Generation of computer

Team:
Team Members
SHAMI AL RAHAD
161-15-7349
Afnanul Hassan
161-15-7213
Rayhanul Islam
161-15-7335
Sohanur Rahman Sakib
161-15-7344
Khaled Akram Sany
161-15-7203
Shahadat Hossain
161-15-7341

Computer
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a set ofinstructions.A computer is a
programmable machine that receives input, stor
and provides output in a useful format, they can
constructed out of almost anything.Elements of Computers
 Main Memory
 CPU
 PCU
 ALU
 Input/output

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
There are Five Generations of computers:-
1.First Generation -1944 to 1958 – Vacuum
Tubes
2.Second Generation-1959 to 1963 –
Transistor
3.Third Generation-1964 to 1970 –
Integrated Circuit (IC)
4.Fourth Generation-1971 to Now – LSI or

First Generation Computer
First generation computer uses Vacuum tubes, Magnetic tape
drives and magnetic core memories were developed. ENIAC
(Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator ) was the first
electronic digital computer. It uses about 18,000 vacuum tubes.
Its size was too much large. This was very hard to read and
write programs by every person. The first generation computer
produces too much heat.
Material Used:
 VacuumTubes
 Magnetic Drum
 4,000 bits
 HardWire Programms in
computers
Examples:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650

First Generation Electronic
Computers usedVacuum
Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass
tubes with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air
inside of them, which
protects the circuitry

Main Memory
(Programs and
data for
execution)
Central processing
unit (CPU)
Input-output equipment
Secondary memory,
keyboard, printer. etc.Data processing
Program
control
Instruction
Data
Programs,
data,
operator
commands
Fig : Organization of a first-generation computer

First generation languages [1GL]
Represent the very early,
primitive computer
languages that consisted
entirely of 1's and 0's -
the actual language that
the computer
understands (machine
0101110
101
1010101
00
1110101
010
0011011
00
0101110
0101110
101
1010101
00
1110101
010
0011011
00
0101110

Advantages:
1.It made use of vacuum tubes which are the only
electronic component available during those days.
2.These computers could calculate in milliseconds.

Disadvantages:
1. These were very big in size, weight was about 30 tones.
2. These computers were based on vacuum tubes.
3. These computers were very costly.
4. It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence o
5. Very less work efficiency.
6. Limited programming capabilities and punch cards were used to take i
7. Large amount of energy consumption.
8. Not reliable and constant maintenance is required.

Second Generation Compute
Second generation computer
uses a new electronic device
calledTransistor in the place of
Vacuum tube. Storage capacity
of computer also increase
during this generation. Second
generation computers also
started showing the
characteristics of modern day
computers with utilities such as
printers, disk storage and
Material
Used:
 Transistors
 Magnetic
Cores
 32,000 bits
Examples:
 Honeywell
400
 IBM 7094
 CDC 1604
 CDC 3600

Uses silicon developed in
1948 won a Nobel prize for
on- off switch.
Second Generation
Computers used
Transistors, starting in
1956.
ReplacedVacuum tubes
withTransistors.

SecondGeneration languages (2GL)
Represent a step up
from the first
generation
languages.Allow for the
use of symbolic names
instead of just
numbers. Second
generation languages
are known as assembly

Advantages:
 Due to the presence of transistors instead of vacuum tubes,
the size of electron component decreased.
This resulted in reducing the size of a computer as compared to first generat
 Less energy and not produce as much heat as the first genration.
 Assembly language and punch cards were used for input.
 Low cost than first generation computers.
 Better speed, calculate data in microseconds.
 Better portability as compared to first generation

Disadvantages:
 A cooling system was required.
 Constant maintenance was required.
 Only used for specific purposes.
 Manual assembly of individual
components into a functioning unit was
required.
 Commercial production was difficult and
costly.

Third Generation Computer
In third generation computer transistor were replaced
with Integrated Circuit (IC) which is a combination of
number of transistor and other electronic components
fused together on single crystal. This generation
machine uses magnetic tape and magnetic disk as
secondary storage device.Examples:
 PDP-8
 PDP-11
 ICL 2900
 IBM 360
 IBM 370
Material Used:
 Silicon Chips
 Cores, IC’s
 128,000 bits
 Keyboard Entry

IntegratedCircuits
Integrated Circuits (IC),
which first commercially
appear 1961 to replace
transistor (discrete
electronic circuits) used in
second generation.
The transistor continued as the basic
switching device, but IC allowed large
numbers of transistor associated
components to be combined on a tiny piece
of semi conductor material, usually silicon.Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”

Third Generation ComputerThird Generation Computer
Third generation languages [3GL]
With the languages introduced
by the third generation of
computer programming, words
and commands (instead of
just symbols and numbers)
were being used.These
languages therefore, had syntax
that was much easier to
understand. Third generation
languages are known as "high
level languages" and include C,
C/C++,JAVA
…

Advantages:
1. These computers were cheaper as compared to second-generation
computers.
2. They were fast and reliable.
3. Use of IC in the computer provides the small size of the computer.
4. IC not only reduce the size of the computer but it also improves the
performance of the computer as compared to previous computers.
5. This generation of computers has big storage capacity.
6. Instead of punch cards, mouse and keyboard are used for input.

Disadvantages:
1. IC chips are difficult to maintain.
2. The highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacturing of IC chips.
3. Air conditioning is required.
4. Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacture of IC chips.

Fourth Generation Compute
In fourth generation computer IC were
replaced with Microprocessors .A
microprocessor chip consist of entire
central processing unit in a single
chip. Computing speed increased . Due to
the reduction of cost and the availability
of the computers power at a small place
allowed everyday user to benefit.
Examples:
 IBM 4341
 DEC 10
 STAR
1000
Material Used:
 Microprocessors
 LSI ,VLSI
 100 million bits
 Read programs off disks

Microprocessor
The 4004 had 2,250
transistors four-bit chunks
(four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz
Called “Microchip”
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are
still using microchip technology.
It is used in fourth generation computers.

Fouth Generation Computer
Fourth generation languages (4GL)
The syntax used in 4GL is
very close to human
language, an improvement
from the pervious
generation of languages.
4GL languages are
typically used to access
databases and include SQL
SQL,
Oracle
Reports,
MATLAB
…….

Advantages:
1. Fastest in computation and size get reduced as compared
to the previous generation of computer.
2. Heat generated is negligible.
3. Small in size as compared to previous generation
computers.
4. Less maintenance is required.
5. All types of high-level language can be used in this type of
computers.

Disadvantages:
1. The Microprocessor design and fabrication are
very complex.
2. Air conditioning is required in many cases due to
the presence of ICs.
3. Advance technology is required to make the ICs.

Fifth Generation Computer
In fifth generation computerVLSI technology were replaced by ultra scale
integration (ULSI) technology.This technology helped to developed very small
but extremely powerful and fast computers which come to be known as
ROBOTS.The fifth generation computers will be under Artificial-Intelligence.
The idea of fifth generation computer was introduced by Japan’s Ministry
of InternationalTrade and Industry in 1982.
Examples:
 Desktop
 Laptop
 NoteBook
 UltraBook
 Chromebo
Material Used:
 Artificial-Intelligence.
 Bio-Chip
 Super ConductorTechnology

Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,
are still in development, though there are some applications,
such as voice recognition, that are being used today. Artificial intelligence in
•Games Playing
•Expert Systems
•Natural Language
•Neural Networks
•Robotics

Fifth Generation ComputerThird Generation ComputerFifth Generation Computer
Fifth generation languages [5GL]
Fifth generation languages are
currenty being used for neural
networks.A neural network is a
form of Artifical intelligence that
attempts to imitate how the
human mind works.

Advantages:
1. It is more reliable and works faster.
2. It is available in different sizes and unique features.
3. It provides computers with more user-friendly interfaces
with multimedia features.
4. Having extra high processing speed.
5. Having capabilities of parallel processing.
6. Wireless

Disadvantages:
1. They need very low-level languages.
2. They may make the human brains dull and doomed.
3. If Computer have their own brain then they can harm

Difference
First
Generatio
n
Secon
d Gen.
Third
Gen.
Fourth Gen.
Technolog
y
Vacuu
m
Tubes
Transistors
Integrate
d
Circuits
(multiple
transisto
rs)
Microchips (millions
of transistors)
Size Filled
Whole
Buildings
Filled half
a room
Smaller Tiny - Palm Pilot is as
powerful as old building
sized computer

THA
NK

Generation of computer

More Related Content

What's hot (19)

Similar to Generation of computer (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Generation of computer