayn't be let alone one single minute, it will be
throwing away all his morning. I can't say I know what he means;
but he speaks rather froppish. I'd as lieve not go to him again, if you
please.'
Miss Margland declared, she wished him no better dinner than his
pot-hooks; but did not doubt he would come just before they had
done, as usual; and he was no more mentioned: though she never
in her life eat so fast; and the table was ordered to be cleared of its
covers, with a speed exactly the reverse of the patience with which
the Doctor was indulged on similar occasions by the baronet.
Miss Margland, when the cloth was removed, proposed a sally in
search of lodgings. Camilla and Eugenia, desirous of a private
conference, begged to remain within; though the latter sought to
take care of her absent preceptor, before she could enjoy the
conversation of her sister; and when Miss Margland and Indiana, in
secret exultation at his dinnerless state, had glided, with silent
simpering, past him, flew to beseech his consent to take some
nourishment.
Such, however, was his present absorption in what he was writing,
that the voluntary kindness of his pupil was as unwelcome as the
forced intrusion of the waiter; and he conjured her to grant him a
little respite from such eternal tormenting, with the plaintive
impatience of deprecating some injury.
The sisters, now, equally eager to relate and to listen to their mutual
affairs, shut themselves up in the apartment of Eugenia; who, with

the greatest simplicity, began the discourse, by saying, 'Have you
heard, my dear sister, that Clermont has refused me?'
Camilla was severely shocked. Accustomed herself to the face and
form of Eugenia, which, to her innocent affection, presented always
the image of her virtuous mind and cultivated understanding, she
had not presaged even the possibility of such an event; and, though
she had seen with concern the inequality of their outward
appearance, Clermont had seemed to her, in all else, so inferior to
her sister, that she had repined at his unworthiness, but never
doubted the alliance.
She was distressed how to offer any consolation; but soon found
none was required. Eugenia was composed and contented, though
pensive, and not without some feeling of mortification. Yet anger
and resentment had found no place in the transaction. Her equity
acknowledged that Clermont had every right of choice: but while her
candour induced her to even applaud his disinterestedness in
relinquishing the Cleves estate, her capacity pointed out how terrible
must be the personal defects, that so speedily, without one word of
conversation, one trial of any sort how their tastes, tempers, or
characters might accord, stimulated him to so decisive a rejection.
This view of her unfortunate appearance cast her, at first, into a train
of melancholy ideas, that would fast have led her to unhappiness,
though wholly unmixed with any regret of Clermont, had not the
natural philosophy of her mind come to her aid; or had her
education been of a more worldly sort.
When Camilla related her own history, her plan of making Edgar
again completely master of his own proceedings met the entire
approbation of Eugenia, who, with a serious smile, said, 'Take
warning by me, my dear sister! and, little as you have reason to be
brought into any comparison with such a one as me, anticipate the
disgrace of defection!'
Camilla, much touched, embraced her, sincerely wishing she were
half as faultless as her excellent self.

The return of Miss Margland and Indiana obliged them to quit their
retreat; and they now found Dr. Orkborne in the dining-room. Having
finished his paragraph, he had sought his party of his own accord;
but, meeting with no one, had taken a book from his pocket, with
which he meant to beguile the appetite he felt rising, till the hour of
dinner, which he had not the smallest suspicion was over; for of the
progress of time he had no knowledge but by its palpable passage
from the sun to the moon; his watch was never wound up, and the
morning and the evening were but announced to him by a summons
to breakfast and to supper.
The ladies seated themselves at the window. Indiana was enchanted
by the concourse of gay and well-dressed people passing by, and far
from insensible to the visible surprise and pleasure she excited in
those who cast up their eyes at the hotel. Eugenia, to whom a great
and populous town was entirely new, found also, in the diversity as
well as novelty of its objects, much matter for remark and
contemplation; Miss Margland experienced the utmost satisfaction in
seeing, at last, some faces and some things less rustic than had
been presented to her in Yorkshire or at Cleves; and Camilla had
every hope that this place, in Edgar's own expression, would
terminate every perplexity, and give local date to her life's
permanent felicity.
In a few minutes, a youth appeared on the opposite pavement,
whose air was new to none of the party, yet not immediately
recollected by any. It was striking, however, in elegance and in
melancholy. Eugenia recollected him first, and starting back, gasped
for breath; Indiana the next moment called out, 'Ah!... it's Mr.
Melmond!' and blushing high, her whole face was bright and dimpled
with unexpected delight.
He walked on, without looking up, and Indiana, simply piqued as
well as chagrined, said she was glad he was gone.
But Eugenia looked after him with a gentle sigh, which now first she
thought blameless, and a pleasure, which, though half mournful, she

now suffered herself to encourage. Free from all ties that made her
shun this partiality as culpable, she secretly told herself she might
now, without injury to any one, indulge it for an object [whom,] little
as he was known to her, she internally painted with all the faultless
qualities of ideal excellence.
From these meditations she was roused by Dr. Orkborne's looking
rather wishfully round him, and exclaiming, 'Pray ... don't we dine
rather late?'
The mistake being cleared up, by Miss Margland's assuring him it
was impossible to keep dinner waiting all day, for people who chose
to stand whole hours upon a staircase, he felt rather discomforted:
but when Eugenia privately ordered him a repast in his own
chamber, he was amply consoled, by the unconstrained freedom
with which he was empowered to have more books upon the table
than plates; and to make more ink spots than he eat mouthfuls.
Camilla had the mortification to find, upon her return home, that
Edgar had made his promised visit, not only in her absence, but
while Mrs. Berlinton was still with her aunt.
The lady then communicated to Camilla the secret to which, while
yet in ignorance of its existence, she now found she had been
sacrificed. Mrs. Ecton, two years ago, had given her hand, in the
most solemn privacy, to her butler, who now attended her to
Southampton. To avoid disobliging a sick old relation, from whom
she expected a considerable legacy, she had prevailed with her
husband to consent that the marriage should not be divulged: but
certain that whatever now might be her fortune, she had no power
to bequeath it from her new connexion, the terror of leaving utterly
destitute a beautiful young creature, who believed herself well
provided for, had induced her to nearly force her acceptance of an
almost superannuated old man of family; who, merely coveting her

beauty, inquired not into her inclination. The same latent cause had
made her inexorable to the pleadings of young Melmond; who,
conceiving his fortune dependent upon the pleasure of his aunt, his
certain income being trifling, thought it his duty to fly the fair object
of his adoration, when he discovered the deceit of Lionel with regard
to the inheritance of Sir Hugh. This sick old relation was now just
dead, and had left to her sole disposal a considerable estate. The
husband naturally refused to be kept any longer from his just rights;
but the shame she felt of making the discovery of a marriage
contracted clandestinely, after she was sixty years of age, with a
man under thirty, threw her into a nervous fever. And, in this state,
unable to reveal to her nephew an event which now affected him
alone, she prevailed with Mr. Ulst, who was willing to revisit his
original home, Southampton, to accompany her thither in his usual
capacity, till she had summoned her nephew and niece, and
acquainted them with the affair.
To herself, Mrs. Berlinton said, the evil of this transaction had been
over, while yet it was unknown; she had heard it, therefore, in
silence, and forborne unavailing reproach. But her brother, to whom
the blow was new, and the consequences were still impending, was
struck with extreme anguish, that while thus every possible hope
was extinguished with regard to his love, he must suddenly apply
himself to some business, or be reduced to the most obscure
poverty.
Camilla heard the account with sincere concern for them both, much
heightened for young Melmond, upon finding that, by his express
desire, his sister now relinquished her design of cultivating an
acquaintance with Indiana, whom he had the virtue to determine to
avoid, since his fortune, and even his hopes, were thus irretrievably
ruined.
They conversed together to a late hour; and Camilla, before they
parted, made the most earnest apologies for the liberty taken with
her house by Mrs. Mittin: but Mrs. Berlinton, with the utmost
sweetness, begged she might stay till all her business with her was

settled; smilingly adding, business alone, she was sure could bring
them together.
Much relieved, she then determined to press Mrs. Mittin to collect
and pay her accounts immediately; and to avoid with her, in the
meanwhile, any further transactions.

CHAPTER V
An agreeable Hearing
Early the next morning, Camilla went to the hotel, in the carriage of
Mrs. Berlinton; eluding, though not without difficulty, the company of
Mrs. Mittin. She found the party all in good spirits; Indiana, in
particular, was completely elated; joined to the admiration she
believed awaiting her in this large and fashionable town, she now
knew she might meet there the only person who had ever excited in
her youthful, and nearly vacant breast, any appropriate pleasure,
super-added to the general zest of being adored. She did not,
indeed, think of marrying any one who could not offer her a coach
and four; but so little was she disturbed by thinking at all, that the
delight of being adulated by the man she preferred, carried with it
no idea of danger. Eugenia too, soothed with the delusions of her
romantic but innocent fancy, flattered herself she might now see
continually the object she conceived formed for meriting her ever
reverential regard; and Miss Margland was importantly occupied
upon affairs best suited to her taste and ancient habits, in
deliberating how first to bring forth her fair charge with the most
brilliant effect.
Camilla was much embarrassed how to parry an introduction to Mrs.
Berlinton, upon which all the females built as the foundation of their
Southampton prosperity; the young ones, already informed she was
the sister of Melmond, languishing to know her for his sake; and
Miss Margland, formerly acquainted with the noble family of her
husband, being impatient to resume her claims in similar circles; but
an awkward beginning apology was set aside by the entrance of
Edgar and Dr. Marchmont.

Indiana now poured forth innumerable questions upon what she
might look forward to with respect to balls and public places;
Eugenia asked nearly as many concerning the buildings, antiquities,
and prospects; and Miss Margland more than either, relative to the
company, their genealogies and connexions. The two Doctors soon
sat aloof, conferring upon less familiar matters; but Edgar only spoke
in reply, and Camilla uttered not a word.
Soon after, a voice on the stairs called out, 'O never mind shewing
me the way; if I come to a wrong room, I'll go on till I come to a
right;' and the next minute young Lynmere sallied into the
apartment.
'I could not get to you last night,' cried he; 'and I can only stay a
moment now. I have a pretty serious business upon my hands; so if
you can give me any breakfast, don't lose time.'
Miss Margland, willing to please the brother of Indiana, readily
ordered for him whatever the inn would afford, of which he failed
not heartily to partake, saying, 'I have met with a good comic sort of
adventure here already. Guess what it is?'
Indiana complied; but his own wish to communicate was so much
stronger than that of anyone to hear, that, before she could
pronounce three words, he cried: 'Well, if you're so excessive
curious, I'll tell it you. I'm engaged in a duel.'
Indiana screamed; Miss Margland echoed her cry; Eugenia, who had
looked down from his entrance, raised her eyes with an air of
interest; Camilla was surprised out of her own concerns; and Edgar
surveyed him with an astonishment not wholly unmixt with
contempt; but the two Doctors went on with their own discourse.
'Nay, nay, Dye, don't be frightened; 'tis not a duel in which I am to
fight myself; I am only to be second. But suppose I were first? what
signifies? these are things we have in hand so often, we don't think
of them.'

'La! brother! you don't say so?' cried Indiana: 'La! how droll!' He
then pretended that he would tell nothing more.
Camilla inquired if he had seen Mr. Westwyn, whom she had met
with the preceding day.
'Not I, faith! but that's apropos enough; for it's his son that has
asked me to be his second.'
'O, poor good old Mr. Westwyn!' cried Camilla, now much interested
in this history; 'and can you not save him such a shock? can you not
be mediator instead of second? he seems so fond of his son....'
'O, as to him, it's no matter; he's such a harsh old hunks, I shall be
glad to have him worked a little; I've often wanted to pull him by the
nose, myself, he takes such liberties with me. But did you ever hear
of such a fool as his son? he deserves to be badgered as bad as his
father; he's going to fight with as fine an honest fellow as ever I met
with, for nothing at all! absolutely nothing!'
'Dear! how droll!' said Indiana.
'But why can you not interfere?' cried Camilla: 'poor Mr. Westwyn will
be made so unhappy if any evil befalls his son!'
'O, faith, as to him, he may take it as he will; I shan't trouble my
head about him; he has made free enough with me, I can assure
you; it's only to have him out of the way, that the business is put off
till noon; it was to have been in the morning, but the old tyrant took
it into his pate to make poor Henry, who is one of your good ones,
and does nothing to vex him on purpose, ride out with him; he has
promised, however, to get off by twelve o'clock, when four of us are
to be at a certain spot that I shan't name.'
Camilla again began to plead the merits of the father; but Indiana
more urgently demanded the reason of the combat. 'I dare say,
brother, they fight about being in love with somebody? don't they,
brother? now do tell me?'

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