![FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks, and a
hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allow the blocks to be
"wired together", like many logic gates that can be inter-wired in
different configurations.
Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational
functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR.
In most FPGAs, logic blocks also include memory elements, which
may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory.[1]
Many FPGAs can be reprogrammed to implement different logic
functions,[2] allowing flexible reconfigurable computing as performed
in computer software.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation311-190313141332/85/FPGA-TECHNOLOGY-AND-FAMILIES-6-320.jpg)
FPGA TECHNOLOGY AND FAMILIES
- 3. Introduction: The full form of FPGA is “Field Programmable Gate Array”. It contains ten thousand to more than a million logic gates with programmable interconnection. Programmable interconnections are available for users or designers to perform given functions easily. A typical model FPGA chip is shown in the given figure. There are I/O blocks, which are designed and numbered according to function. For each module of logic level composition, there are CLB’s (Configurable Logic Blocks).
- 4. CLB performs the logic operation given to the module. The inter connection between CLB and I/O blocks are made with the help of horizontal routing channels, vertical routing channels and PSM (Programmable Multiplexers). The number of CLB it contains only decides the complexity of FPGA. The functionality of CLB’s and PSM are designed by VHDL or any other hardware descriptive language. After programming, CLB and PSM are placed on chip and connected with each other with routing channels.
- 5. Definition: A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuitdesigned to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence the term "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application- specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools.
- 6. FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allow the blocks to be "wired together", like many logic gates that can be inter-wired in different configurations. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR. In most FPGAs, logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory.[1] Many FPGAs can be reprogrammed to implement different logic functions,[2] allowing flexible reconfigurable computing as performed in computer software.
- 7. Technology: • SRAM – based on static memory technology. In-system programmable and re-programmable. • Requires external boot devices. CMOS. Currently in use. • Notably, flash memory or EEPROM devices may often load contents into internal SRAM that controls routing and logic. • Fuse – One-time programmable. Bipolar. Obsolete. • Antifuse – One-time programmable. CMOS. • PROM – Programmable Read-Only Memory technology. One-time programmable because of plastic packaging. Obsolete.
- 8. • EPROM:Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory technology. One- time programmable but with window, can be erased with ultraviolet (UV) light. CMOS. Obsolete. • EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory technology. Can be erased, even in plastic packages. Some but not all EEPROM devices can be in-system programmed. CMOS. • Flash – Flash-erase EPROM technology. Can be erased, even in plastic packages. Some but not all flash devices can be in-system programmed. Usually, a flash cell is smaller than an equivalent EEPROM cell and is therefore less expensive to manufacture. CMOS.
- 12. Conclusion: An FPGA can be used to solve any problem which is computable. This is trivially proven by the fact that FPGAs can be used to implement a soft microprocessor, such as the Xilinx MicroBlaze or Altera Nios II. Their advantage lies in that they are significantly faster for some applications because of their parallel nature and optimality in terms of the number of gates used for certain processes FPGAs have been reserved for specific vertical applications where the volume of production is small. For these low-volume applications, the premium that companies pay in hardware cost per unit for a programmable chip is more affordable than the development resources spent on creating an ASIC. As of 2017, new cost and performance dynamics have broadened the range of viable applications.