![Reviewed by M. A. de Wolfe Howe.
+
+
Atlan. 100: 421. S. ’07. 2160w.
“It is marvellously clever editing, but it lacks something which
enters into really great biographies. We miss that full and
intimate characterisation which Mr. Ogden is so admirably
qualified to give. His method suggests either indolence or a
wrong perception of what a book should be. Here we have
pearls, not strung, perhaps, at random, but still suggestive of a
too great self-suppression on the part of him who strung them.
The book is immensely interesting.” Richard W. Kemp.
+
−
Bookm. 25: 184. Ap. ’07. 2700w.
“The work of Mr. Ogden on these volumes has been admirably
done. With an editorial self-suppression which finds its best
parallel in the work of Professor Norton, he has given us Mr.
Godkin’s story from Mr. Godkin’s own pen, supplying only the
connecting links without which that story could not be fully
understood.” W. H. Johnson.
+ Dial. 42: 216. Ap. 1, ’07. 2120w.
“Mr. Godkin knew every one who was worth knowing both in
public and private life, and his comments are singularly keen,
even when they are hasty and unfair. Moreover, these
memoranda cover a long and interesting period of history.” Harry
Thurston Peck.
+ Forum. 39: 100. Jl. ’07. 1270w.
“Taken collectively the correspondence forms an unusually
instructive study of a man whose being was almost exclusively
political.”
+ Ind. 63: 568. S. 5, ’07. 1000w.
+ Ind. 63: 1230. N. 21, ’07. 140w.
“[The volumes] have distinct value and interest.”
+ Lit. D. 34: 678. Ap. 27, ’07. 720w.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/87387-250410033254-93f2dd99/85/Fundamentals-of-Signals-and-Systems-1st-ed-Edition-Benoit-Boulet-51-320.jpg)
![his country, to read every word of these two volumes, and
ponder well upon their significance.”
+ Sat. R. 104: 82. Jl. 20, ’07. 1670w.
“As a biography, indeed, it is open to some criticism. It does
not follow the rules on which most memoirs are composed.”
+
−
Spec. 98: 797. My. 18, ’07. 1430w.
Goe, David E., ed. Transaction of business, by Sir
Arthur Helps [with], How to win a fortune, by
Andrew Carnegie; [and other essays]. $1. Forbes.
These practical papers on business are offered to the
merchant and manufacturers who will relish their wit, wisdom,
and advice. Such subjects as; Choice and management of
agents, Interviews, Secrecy, Our judgment of other men,
Analyzing of a business proposition, Delays, and expense, are
discussed by men who have succeeded.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Goethe’s Faust,
erster teil; ed. with introd. and commentary by
Julius Goebel. *$1.12. Holt.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/87387-250410033254-93f2dd99/85/Fundamentals-of-Signals-and-Systems-1st-ed-Edition-Benoit-Boulet-53-320.jpg)
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems 1st ed Edition Benoit Boulet
- 1. Fundamentals of Signals and Systems 1st ed Edition Benoit Boulet pdf download https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-signals-and- systems-1st-ed-edition-benoit-boulet/ Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks at ebookfinal.com
- 2. Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to download, or explore more at ebookfinal Signals and Systems Analysis of Signals Through Linear Systems Solution manual 1st Edition M.J. Roberts https://ebookfinal.com/download/signals-and-systems-analysis-of- signals-through-linear-systems-solution-manual-1st-edition-m-j- roberts/ Fundamentals of communication systems 2nd ed Edition Proakis https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-communication- systems-2nd-ed-edition-proakis/ Structure and Interpretation of Signals and Systems Edward A. Lee https://ebookfinal.com/download/structure-and-interpretation-of- signals-and-systems-edward-a-lee/ Fractional Signals and Systems 1st Edition Manuel Duarte Ortigueira https://ebookfinal.com/download/fractional-signals-and-systems-1st- edition-manuel-duarte-ortigueira/
- 3. Schaum s Outline of Signals and Systems Second Edition Hwei Hsu https://ebookfinal.com/download/schaum-s-outline-of-signals-and- systems-second-edition-hwei-hsu/ Signals and systems analysis in biomedical engineering Second Edition Northrop https://ebookfinal.com/download/signals-and-systems-analysis-in- biomedical-engineering-second-edition-northrop/ Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications 2nd Edition Steven T. Karris https://ebookfinal.com/download/signals-and-systems-with-matlab- applications-2nd-edition-steven-t-karris/ Signals Systems Transforms and Digital Signal Processing with MATLAB 1st Edition Michael Corinthios https://ebookfinal.com/download/signals-systems-transforms-and- digital-signal-processing-with-matlab-1st-edition-michael-corinthios/ Signals and Systems with MATLAB Computing and Simulink Modeling 3rd Edition Steven T. Karris https://ebookfinal.com/download/signals-and-systems-with-matlab- computing-and-simulink-modeling-3rd-edition-steven-t-karris/
- 5. Fundamentals of Signals and Systems 1st ed Edition Benoit Boulet Digital Instant Download Author(s): Benoit Boulet, Leo Chartrand ISBN(s): 9781584506607, 1584506601 Edition: 1st ed File Details: PDF, 7.91 MB Year: 2006 Language: english
- 7. FUNDAMENTALS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
- 8. LIMITED WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY THE CD-ROM THAT ACCOMPANIES THE BOOK MAY BE USED ON A SINGLE PC ONLY. THE LICENSE DOES NOT PERMIT THE USE ON A NETWORK (OF ANY KIND). YOU FURTHER AGREE THAT THIS LICENSE GRANTS PERMISSION TO USE THE PRODUCTS CONTAINED HEREIN, BUT DOES NOT GIVE YOU RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP TO ANY OF THE CONTENT OR PRODUCT CONTAINED ON THIS CD-ROM. USE OF THIRD-PARTY SOFTWARE CONTAINED ON THIS CD-ROM IS LIMITED TO AND SUBJECT TO LICENSING TERMS FOR THE RESPECTIVE PRODUCTS. CHARLES RIVER MEDIA, INC. (“CRM”) AND/OR ANYONE WHO HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN THE WRITING, CREATION, OR PRODUCTION OF THE ACCOM- PANYING CODE (“THE SOFTWARE”) OR THE THIRD-PARTY PRODUCTS CON- TAINED ON THE CD-ROM OR TEXTUAL MATERIAL IN THE BOOK, CANNOT AND DO NOT WARRANT THE PERFORMANCE OR RESULTS THAT MAY BE OB- TAINED BY USING THE SOFTWARE OR CONTENTS OF THE BOOK. THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS TO ENSURE THE ACCURACY AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE TEXTUAL MATERIAL AND PROGRAMS CONTAINED HEREIN. WE HOWEVER, MAKE NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING THE PERFORMANCE OF THESE PROGRAMS OR CONTENTS. THE SOFTWARE IS SOLD “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY (EXCEPT FOR DEFECTIVE MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTUR- ING THE DISK OR DUE TO FAULTY WORKMANSHIP). THE AUTHOR, THE PUBLISHER, DEVELOPERS OF THIRD-PARTY SOFTWARE, AND ANYONE INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING OF THIS WORK SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES OF ANY KIND ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF (OR THE INABILITY TO USE) THE PROGRAMS, SOURCE CODE, OR TEXTUAL MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS PUBLICATION. THIS INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF REVENUE OR PROFIT, OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THE PRODUCT. THE SOLE REMEDY IN THE EVENT OF A CLAIM OF ANY KIND IS EXPRESSLY LIMITED TO REPLACEMENT OF THE BOOK AND/OR CD-ROM, AND ONLY AT THE DISCRETION OF CRM. THE USE OF “IMPLIED WARRANTY” AND CERTAIN “EXCLUSIONS” VARIES FROM STATE TO STATE, AND MAY NOT APPLY TO THE PURCHASER OF THIS PRODUCT.
- 9. FUNDAMENTALS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS BENOIT BOULET CHARLES RIVER MEDIA Boston, Massachusetts
- 10. Copyright 2006 Career & Professional Group, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Published by Charles River Media, an imprint of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any way, stored in a retrieval system of any type, or transmitted by any means or media, electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to, photocopy, recording, or scanning, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Cover Design: Tyler Creative CHARLES RIVER MEDIA 25 Thomson Place Boston, Massachusetts 02210 617-757-7900 617-757-7951 (FAX) crm.info@thomson.com www.charlesriver.com This book is printed on acid-free paper. Benoit Boulet. Fundamentals of Signals and Systems. ISBN: 1-58450-381-5 All brand names and product names mentioned in this book are trademarks or service marks of their respective companies. Any omission or misuse (of any kind) of service marks or trademarks should not be regarded as intent to infringe on the property of others. The publisher recognizes and respects all marks used by companies, manufacturers, and developers as a means to distinguish their products. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boulet, Benoit, 1967- Fundamentals of signals and systems / Benoit Boulet.— 1st ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 1-58450-381-5 (hardcover with cd-rom : alk. paper) 1. Signal processing. 2. Signal generators. 3. Electric filters. 4. Signal detection. 5. System analysis. I. Title. TK5102.9.B68 2005 621.382’2—dc22 2005010054 07 7 6 5 4 3 CHARLES RIVER MEDIA titles are available for site license or bulk purchase by institutions, user groups, corporations, etc. For additional information, please contact the Special Sales Department at 800-347-7707. Requests for replacement of a defective CD-ROM must be accompanied by the original disc, your mailing address, telephone number, date of purchase and purchase price. Please state the nature of the problem, and send the information to CHARLES RIVER MEDIA, 25 Thomson Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02210. CRM’s sole obligation to the purchaser is to replace the disc, based on defective materials or faulty workmanship, but not on the operation or functionality of the product. eISBN: 1-58450-660-1
- 11. Acknowledgments xiii Preface xv 1 Elementary Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals and Systems 1 Systems in Engineering 2 Functions of Time as Signals 2 Transformations of the Time Variable 4 Periodic Signals 8 Exponential Signals 9 Periodic Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals 17 Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals 21 Even and Odd Signals 23 Discrete-Time Impulse and Step Signals 25 Generalized Functions 26 System Models and Basic Properties 34 Summary 42 To Probe Further 43 Exercises 43 2 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 53 Discrete-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Sum 54 Continuous-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Integral 67 Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 74 Summary 81 To Probe Further 81 Exercises 81 3 Differential and Difference LTI Systems 91 Causal LTI Systems Described by Differential Equations 92 Causal LTI Systems Described by Difference Equations 96 Contents v
- 12. Impulse Response of a Differential LTI System 101 Impulse Response of a Difference LTI System 109 Characteristic Polynomials and Stability of Differential and Difference Systems 112 Time Constant and Natural Frequency of a First-Order LTI Differential System 116 Eigenfunctions of LTI Difference and Differential Systems 117 Summary 118 To Probe Further 119 Exercises 119 4 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Continuous-Time Signals 131 Linear Combinations of Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials 132 Determination of the Fourier Series Representation of a Continuous-Time Periodic Signal 134 Graph of the Fourier Series Coefficients: The Line Spectrum 137 Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series 139 Fourier Series of a Periodic Rectangular Wave 141 Optimality and Convergence of the Fourier Series 144 Existence of a Fourier Series Representation 146 Gibbs Phenomenon 147 Fourier Series of a Periodic Train of Impulses 148 Parseval Theorem 150 Power Spectrum 151 Total Harmonic Distortion 153 Steady-State Response of an LTI System to a Periodic Signal 155 Summary 157 To Probe Further 157 Exercises 158 5 The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 175 Fourier Transform as the Limit of a Fourier Series 176 Properties of the Fourier Transform 180 Examples of Fourier Transforms 184 The Inverse Fourier Transform 188 Duality 191 Convergence of the Fourier Transform 192 The Convolution Property in the Analysis of LTI Systems 192 vi Contents
- 13. Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 199 Filtering 202 Summary 210 To Probe Further 211 Exercises 211 6 The Laplace Transform 223 Definition of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform 224 Inverse Laplace Transform 226 Convergence of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform 234 Poles and Zeros of Rational Laplace Transforms 235 Properties of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform 236 Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using the Laplace Transform 241 Definition of the Unilateral Laplace Transform 243 Properties of the Unilateral Laplace Transform 244 Summary 247 To Probe Further 248 Exercises 248 7 Application of the Laplace Transform to LTI Differential Systems 259 The Transfer Function of an LTI Differential System 260 Block Diagram Realizations of LTI Differential Systems 264 Analysis of LTI Differential Systems with Initial Conditions Using the Unilateral Laplace Transform 272 Transient and Steady-State Responses of LTI Differential Systems 274 Summary 276 To Probe Further 276 Exercises 277 8 Time and Frequency Analysis of BIBO Stable, Continuous-Time LTI Systems 285 Relation of Poles and Zeros of the Transfer Function to the Frequency Response 286 Bode Plots 290 Frequency Response of First-Order Lag, Lead, and Second-Order Lead-Lag Systems 296 Contents vii
- 14. Frequency Response of Second-Order Systems 300 Step Response of Stable LTI Systems 307 Ideal Delay Systems 315 Group Delay 316 Non-Minimum Phase and All-Pass Systems 316 Summary 319 To Probe Further 319 Exercises 319 9 Application of Laplace Transform Techniques to Electric Circuit Analysis 329 Review of Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Circuits 330 Transform Circuit Diagrams: Transient and Steady-State Analysis 334 Operational Amplifier Circuits 340 Summary 344 To Probe Further 344 Exercises 344 10 State Models of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 351 State Models of Continuous-Time LTI Differential Systems 352 Zero-State Response and Zero-Input Response of a Continuous-Time State-Space System 361 Laplace-Transform Solution for Continuous-Time State-Space Systems 367 State Trajectories and the Phase Plane 370 Block Diagram Representation of Continuous-Time State-Space Systems 372 Summary 373 To Probe Further 373 Exercises 373 11 Application of Transform Techniques to LTI Feedback Control Systems 381 Introduction to LTI Feedback Control Systems 382 Closed-Loop Stability and the Root Locus 394 The Nyquist Stability Criterion 404 Stability Robustness: Gain and Phase Margins 409 Summary 413 To Probe Further 413 Exercises 413 viii Contents
- 15. 12 Discrete-Time Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 425 Response of Discrete-Time LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials 426 Fourier Series Representation of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals 426 Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series 430 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 435 Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 439 DTFT of Periodic Signals and Step Signals 445 Duality 449 Summary 450 To Probe Further 450 Exercises 450 13 The z-Transform 459 Development of the Two-Sided z-Transform 460 ROC of the z-Transform 464 Properties of the Two-Sided z-Transform 465 The Inverse z-Transform 468 Analysis and Characterization of DLTI Systems Using the z-Transform 474 The Unilateral z-Transform 483 Summary 486 To Probe Further 487 Exercises 487 14 Time and Frequency Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems 497 Geometric Evaluation of the DTFT From the Pole-Zero Plot 498 Frequency Analysis of First-Order and Second-Order Systems 504 Ideal Discrete-Time Filters 510 Infinite Impulse Response and Finite Impulse Response Filters 519 Summary 531 To Probe Further 531 Exercises 532 15 Sampling Systems 541 Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals 542 Signal Reconstruction 546 Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals 552 Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals 557 Contents ix
- 16. Summary 564 To Probe Further 564 Exercises 564 16 Introduction to Communication Systems 577 Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation 578 Demodulation of Sinusoidal AM 581 Single-Sideband Amplitude Modulation 587 Modulation of a Pulse-Train Carrier 591 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 592 Time-Division Multiplexing 595 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 597 Angle Modulation 599 Summary 604 To Probe Further 605 Exercises 605 17 System Discretization and Discrete-Time LTI State-Space Models 617 Controllable Canonical Form 618 Observable Canonical Form 621 Zero-State and Zero-Input Response of a Discrete-Time State-Space System 622 z-Transform Solution of Discrete-Time State-Space Systems 625 Discretization of Continuous-Time Systems 628 Summary 636 To Probe Further 637 Exercises 637 Appendix A: Using MATLAB 645 Appendix B: Mathematical Notation and Useful Formulas 647 Appendix C: About the CD-ROM 649 Appendix D: Tables of Transforms 651 Index 665 x Contents
- 17. List of Lectures Lecture 1: Signal Models 1 Lecture 2: Some Useful Signals 12 Lecture 3: Generalized Functions and Input-Output System Models 26 Lecture 4: Basic System Properties 38 Lecture 5: LTI systems: Convolution Sum 53 Lecture 6: Convolution Sum and Convolution Integral 62 Lecture 7: Convolution Integral 69 Lecture 8: Properties of LTI Systems 74 Lecture 9: Definition of Differential and Difference Systems 91 Lecture 10: Impulse Response of a Differential System 101 Lecture 11: Impulse Response of a Difference System; Characteristic Polynomial and Stability 109 Lecture 12: Definition and Properties of the Fourier Series 131 Lecture 13: Convergence of the Fourier Series 141 Lecture 14: Parseval Theorem, Power Spectrum, Response of LTI System to Periodic Input 148 Lecture 15: Definition and Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 175 Lecture 16: Examples of Fourier Transforms, Inverse Fourier Transform 184 Lecture 17: Convergence of the Fourier Transform, Convolution Property and LTI Systems 192 Lecture 18: LTI Systems, Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals 197 Lecture 19: Filtering 202 Lecture 20: Definition of the Laplace Transform 223 Lecture 21: Properties of the Laplace Transform, Transfer Function of an LTI System 236 Lecture 22: Definition and Properties of the Unilateral Laplace Transform 243 Lecture 23: LTI Differential Systems and Rational Transfer Functions 259 Lecture 24: Analysis of LTI Differential Systems with Block Diagrams 264 Lecture 25: Response of LTI Differential Systems with Initial Conditions 272 Lecture 26: Impulse Response of a Differential System 285 Lecture 27: The Bode Plot 290 Lecture 28: Frequency Responses of Lead, Lag, and Lead-Lag Systems 296 Lecture 29: Frequency Response of Second-Order Systems 300 Lecture 30: The Step Response 307 Lecture 31: Review of Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Circuits 329 Lecture 32: Transform Circuit Diagrams, Op-Amp Circuits 334 Lecture 33: State Models of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 351 Lecture 34: Zero-State Response and Zero-Input Response 361 Lecture 35: Laplace Transform Solution of State-Space Systems 367 Lecture 36: Introduction to LTI Feedback Control Systems 381 Lecture 37: Sensitivity Function and Transmission 387 Lecture 38: Closed-Loop Stability Analysis 394 Lecture 39: Stability Analysis Using the Root Locus 400 Lecture 40: They Nyquist Stability Criterion 404 Lecture 41: Gain and Phase Margins 409 Lecture 42: Definition of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series 425 Lecture 43: Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series 430 Lecture 44: Definition of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 435 Contents xi
- 18. Lecture 45: Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 439 Lecture 46: DTFT of Periodic and Step Signals, Duality 444 Lecture 47: Definition and Convergence of the z-Transform 459 Lecture 48: Properties of the z-Transform 465 Lecture 49: The Inverse z-Transform 468 Lecture 50: Transfer Function Characterization of DLTI Systems 474 Lecture 51: LTI Difference Systems and Rational Transfer Functions 478 Lecture 52: The Unilateral z-Transform 483 Lecture 53: Relationship Between the DTFT and the z-Transform 497 Lecture 54: Frequency Analysis of First-Order and Second-Order Systems 504 Lecture 55: Ideal Discrete-Time Filters 509 Lecture 56: IIR and FIR Filters 519 Lecture 57: FIR Filter Design by Windowing 524 Lecture 58: Sampling 541 Lecture 59: Signal Reconstruction and Aliasing 546 Lecture 60: Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals 552 Lecture 61: Equivalence to Continuous-Time Filtering; Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals 556 Lecture 62: Decimation, Upsampling and Interpolation 558 Lecture 63: Amplitude Modulation and Synchronous Demodulation 577 Lecture 64: Asynchronous Demodulation 583 Lecture 65: Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation 586 Lecture 66: Pulse-Train and Pulse Amplitude Modulation 591 Lecture 67: Frequency-Division and Time-Division Multiplexing; Angle Modulation 595 Lecture 68: State Models of LTI Difference Systems 617 Lecture 69: Zero-State and Zero-Input Responses of Discrete-Time State Models 622 Lecture 70: Discretization of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 628 xii Contents
- 19. I wish to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Maier L. Blostein, emeritus pro- fessor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University. Our discussions over the past few years have led us to the current course syllabi for Signals & Systems I and II, essentially forming the table of con- tents of this textbook. I would like to thank the many students whom, over the years, have reported mistakes and suggested useful revisions to my Signals & Systems I and II course notes. The interesting and useful applets on the companion CD-ROM were pro- grammed by the following students: Rafic El-Fakir (Bode plot applet) and Gul Pil Joo (Fourier series and convolution applets). I thank them for their excellent work and for letting me use their programs. Acknowledgments xiii
- 20. This page intentionally left blank
- 21. T he study of signals and systems is considered to be a classic subject in the curriculum of most engineering schools throughout the world. The theory of signals and systems is a coherent and elegant collection of mathematical re- sults that date back to the work of Fourier and Laplace and many other famous mathematicians and engineers. Signals and systems theory has proven to be an extremely valuable tool for the past 70 years in many fields of science and engi- neering, including power systems, automatic control, communications, circuit de- sign, filtering, and signal processing. Fantastic advances in these fields have brought revolutionary changes into our lives. At the heart of signals and systems theory is mankind’s historical curiosity and need to analyze the behavior of physical systems with simple mathematical mod- els describing the cause-and-effect relationship between quantities. For example, Isaac Newton discovered the second law of rigid-body dynamics over 300 years ago and described it mathematically as a relationship between the resulting force applied on a body (the input) and its acceleration (the output), from which one can also obtain the body’s velocity and position with respect to time. The develop- ment of differential calculus by Leibniz and Newton provided a powerful tool for modeling physical systems in the form of differential equations implicitly relating the input variable to the output variable. A fundamental issue in science and engineering is to predict what the behav- ior, or output response, of a system will be for a given input signal. Whereas sci- ence may seek to describe natural phenomena modeled as input-output systems, engineering seeks to design systems by modifying and analyzing such models. This issue is recurrent in the design of electrical or mechanical systems, where a system’s output signal must typically respond in an appropriate way to selected input signals. In this case, a mathematical input-output model of the system would be analyzed to predict the behavior of the output of the system. For example, in the Preface xv
- 22. design of a simple resistor-capacitor electrical circuit to be used as a filter, the en- gineer would first specify the desired attenuation of a sinusoidal input voltage of a given frequency at the output of the filter. Then, the design would proceed by se- lecting the appropriate resistance R and capacitance C in the differential equation model of the filter in order to achieve the attenuation specification. The filter can then be built using actual electrical components. A signal is defined as a function of time representing the evolution of a vari- able. Certain types of input and output signals have special properties with respect to linear time-invariant systems. Such signals include sinusoidal and exponential functions of time. These signals can be linearly combined to form virtually any other signal, which is the basis of the Fourier series representation of periodic sig- nals and the Fourier transform representation of aperiodic signals. The Fourier representation opens up a whole new interpretation of signals in terms of their frequency contents called the frequency spectrum. Furthermore, in the frequency domain, a linear time-invariant system acts as a filter on the frequency spectrum of the input signal, attenuating it at some frequencies while amplifying it at other frequencies. This effect is called the frequency response of the system. These frequency domain concepts are fundamental in electrical engineering, as they underpin the fields of communication systems, analog and digital filter design, feed- back control, power engineering, etc. Well-trained electrical and computer engi- neers think of signals as being in the frequency domain probably just as much as they think of them as functions of time. The Fourier transform can be further generalized to the Laplace transform in continuous-time and the z-transform in discrete-time. The idea here is to define such transforms even for signals that tend to infinity with time. We chose to adopt the notation X( jω), instead of X(ω) or X( f ), for the Fourier transform of a contin- uous-time signal x(t). This is consistent with the Laplace transform of the signal denoted as X(s), since then X( jω) = X(s)|s = jω. The same remark goes for the dis- crete-time Fourier transform: X(ejω) = X(z)|z = e jω. Nowadays, predicting a system’s behavior is usually done through computer simulation. A simulation typically involves the recursive computation of the out- put signal of a discretized version of a continuous-time system model. A large part of this book is devoted to the issue of system discretization and discrete-time sig- nals and systems. The MATLAB software package is used to compute and display the results of some of the examples. The companion CD-ROM contains the MAT- LAB script files, problem solutions, and interactive graphical applets that can help the student visualize difficult concepts such as the convolution and Fourier series. xvi Preface
- 23. Preface xvii Undergraduate students see the theory of signals and systems as a difficult sub- ject. The reason may be that signals and systems is typically one of the first courses an engineering student encounters that has substantial mathematical content. So what is the required mathematical background that a student should have in order to learn from this book? Well, a good background in calculus and trigonometry def- initely helps. Also, the student should know about complex numbers and complex functions. Finally, some linear algebra is used in the development of state-space representations of systems. The student is encouraged to review these topics care- fully before reading this book. My wish is that the reader will enjoy learning the theory of signals and systems by using this book. One of my goals is to present the theory in a direct and straight- forward manner. Another goal is to instill interest in different areas of specializa- tion of electrical and computer engineering. Learning about signals and systems and its applications is often the point at which an electrical or computer engineer- ing student decides what she or he will specialize in. Benoit Boulet March 2005 Montréal, Canada
- 24. This page intentionally left blank
- 25. 1 Elementary Continuous- Time and Discrete-Time Signals and Systems 1 In This Chapter Systems in Engineering Functions of Time as Signals Transformations of the Time Variable Periodic Signals Exponential Signals Periodic Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals Even and Odd Signals Discrete-Time Impulse and Step Signals Generalized Functions System Models and Basic Properties Summary To Probe Further Exercises ((Lecture 1: Signal Models)) I n this first chapter, we introduce the concept of a signal as a real or complex function of time. We pay special attention to sinusoidal signals and to real and complex exponential signals, as they have the fundamental property of keeping their “identity” under the action of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. We also in- troduce the concept of a system as a relationship between an input signal and an output signal.
- 26. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 27. that it possesses a value for the specialist.” + + Nation. 85: 523. D. 5, ’07. 800w. “He has made a good book which every one interested in the theatre will be glad to own, and the borrowing fiend loathe to return.” Anna Marble. + + N. Y. Times. 12: 616. O. 12, ’07. 220w. Genung, John Franklin. Hebrew literature of wisdom in the light of to-day: a synthesis. **$2. Houghton. 6–39461. An interpretation of the inner and spiritual menacing of Proverbs, Job and Ecclesiastes which can be applied to the life of to-day. A. L. A. Bkl. 3: 42. F. ’07. “The style sometimes offends a severe taste, and we had rather not believe that monstrosities like ‘factual’ belong to the literary idiom of to-day—or to-morrow.” + − Nation. 84: 589. Je. 27, ’07. 190w. “Presented in a thoroughly readable and interesting form.” + Outlook. 86: 298. Je. 8, ’07. 330w. Genung, John Franklin. The idylls and the ages. **75c. Crowell.
- 28. 7–26418. A companion study to “Stevenson’s attitude to life.” It is an inquiry into the permanent value of Tennyson’s epic “The idylls of the king.” The primary aim of this volume “is neither eulogy nor criticism, but what Walter Pater has taught us to call appreciation.” “Our quarrel with it is chiefly for its literary cant and esoteric eloquence, its lack of the prose point of view.” − + Nation. 85: 498. N. 28, ’07. 180w. George, 2d duke of Cambridge. George duke of Cambridge: a memoir of his private life based on the journals and correspondence of His Royal Highness, ed. by Edgar Sheppard. 2v. *$7. Longmans. 7–28494. “Born a few years after Waterloo, in 1819, the Duke of Cambridge lived in four reigns, and was actually present at two coronations. At the time of his birth he was the first direct descendant of George III., and but for the birth of the Princess Victoria, a few months later than his own he might have reigned as George V., and there is good reason to suppose that he would have proved an excellent sovereign. This memoir not only tells the story of a long life of usefulness and honor, but it also reveals with much clearness an interesting and lovable personality, and gives us, incidentally, many suggestive portraits of military and political leaders.”—N. Y. Times.
- 29. “Dr. Edgar Sheppard might have done well to condense the ‘memoirs of his private life’ into one volume instead of filling two.” + − Acad. 71: 591. D. 1, ’06. 1840w. + Lond. Times. 5: 400. N. 30, ’06. 1610w. “The editor has done his work with taste and discretion. The portraits are interesting, and there is a satisfactory index.” + + N. Y. Times. 12: 40. Ja. 19, ’07. 1100w. “The book has some interest and even value, but these scarcely correspond to its size and what we may even describe as its pretensions.” + − Spec. 98: 58. Ja. 12, ’07. 530w. George, Henry, jr. Romance of John Bainbridge. †$1.50. Macmillan. 6–37965. Part of the incidents in Mr. George’s story are taken from the life of his late father. “Being the son of his father and also himself, it was doubtless inevitable that Mr. George should attempt to make out of his novel a lesson in economics. His theme is the iniquity of giving public service franchises to private individuals or corporations, and the resultant political corruption.” (N. Y. Times.) “Dealing as this novel does with the questions which are pressing for immediate solution, makes it one of the really important romances for all reformers and patriots to read.”
- 30. + + Arena. 37: 100. Ja. ’07. 3990w. “This is a wholesome novel of the life of to-day. It is we believe, the author’s first long work of fiction, altho there is nothing in the style to indicate this fact.” + Lit. D. 34: 217. F. 9, ’07. 170w. Nation. 83: 391. D. 8, ’06. 40w. “He might have cut and slashed and blue penciled a fourth of his copy with advantage to the rest. Wrapped up in the plot of Mr. George’s novel there is a good story, an exceedingly good story.” + − N. Y. Times. 11: 903. D. 29, ’06. 380w. “While there are parts of the story that too thinly for artistic effect disguise the especial message that Mr. George feels himself commissioned to utter, the tale is well told and worth telling.” + − Outlook. 85: 46. Ja. 5, ’07. 170w. R. of Rs. 35: 120. Ja. ’07. 30w. Geronimo (Apache chief). Geronimo’s story of his life; taken down and edited by S. M. Barrett. **$1.50. Duffield. 6–35725. Descriptive note in Annual. 1906. A. L. A. Bkl. 3: 67. Mr. ’07. S.
- 31. Gibbs, Josiah W. Scientific papers of J. Willard Gibbs. 2v. v. 1. *$5; v. 2. *$4. Longmans. Agr 7–1540. Professor Gibbs’s scattered papers on scientific subjects have been collected and published in two imposing volumes. The first includes his papers on the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances and on thermodynamics; the second contains twenty-one papers, chief among which are those occupied with the author’s calculus called “vector analysis.” “For profound thought and power of generalization and abstract formulation no American scientist has equaled Willard Gibbs.” + + Ind. 63: 1238. N. 21, ’07. 50w. “The work of Gibbs may be said to round off the constructive stage of one of the most far-reaching scientific advances of the nineteenth century—the unravelling of the formal scheme of relations which guides the transformation of dead matter, as it is now set forth in the doctrine of thermodynamics.” + + Lond. Times. 6: 90. Mr. 22, ’07. 1960w. “In every way (except by an index) recommends itself to the liking of friends of American science.” + + − Nation. 84: 92. Ja. 24, ’07. 710w. “The papers have been edited with great care by Henry Andrews Bumstead and Ralph Gibbs van Name, and the former, in the biographical notice prefixed, discusses with knowledge the scientific work done by Willard Gibbs and gives a clear-cut picture of the man himself.” C. G. K.
- 32. + + Nature. 75: 361. F. 14, ’07. 1340w. Gibbs, Philip. Men and women of the French revolution. *$7. Lippincott. 7–8230. Not a history but a psychological study of some of the actors in the great drama, so arranged that the thread of the narrative is not confused or lost. “A readable, but rather sketchy account of a number of the leading personages of that period.” + − Ath. 1906, 2: 513. O. 27. 330w. “In thus deviating from the beaten path of history and giving rather free play to his own fancy in this ‘psychological study,’ the author has produced a work more attractive in some respects than the formal chronicles of the period.” Percy F. Bicknell. + Dial. 41: 385. D. 1, ’06. 210w. “Mr. Gibbs has succeeded in producing a book that is more readable (especially to those who dote on adjectives) than our old friend Dryasdust’s, but there is a certain persistent striving for dramatic effect and high phrases that gives the narrative a false note very often.” + − Ind. 62: 971. Ap. 25, ’07. 540w. + Lit. D. 33: 855. D. 8, ’06. 80w. “Although the value of Mr. Gibbs’s work is seriously impaired by an extremely florid and somewhat popular style, it is to some extent redeemed by his dramatic power, while in spite of some
- 33. inaccuracies it is manifestly clear that he has obtained his information from no second hand sources.” + − Lond. Times. 6: 38. F. 1, ’07. 780w. “The book, though somewhat grandiose in style, is just the sort to spur on an indolent reader to make the acquaintance of other, and possibly more accurate, works on the French revolution. But the inaccuracies are manifold and distressing, and not the less so that, in some cases, they seem to be the result of pure carelessness.” + − Nation. 84: 135. F. 7, ’07. 870w. “Its style is popular, vivid and realistic. Mr. Gibbs has a command of strong epithets, and knows how to describe what his imagination presents to him.” + Spec. 97: sup. 766. N. 17, ’06. 180w. * Gibson, Charles R. Romance of modern photography. **$1.50. Lippincott. No attempt is made in this volume “to offer suggestions to the picture-taker, but again step by step the growth of the art is discussed through the changes, from daguerrotypes to the latest improved methods; and from the toy known as the zoetrope— with which children used to amuse themselves—to the latest moving picture.” (Nation.) Nation. 85: 520. D. 5, ’07. 70w. “We have found some of the most interesting pages in Mr. Gibson’s book to be those describing the processes of reproduction for illustrations. A great deal of space and pains have been devoted to colour-photography and its difficulties, and some of this description has not attracted us much. Once or
- 34. twice, in the earlier pages, Mr. Gibson might have been a little clearer if he had been a little more categorical.” + − Spec. 99: sup. 639. N. 2, ’07. 750w. Gibson, Thomas. Pitfalls of speculation. *$1. Moody pub. 6–33639. “The author of this little treatise undertakes to demonstrate that business methods are applicable to speculation, and that, when so applied, speculation itself becomes a ‘safe business.’... Chapters are devoted to Ignorance and over-speculation, Manipulation, Accidents, Business methods in speculation, Market technicalities, Tips, Mechanical speculation, Short selling, What 500 speculative accounts showed, Grain speculation, and Suggestions as to intelligent methods. The book treats mainly of speculative deals on margins, which are regarded as entirely legitimate forms of speculative trading.”—J. Pol. Econ. J. Pol. Econ. 15: 59. Ja. ’07. 100w. “Mr. Gibson’s reasons against speculating are unanswerable, but we part company with him in the idea that he can teach successful speculation to any considerable number of scholars.” Edward A. Bradford. + − N. Y. Times. 11: 754. N. 17, ’06. 1640w. R. of Rs. 35: 382. Mr. ’07. 80w.
- 35. * Gibson, W. R. Boyce. Rudolph Eucken’s philosophy of life. 2d ed. *$1.40. Macmillan. This second edition includes an appendix dealing with Professor Eucken’s doctrine of “activism” whose difference from pragmatism is explained in the following: “The pragmatism which has lately made so much headway, especially among English-speaking peoples, is more inclined to shape the world and life in accordance with human conditions and human needs, than to invest spiritual activity with an independence in relation to these, and apply its standards to the testing and sifting of the whole content of our human life.” “In point of form the book suffers manifestly from the circumstances of its origin. In spirit and tone, however, it is attractive, and the reader can hardly fail to be favourably impressed by the competence of the author for his task, both in the matter of zeal and of knowledge.” Alexander Mair. + − Int. J. Ethics. 18: 124. O. ’07. 790w. (Review of 1st ed.) “An excellent statement of Eucken’s practical philosophy.” + Nation. 85: 326. O. 10, ’07. 200w. (Review of 2d ed.) “But whether or not we assent to the author’s conclusions concerning the future influence of Eucken’s philosophy, this statement of it should find many readers, as a very compact and useful résumé of the interesting and stimulating point of view.” Edmund H. Hollands. + − Philos. R. 16: 548. S. ’07. 950w. (Review of 1st ed.) Giddings, Franklin Henry, ed. Readings in descriptive and historical sociology. *$1.60.
- 36. Macmillan. 6–39002. “Mainly illustrative of sociological theory as given in his preceding works, and also in part an expansion of that theory. Its framework is an elaborate outline of theory given in definitions and propositions. Its filling is composed of select readings illustrative of this, gathered from all times and from peoples in every stage of social development, as found in literature and laws, official records, legends, and newspapers.”— Outlook. “The reviewer wishes to add that while these remarks are mainly critical in character, they express rather the deep interest which he has in the fundamental issues which Professor Giddings’ book raises than any desire to ignore the many positive merits which the book has, and which will certainly secure it a wide reading among those who are interested in the sources of sociological theory and in the author’s own theory of their value and interpretation for a science of society.” H. Heath Bawden. + − Am. J. Soc. 12: 845. My. ’07. 3900w. “It is much more than its title indicates, for it contains, besides a careful selection of readings, an outline of sociological theory which, in many particulars, is new and interesting.” Charles A. Ellwood. + + − Ann. Am. Acad. 29: 232. Ja. ’07. 630w. Reviewed by R. C. Chapin. + Charities. 17: 472. D. 15, ’06. 430w. “The selections cover a wide field and show extensive and patient research. The greater part of these would probably be
- 37. unavailable for the general student were he obliged to go to the sources himself.” + Lit. D. 34: 26. Ja. 5, ’07. 250w. “The puzzle seems to be: Fit these extracts, if you can, into the author’s general scheme of sociological classification and terminology. The value of it all we shall leave to those who have the courage to try it.” − Nation. 84: 82. Ja. 24, ’07. 450w. Outlook. 84: 894. D. 8, ’06. 260w. “The book will be of great value to the isolated student and teacher.” + + Yale R. 15: 467. F. ’07. 220w. Gilbert, Charles Benajah. School and its life. $1.25. Silver. 6–21911. Descriptive note in Annual, 1906. “The fact that the book lacks continuity diminishes its value, but the treatment of some subjects ... shows a grasp of the real situation and a breadth of vision born only of real contact with a great system of schools. The benefits of co-operation applied to parent, teacher, and pupil are clearly shown.” J. Stanley Brown. + − El. School T. 7: 368. F. ’07. 220w. “This book, it seems to me, is one of the significant educational contributions of the year. What makes it significant is in large part the rare combination of philosophic insight with a wealth of practical experience.” Irving E. Miller.
- 38. + + School R. 15: 228. Mr. ’07. 780w. Gilbert, George Holley. Short history of Christianity in the apostolic age. $1. Univ. of Chicago press. 6–41055. “This is a proper sequel to ‘Constructive studies on the life of Christ’ by Professors Burton and Mathews.... That work was based on the gospels; this is concerned with the remainder of the New Testament. Its successive portions first narrate events and comment upon them, then propose questions and suggestions for study, with supplementary topics and references to literature.... The volume is finely illustrated.”—Outlook. “The material is conveniently divided, and interestingly and ably treated.” + + Bib. World. 28: 432. D. ’06. 40w. Ind. 61: 1572. D. 27, ’06. 50w. + + Outlook. 85: 141. Ja. 19, ’07. 180w. Gilbert, Nelson Rust. Affair at Pine Court: a tale of the Adirondacks. †$1.50. Lippincott. 7–30455.
- 39. A fashionable house party at a New Yorker’s country home in the Adirondacks is made the scene of this tale of love, mystery and adventure. A Pomeranian count arouses the greed of the humble natives by exhibiting the wonderful “Lens of the Grau” in the presence of his host’s butler. These envious enemies of the rich pleasure seekers at the court put the house in a state of siege during which each guest displays his or her real character and all ends in safety and happiness. N. Y. Times. 12: 656. O. 19, ’07. 30w. Gilchrist, Alexander. Life of William Blake; ed. with introd. by W. Graham Robertson, il. *$3.50. Lane. W 6–375. A reprint of a standard source for facts and personal interpretation of Blake’s life. To the illustrations appearing in the original edition, Mr. Robertson has added a number of colour prints, drawings, etc. from his own notable Blake collection, thus emphasizing particularly the fame of Blake the painter. Reviewed by A. Clutton-Brock. + + Acad. 71: 524. N. 24, ’06. 900w. + + Ath. 1906, 2: 828. D. 29. 240w. Current Literature. 42: 169. F. ’07. 1100w.
- 40. + + Int. Studio. 30: 282. Ja. ’07. 690w. + Int. Studio. 32: 84. Jl. ’07. 210w. Lond. Times. 6: 12. Ja. 11, ’07. 1370w. “This reprint is admirable from the point of view of the general reader, and, by reason of its illustrations, necessary also to the special student.” + + Nation. 83: 463. N. 29, ’06. 160w. + + Sat. R. 102: 708. D. 8, ’06. 340w. + + Spec. 97: 826. N. 24, ’06. 230w. Gilchrist, Edward. Tiles from a porcelain tower. *$1.25. Riverside press, Cambridge, Mass. 6–45067. A volume of verse chief among whose poems are “those more expressly from the Porcelain tower, ‘the pride and symbol of Cathay,’ wherein the decaying splendors of the East are expressed with both imagination and humor.” (Nation.) There are also included some translations from the Greek, Danish, Russian and the Chinese. “The lyrics of a reflective mind, but their flow is far from musical—a defect due in part to the frequent collocation of ill-
- 41. matched vocables, and in part to the fact that the movement is too much clogged with ideas.” Wm. M. Payne. − + Dial. 43: 93. Ag. 16, ’07. 210w. “Mr. Gilchrist has plainly done a good deal of rather virile thinking, and as he has made his ingeniously plotted verse the vehicle rather for his notion than for his moods, his work has much of the peculiar pithiness that marked the work of the concettists in their less fantastic vein.” + − Nation. 84: 200. F. 28, ’07. 340w. * Gilder, Richard Watson. Fire divine. **$1. Century. 7–32109. This volume adds sixty new pieces to the poetry of the author, including memorial verses on Carl Schurz, George Macdonald, Josephine Shaw Lowell, Emma Lazarus, and Thomas Bailey Aldrich; poems to music and musicians; and a requiem for Augustus Saint-Gaudens, entitled “Under the stars.” N. Y. Times. 12: 667. O. 19, ’07. 60w. Gillespie, G. Curtis. Rumford fireplaces, and how they are made. $2. Comstock, W: T. 7–11989. “A reprint of Count Rumford’s essay on Fireplaces is here accompanied by a discussion of the same subject by Mr. Gillespie. In the course of his discussion ... Mr. Gillespie
- 42. introduced a number or drawings and sketches of his own, illustrating fireplaces designed by him, of the so-called Rumford type ... also mantels of his own design, and reproductions of views of a large number of fireplaces, andirons, and the like, both mediaeval and modern.”—Engin. N. Engin. N. 57: 436. Ap. 18, ’07. 90w. N. Y. Times. 12: 154. Mr. 16, ’07. 110w. Technical Literature. 1: 224. My. ’07. 60w. Gilman, Bradley. Open secret of Nazareth. **$1. Crowell. 6–26086. “Ten letters written by Bartimaeus, whose eyes were opened, to Thomas, a seeker after truth.” A traveler in the Holy Land writes his impressions and conviction to a friend at home. “‘The open secret’ which Jesus strove to impart—the truth which, however evident, eludes so many—is that of the Consecrated will —the active endeavor on all the small or serious occasions presenting themselves at the cross-roads of daily life to identify one’s self with the divine will of pure goodness to all our fellows.”—Outlook. “It is suffused with devotional feeling and animated with poetic imagination, but clear in moral insight.” + Outlook. 84: 532. O. 27, ’06. 180w.
- 43. Gilman, Lawrence. Music of to-morrow, and other studies. *$1.25. Lane. 7–10576. Mr. Gilman “attempts to prophesy what will be the general character of the music of the next half-century. He admits the temerity of the attempt, but argues boldly and convincingly. His broad general dictum is that the permanent elements of the music of the future will have to do with ‘that region of experience which lies over the borderland of our spiritual consciousness.’ It will forsake the ‘incessant exploitation of the dynamic element in life’ and urge us to listen for ‘the vibrations of the spirit beneath.’”—R. of Rs. “The general impression left by this book is that on the whole the title has been well chosen. Mr. Lawrence Gilman gives expression to some interesting ideas about music held by himself in common with enthusiastic modern thinkers.” + Acad. 72: 126. F. 2, ’07. 440w. “The best written and conceived essay in Mr. Gilman’s interesting little volume is that devoted to Claude Debussy, the poet and dreamer. I do not care much for his Liszt essay. It does not dig enough into the subject. Mr. Gilman’s book is interesting, at times gracefully written, and strives to understand the music of to-day. This latter quality is in itself a critical feat, for in critic- land we usually face the setting sun.” James Huneker. + − Bookm. 25: 32. Mr. ’07. 1120w. Reviewed by Josiah Renick Smith. + Dial. 42: 224. Ap. 1, ’07. 180w. + Nation. 83: 518. D. 13, ’06. 340w.
- 44. + N. Y. Times. 11: 869. D. 15, ’06. 490w. + R. of Rs. 35: 115. Ja. ’07. 100w. Spec. 98: 139. Ja. 26, ’07. 930w. Gilman, Lawrence. Strauss’ “Salome;” a guide to the opera; with musical il. *$1. Lane. 7–18584. A guide containing a description of the drama, a full analysis of Strauss’s score, also musical illustration and examples. Current Literature. 42: 294. Mr. ’07. 2410w. Dial. 42: 118. F. 16, ’07. 40w. “It will be a useful guide for those who desire to reach below the surface of Strauss’s remarkable book.” + N. Y. Times. 12: 31. Ja. 19, ’07. 180w. R. of Rs. 35: 384. Mr. ’07. 50w. * Giry, Arthur, and Reville, Andre. Emancipation of the mediaeval towns; tr. and ed. by Frank Greene Bates and Paul Emerson Titsworth. (Historical miscellany.) pa. 50c. Holt. 7–20319.
- 45. A translation of chapter 8 of the second volume of Lavisse and Rambaud’s ‘Histoire générale.’ It covers in four chapters the rise of towns in France: The origins, The communal revolution, The communes and Towns of burgessy and new towns. “In this terse, closely compact monograph no space has been devoted to fine writing. We have here a concise and clearly intelligible account of those communities in the middle ages which were the precursors of our modern commonwealths.” + + N. Y. Times. 12: 626. O. 19, ’07. 230w. “In its field it is unsurpassed; and the general student will learn more by studying the vivid picture which it presents than he could hope to learn by attacking at the start the whole question of municipal organization, in all its uncertainties and complexities. The translators have done their work well; especially do they deserve commendation for accepting frankly the terms for which there is really no English equivalent.” + + Yale R. 16: 334. N. ’07. 140w. Given, John La Porte. Making a newspaper. **$1.50. Holt. 7–16382. “A detailed account of the business, editorial, reportorial, and manufacturing organization of the daily newspaper in a large city.” The author’s deductions are made from his own large newspaper experience. He shows how editors gain their information and how all classes of civilization contribute consciously or unconsciously, to the daily record of happenings. In addition to chapters covering the general workings of the newspaper, he discusses such subjects as preparing for
- 46. journalism, getting a situation, prizes in journalism, with the printers, and the money-making department. “Interesting, apparently trustworthy, journalistic in style.” + A. L. A. Bkl. 3: 165. O. ’07. S. “Clearly and forcibly written for the most part, but somewhat painfully devoid of idealism.” + − Ath. 1907, 2: 261. S. 7. 1880w. “Interesting and seemingly trustworthy account of all branches of his profession.” + Dial. 43: 18. Jl. 1. ’07. 310w. “The book will occupy a place on the literary journalist’s shelf beside Mr. E. L. Shuman’s ‘Practical journalism,’ and, while it will not wholly supersede the Chicagoan’s brisk lively compendium, it possesses the peculiar merit of giving the most comprehensive and thorogoing account of New York newspaper making that has so far found its way into print.” + Ind. 63: 399. Ag. 15. ’07. 380w. “Within its lines it is excellent.” + Lit. D. 35: 97. Jl. 20, ’07. 70w. “Mr. Given’s style is clear and trenchant, his phrases well chosen, and the entire book is good reading for any one.” + + Nation. 85: 190. Ag. 29, ’07. 320w. N. Y. Times. 12: 139. Mr. 9, ’07. 180w. “He understands his subject, or as much of it as he has cared to write about, as well as any one man could be expected to understand it, and his writing is lucid.” + N. Y. Times. 12: 287. My. 4, ’07. 200w.
- 47. Glazier, Richard. Manual of historic ornament. *$2. Scribner. A second edition revised and enlarged. It is surprising how many examples of the ornament of past ages in many countries “have been collected together in this book, with its clear pen drawings. These include not only architecture, but glass, silver, ivory, carpets, furniture, china, and sculpture. There is a running commentary which clearly indicates the main outlines of the subject.” (Spec.) “Useful handbook.” + Int. Studio. 30: sup. 58. D. ’06. 250w. “For a book devoted avowedly to ‘ornament’ there is an unexpected amount of care and thoughtful analysis given to architecture in the larger sense of construction, disposition, and ordonnance. There is no index of consequence. On this account one doubts the practical utility of the book. The general tendency of the book is to be praised.” + − Nation. 84: 345. Ap. 11, ’07. 390w. + Spec. 98: 542. Ap. 6, ’07. 80w. Gloag, M. R. Book of English gardens; il. by Katharine Montagu Wyatt. $2. Macmillan. 7–2583. An introductory sketch of gardening “from Eden onwards” precedes a description of thirteen famous English “out-of-door drawingrooms.” Among them are Abbotsbury, Beckett, Sutton Place, Brownsea Island and Wrest Park. “The author has interwoven with her various descriptions and appreciations
- 48. historical and genealogical facts agreeable to a gossiping palate.” (Ath.) “The writing is easy and unpretentious; and the illustrations are effective.” + Ath. 1906, 2: 621. N. 17. 210w. “The book is full of laboriously collected information connected with the family history of the owners of the famous houses and gardens in England. They are the homes and gardens of the titled rich. The book has the interest of an old curio.” + Ind. 62: 501. F. 28, ’07. 210w. + Int. Studio. 30: 277. Ja. ’07. 250w. “It is more than possible that the text of this attractive volume was written to fit the pictures, and hence it is not surprising that there is a misfit here and there. But despite the imperfect coördination, the treatment is admirable in its way.” + − Nation. 84:208. F. 28, ’07. 300w. “Such a volume needs no recommendation.” + Spec. 97: 407. S. 22, ’06. 100w. Glyn, Elinor. Three weeks. †$1.50. Duffield. 7–21536. A brief story which is an exaltation of sensuous fascination into an affair of the soul and which casts the moral law to the four winds of heaven. A titled young Englishman is sent away from home to be cured of his love for a rural English girl with red hands. In Paris he meets and falls in love with the queen of a Russian dependency, “infinitely sinuous and attractive” who is residing at his hotel incognito. They yield entirely to the sway of
- 49. their love which the author’s art aims to transform into the poetry of sentiment. They suffer the agony of it in separation followed by tragedy. “She is too desperately anxious to shock her middle-class readers and impress them with upholstery of her high-born heroine. The result is that you laugh a little and yawn a little and are not shocked at all, but only rather bored by a vulgar and extremely silly story.” − Acad. 72: 635. Je. 29, ’07. 320w. “It is not in the least amusing, and the sentiments it evokes in others are both cynical and disagreeable.” − Ath. 1907, 1: 755. Je. 22. 200w. “‘Misrepresentation and misunderstanding’ are bound to be her portion, because she has slapped down a host of immaturities on the most perilous of subjects, making the venture bravely with a limited capital of expression and insight.” − Lit. D. 35: 613. O. 26, ’07. 310w. “The whole leaves a bewildering doubt—has Elinor Glyn become perfectly indifferent to her reputation or, by any mischance, is she beginning to take herself seriously?” − Nation. 85: 328. O. 10, ’07. 170w. “Ethics may require that a tale be lewd; but it’s a crime for it to be stupid.” − N. Y. Times. 12: 580. S. 28, ’07. 640w. “She sets out to write a story of mere animal passion, but she succumbed to the atmosphere of the moral idea, which is still characteristic of literature in these islands, and she ended in a melodrama.” − Sat. R. 103: 754. Je. 15, ’07. 570w.
- 50. Godkin, Edwin Lawrence. Life and letters of Edwin Lawrence Godkin; ed. by Rollo Ogden. 2v. **$4. Macmillan. 7–12877. An interesting biography written by one who knew Mr. Godkin personally and who writes appreciatively of the many phases of the man who left Ireland in his youth, was for 35 years a conspicuous figure in New York journalism, and exercised a great influence in American political and social life. The story of his life naturally throws many side lights upon the men and politics of his day. “It is unfortunate that the arrangement of the display is so defective. There is no table of contents and no outline of topics. The division into chapters might as well have been omitted, or else made to mean something. The index seems imperfect, and worst of all, the chronology of the story is ofttimes in a hopeless jumble.” Charles H. Levermore. + + − Am. Hist. R. 13: 168. O. ’07. 950w. “It has rarely been our pleasure to read a work at once so interesting and valuable as this.” Charles Lee Raper. + + Ann. Am. Acad. 30: 612. N. ’07. 1080w. “The reader is now and then admitted with fair discretion into the privacies of Godkin’s life. But the book hardly, perhaps, does justice to its subject, and a slipshod index in no way atones for the absence of a table of the contents of its ill-arranged chapters.” + − Ath. 1907, 1: 752. Je. 22. 1750w.
- 51. Reviewed by M. A. de Wolfe Howe. + + Atlan. 100: 421. S. ’07. 2160w. “It is marvellously clever editing, but it lacks something which enters into really great biographies. We miss that full and intimate characterisation which Mr. Ogden is so admirably qualified to give. His method suggests either indolence or a wrong perception of what a book should be. Here we have pearls, not strung, perhaps, at random, but still suggestive of a too great self-suppression on the part of him who strung them. The book is immensely interesting.” Richard W. Kemp. + − Bookm. 25: 184. Ap. ’07. 2700w. “The work of Mr. Ogden on these volumes has been admirably done. With an editorial self-suppression which finds its best parallel in the work of Professor Norton, he has given us Mr. Godkin’s story from Mr. Godkin’s own pen, supplying only the connecting links without which that story could not be fully understood.” W. H. Johnson. + Dial. 42: 216. Ap. 1, ’07. 2120w. “Mr. Godkin knew every one who was worth knowing both in public and private life, and his comments are singularly keen, even when they are hasty and unfair. Moreover, these memoranda cover a long and interesting period of history.” Harry Thurston Peck. + Forum. 39: 100. Jl. ’07. 1270w. “Taken collectively the correspondence forms an unusually instructive study of a man whose being was almost exclusively political.” + Ind. 63: 568. S. 5, ’07. 1000w. + Ind. 63: 1230. N. 21, ’07. 140w. “[The volumes] have distinct value and interest.” + Lit. D. 34: 678. Ap. 27, ’07. 720w.
- 52. “There is far too much padding in his two volumes, consisting of copious extracts from Godkin’s early journalistic correspondence.” + − Lond. Times. 6: 180. Je. 7, ’07. 1300w. “Both in the selection and in the arrangement of all this material, Mr. Ogden has performed his task with admirable taste and skill.” + + Nation. 84: 360. Ap. 18, ’07. 2440w. “Mr. Ogden has done the work of editing with great modesty and with good judgment.” Edward Cary. + N. Y. Times. 12: 252. Ap. 20, ’07. 2000w. “Nothing within our knowledge compares with them in the vivid portrayal of current affairs during the last half of the last century. They will be for a long time to come a repertory from which the historian and the essayist will draw their facts.” + + Outlook. 86: 294. Je. 8, ’07. 1900w. “This book of Mr. Odgen’s is less the biography of an individual than it is the revelation of just how the silent but irresistible forces of political and social change are fostered and directed until they have done their perfect work.” Harry Thurston Peck. + + Pol. Sci. Q. 22: 520. S. ’07. 670w. “Is a biography of the best, containing in its two plump volumes a minimum of excellent commentary, and a maximum of invaluable documentary material.” H. W. Boynton. + + Putnam’s. 3: 110. O. ’07. 390w. + R. of Rs. 35: 635. My. ’07. 240w. “We earnestly recommend every thinking man, who values the principles of honesty, decency and rationality in the public life of
- 53. his country, to read every word of these two volumes, and ponder well upon their significance.” + Sat. R. 104: 82. Jl. 20, ’07. 1670w. “As a biography, indeed, it is open to some criticism. It does not follow the rules on which most memoirs are composed.” + − Spec. 98: 797. My. 18, ’07. 1430w. Goe, David E., ed. Transaction of business, by Sir Arthur Helps [with], How to win a fortune, by Andrew Carnegie; [and other essays]. $1. Forbes. These practical papers on business are offered to the merchant and manufacturers who will relish their wit, wisdom, and advice. Such subjects as; Choice and management of agents, Interviews, Secrecy, Our judgment of other men, Analyzing of a business proposition, Delays, and expense, are discussed by men who have succeeded. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Goethe’s Faust, erster teil; ed. with introd. and commentary by Julius Goebel. *$1.12. Holt.
- 54. 7–11976. The text of this edition of the first part of Faust is that of Erich Schmidt, in the Jubiläumsausgabe of Goethe’s works, to which the editor has added an illuminating introduction and excellent notes. “Altogether, this edition of Faust is a credit to American scholarship and an important step in the development of sound methods in the academic study of German literature.” + + Nation. 84: 344. Ap. 11, ’07. 330w. “He has been able to vitalize rather than stifle the imagination in reading the poet’s pages, and to enrich the reader philosophically rather than tantalize him with evasive verbiage of metaphysical dissertation.” + N. Y. Times. 12: 295. My. 4, ’07. 250w. Gomperz, Theodor. Greek thinkers: a history of ancient philosophy, v. 3. *$4. Scribner. Descriptive note in Annual, 1906. “In less than one hundred pages, and in a style eminently luminous and readable, the author has condensed a wealth of interpretation and criticism which can only be described as masterly.” Lewis Campbell. + + Hibbert J. 5: 439. Ja. ’07. 5320w. (Review of v. 3, pt. 1.) Gonner, E. C. K. Interest and saving. *$1.25. Macmillan.
- 55. Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to specialized publications, self-development books, and children's literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system, we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading. Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and personal growth! ebookfinal.com