Gut and sport a complicated relationship
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This document discusses the relationship between the intestines and sports. It notes that athletes are generally healthy young people but can still experience frequent gastrointestinal disorders like IBD and IBS. It discusses the pillars of functional medicine and nutrition as they relate to the gastrointestinal tract, including the gut barrier, microbiota, mitochondria, detoxification, immunity, inflammation and more. It emphasizes the importance of micronutrients, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in supporting gastrointestinal and overall health, especially for athletes. Clinical studies are referenced showing benefits of specific formulations and strains.
![MALABSORPTION
DEFICIENCIES
Priority micronutrients for DRV’s (Dietary reference values)
MINERALS
-Calcium
-Potassium
-Iron
-Zinc
-Iodine
-Manganese
-Copper
VITAMINS
-Folate
-Vitamin C
-Vitamin A
-Vitamin D
-Iodine
OTHERS
-Choline
SINU Congress 2013
EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1458 [30 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1458
EURRECA/WHO Workshop report: “Deriving micronutrient recommendations: updating best practices”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gutandsportacomplicatedrelationship-181202081017/85/Gut-and-sport-a-complicated-relationship-52-320.jpg)
Gut and sport a complicated relationship
- 1. Dott. Maurizio Salamone Biologo - Treviso Intestino e sport: Una relazione complicata
- 3. MICRONUTRITION FOR HEALTH SUPPORT FOOD PERFORMANCE SUPPLEMENTS DAILY DISTRIBUTION QUALI- QUANTITATIVE SELECTION RECOVERY FUNCTIONAL MICRONUTRITION Micronutrition for health and performance in the athletes Maurizio Salamone 2017 Pre /Post match
- 6. Athletes are usually healthy and young subjects…. generally…but not always…..
- 8. FGDs and IBD are frequent among athletes
- 10. Basic Supplementation Leaky Gut Syndrome and functional problems Integrative nutritional approach to digestive tract disorders More symtoms •Children >6 years and healthy adults • Athlets • Elderly • Unbalanced diets • Gut habits disorders • Bloating • Dysbiosis • Chronic use of FANS • Post-antibiotic therapy • Post surgery • Bariatric surgery • Integrative nutritional approach to digestive tract disorders Continuum from GI health to FGDs to IBD Different approach for each condition
- 11. Sport → Gut microbiota Gut microbiota -> Performance ?
- 16. Sforzo intenso e prolungato e permeabilità intestinale
- 20. Upper GI tract Lower GI tract Delayed gastric empting (GE) Gut pain GERD Bloating - gas Burning Dhiarrea Nausea - Vomit Blood in faecis Eruttations Pain in the side abdomen
- 21. Is it possible to train the gut?? GI Ecosystem Digestion Allergies and intollerances Inflammation and oxidative stress GI Apparatus Strength Resistence Flexibility Muscles Joints and bones Stress management Focus Motivation Psyche
- 23. Is it possible to train the gut? (deviant approach)
- 24. Pillars of funcional medicine and nutrition GI Barrier Microbiota Mitochondria Lipidomics Detox Immunity inflammation Lipid Cho Protein Metabolism Cuivre VIT B12 Micronutrient Deficiencies Oxidative stress Neurotransmitters Neuroprotection
- 25. Many micronutrients are commonly used for GI support by amatorial and professional athletes.. - Probiotics - Prebiotics - Glutamine - Vitamins - Minerals - Alfa lipoic acid - EGCG - Curcumin - Digestive enzymes - Herbal teas - Ginger - Water and salts
- 26. Structure and 4 levels of gastrointestinal ecosystem
- 27. GI Barrier is a therapeutical target for gastroenterologists and every health care pratictictioner
- 28. • Conditionally essential amino acid • Necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA • Necessary for cell division and renewal and for protein synthesis • Necessary for the tissues that quickly renew themselves • Necessary for the enterocytes and the intestinal barrier function (tight junctions) L-glutamine • Wise et al. Glutamine: role in gut protection in critical illness. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;9(5):607-12 • Fuentes et al. Metabolic role of glutamine and its importance in nutritional therapy. Nutr Hosp 199;11(4):215-25. • dos Santos et al. Glutamine supplementation decreases intestinal permeability and preserves gut mucosa integrity in an experimental mouse model. JPEN 2010;34(4):408-13
- 30. Detoxication of xenobiotics strengthening of the intestinal epithelium impermeability competitive barrier against colonization/invasion development, education and function of the immune system enhancement of the digestive efficiency and modulation of energy homeostasis vitamin synthesis CNS modulation Endocrine sistem modulation programming of the circadian epigenetic and transcriptional landscape Probiotics
- 31. Qual è il ceppo migliore ?
- 32. Per ogni obiettivo salutistico e terapeutico il ceppo (o la miscela di ceppi) migliore è quella che fornisce più evidenze cliniche di efficacia, visto che sicurezza e capacità di colonizzare l’intestino sono un prerequisito ▪ Intolleranza al lattosio ▪ Diversi tipi di diarree e gastroenteriti - Diarrea infettiva (rotavirus, Clostridium difficile, proliferazione batterica) - Diarrea indotta da antibiotici - Lesioni intestinali da chemioterapia ▪ Prevenzione delle allergie ▪ IBS e FGIDS ▪ Diarrea del viaggiatore ▪ Diminuzione delle allergie ▪ Malattie infiammatorie intestinali (Crohn, colite ulcerosa, pouchite) ▪ Prevenzione delle infezioni da Helicobacter pylori ▪ Prevenzione del cancro ▪ Infezioni virali ▪ Modulazione metabolica (met. Carboidrati, grassi) + + + + + +
- 33. ° Associazione di ceppi di probiotici tra tra cui: ° Triplo cieco, randomizzato , controllato con placebo ° n = 503 : probiotici n = 336, placebo n = 167 ° Adulti da 30 a 70 anni in trattamento con antibiotici ° Assunzione quotidiana dopo 7 ore dall’assunzione di antibiotico “I probiotici diminuiscono I sintomi legati all’uso di antibiotici: uno studio randomizzato dose-risposta” Ouwehand AC, Donglian C, Weijian X, Stewart M, Ni J, Stewart T, Miller LE. Vaccine. pii: S0264-410X(13)01587-9 L. Acidophilus NCFM® B. Lactis Bi-07 Diarrea acuta
- 35. Il nostro microbiota cambia secondo la nostra età Conseguenze: - Diminuzione funzionalità del sistema immunitario Immunità ↓ aumenta il rischio di infezioni (es. respiratorie) e si riduce l’effetto dei vaccini - Rischio aumentato di “inflamm-aging” (infiammazione di basso grado) - Rischio aumentato di FGIDs Da 60 anni in poi: - Diminuzione dei bifidobatteri - Aumento degli enterobatteri
- 36. Ceppo specifico con efficacia provata negli anziani Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 TRANSITO INTESTINALE SINTOMI GASTROINTESTINALI Waller et al., Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 2011 - Riduzione del tempo di transito Effetto positivo sulla regolarizzazione del transito - Miglioramento dei sintomi gastronintestinali es. dolore adominale, meteorismo, movimenti intestinali 1 IMMUNITÀ Miller et al., Nutrients, 2017 3 Ahmed et al., J. Nutr., 2007 4 Gill, J of Clin Immunology 2001 2 - Incremento capacità fagocitica dei PMN - Incremento attività tumoricida delle NK - Incremento significativo della popolazione di bifidobatteri - Riduzione degli enterobatteri nocivi - Efficacia dopo soltanto 2 settimane - Incremento attività antitumorale dei linfociti e monociti - Incremento attività tumoricida delle NK
- 37. Alive or Dead organisms?
- 38. Current definition of probiotics refers to living and vital orgnisms (no spore, no tindalized, no fragments). Nuove ricerche sui filtrati sterili e sulla metabolomica simbiontica aprono scenari futuri di prodotti - Post-biotici (frammenti di organismi o metaboliti) - Terapia con batteriofagi - Terapia con mtaboliti fungini
- 39. Better 1 strain or multi-strain formulations?
- 40. How long should a probiotic treatment last?
- 41. Study shows: 1) The 2 strains together works better than the single strains 2) Efficacy (prevention) for 6 months treatment in healthy children - Doppio cieco, controllato con placebo - 326 bambini, Età 3-5 anni - Durata dello studio 6 mesi Pediatrics, Leyer G.J. et al, July 27, 2009;124;e172-e179
- 43. Studies show that at least 1 billion living organisms/dose/day is needed to have «probiotic» effect
- 44. Is there any health risk using probiotics?
- 45. Probiotics are generally safe and well tolerated. Use in critical, immunodeficient, concurrent treatment with immunosuppressors is controindicated
- 47. Ringel et al. Probiotic Bacteria lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis BI- 07 versus placebo for the symptoms of bloating in patients with functional bowel disorders – a double blind study. J Clin Gastroenterology 2011;45(6):518-25. 3 4 5 6 7 Baseline 4 weeks 8 weeks Active probiotic group Placebo Group P = 0.009 ° ° Comparison between the groups at each time point Significantly less bloating after 4 and 8 wks treatment with NCFM® and BI-07 N=60 (31 probiotics, 29 placebo) Patients with FBD Probiotics
- 48. Definition: “A nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health”. Gibson & Roberfroid. J NUtr 1995; 125:1401-12 Prebiotics • Gibson, Roberfroid et al. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2004;17(2):259-75. • Delzenne et al. Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides. Br J Nutr 2005;93:S157-61. • Meyet et al. The bifidogenic effect of inulin and oligofructose and its consequences for gut health. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009:63(11):1277-89.
- 49. Prebiotics
- 50. Prebiotics Roberfroid et al. Prebiotic effects : metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr2010;104:suppl2:S1-63 • Stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria • Increase production of N-butyrate • Modulate immunological biomarkers • Improve the well-being of patients with IBD or IBS • Possible role in the reduction of colon cancer • Increase Calcium absorption • Are dietary fibres Inulin & Oligofructose
- 52. MALABSORPTION DEFICIENCIES Priority micronutrients for DRV’s (Dietary reference values) MINERALS -Calcium -Potassium -Iron -Zinc -Iodine -Manganese -Copper VITAMINS -Folate -Vitamin C -Vitamin A -Vitamin D -Iodine OTHERS -Choline SINU Congress 2013 EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1458 [30 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1458 EURRECA/WHO Workshop report: “Deriving micronutrient recommendations: updating best practices”
- 53. Vitamin D Prevalenza di carenza di Vitamina D in Italia (Anziani e giovani) e confronto con altri paesi Europei. (1-3) 1) Adami “Linee Guida su prevenzione e trattamento dell’ipovitaminosi D con colecalciferolo” Reumatismo 2011 2) M. Gonzalez-Gross et al. British Journal of Nutrition (2012), 107, 755–764 3) Adami et al Bone 2008 & Isaia et al OI 2003
- 54. - SUVIMAX-study : number of people that does not reach the A.R. for magnesium ‐ 77 % of women ‐ 72 % of men Galan P et al. Dietary magnesium intake in a French adult population Magnes Res; 1997;10(4):321-8. Magnesium
- 55. CELLULAR PROTECTION CELLULAR RESTORATION OXYDATIVE STRESS Strenghten the anti-oxidative function
- 56. OXYDATIVE STRESS
- 57. (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid) • Compound present in all body cells • Converted into dihydrolipoic acid, also an AOX • Alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid = strong AOX pair • Water and fat soluble • Recycle other antioxidants (vit C, vit E, glutathione, coQ10) Alpha lipoic acid Petersen et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement : molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1790(10):1149-60.
- 58. EGCG – Epi Gallo Catechin Gallate (Green tea extract) • Green tea : rich in catechins (polyphenols) • EGCG : richest catechin • Protects cells from lipid peroxidation and DNA damage Polyphenols as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for CV protection. Tipoe et al. Cardiovasc Hemat Disord Drug Targets 2007;7(2):135-44.
- 59. INFLAMMATION Stimulate the anti-inflammatory function
- 60. Curcumin • Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant agent • Principal curcuminoid of the turmeric • EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION BIO-OPTIMIZED FORMULATION OF CURMUMINE AKA MICELLAR CAN BE 1.350 TIMES MORE BIOAVAILABLE THAN CURCUMINE EXTRACTS • Menon et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:105-25 • Jurenka J et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of curcuma longa : a review of preclinical & clinical research : Altern Med Rev 2009;14(2):141-53. Cell membrane Arachidonic acid Prostaglandins Inflammation Inflammation PLA2 COX2 PLA2 COX2Curcumin NF-kB
- 61. Is it possible to combine those active ingredients into one single formula? • L-glutamine : since years used for GI function in patients with IBS, IBD, after surgery, cancertherapy, radiotherapy,... • Probiotics : > Safe and effective strains with strong evidence of supprting GI health • Prebiotics : > mix of FOS and Inuline • Anti-oxidants : 2 highly published anti-oxidants • Anti inflammatory agent: bio-optimized curcumin and/or Boswellic acids • Vitamines in active forms • Minerals in bioavailable forms
- 62. 75 Studio permeabilità Policlinico Gemelli 33 Patients with IBS and augmented intestinal permeability
- 63. 28 patients carried out the second measurement of permeability. Average 51CrEDTA score was 7,43 (SD: ±2,75) at start 5,93 (SD: ± 2,7333) after treatment (P=0.089). Average value EQ-5D VAS was 40.0 (SD: ±14,86) at start 64.6 (SD: ± 9) after treatment (P<0.0001). +61.5% Trend diminuzione “A multimodal approach, with a combination of different agents with a therapeutic action, seems to be effective both in improving intestinal permeability and in improving symptoms” INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY Cr-EDTA SYMTOMS- EQ-5D VAS A multimodal approach, with a combination of different agents with a therapeutic action, seems to be effective both in improving intestinal permeab
- 64. 50 athletes 705 athletes at start (7%) 47 athletes trained their gut for 1 month before the competition End of training Athletes used micronutrition foormula during the competition together with regular meals The study: FORM 1 N=47 FORM 2 N=47 FORM 3 N=41
- 65. RESULTS: • 24 athlets/47 report 1 or more benefit linked to the treatment (51 %) during training and copetition GENERAL AND GI BENEFITS • 11 Athletes report more energy and resistence (23,4%) MORE ENERGY AND RESISTENCE • 1 /42 athlet drop-out from the treatment group (2,3%) • 6/50 atlets drop-out from the control group for GI reasons) 5 TIME LESS DROP-OUT FOOR GI PROBLEMS IN TREATMENT GROUP DROP-OUT FOR GI REASON DURING COMPETITION
- 66. • High salt consumption -> Th17 (pro-inflammatory cells) • Vitamin deficiency A -> alterations of commensal microbial flora; variation in the expression of MUC2 and defensin 6 proteins (changes in the mucosal layer and reduction in anti-microbial peptides); • Vitamin deficiency D -> greater susceptibility to epithelium, decreased Treg cells • Zinc deficiency -> alterations of ZO-1 protein expression, occludine and F-actin • Food additives -> interference with tight junctions protein/mucus • Alcohol -> altered distribution of ZO-1 and occludin proteins Impact of Nutrition on GI Barrier
- 67. • EPA and DHA -> promote the synthesis of ZO-1 and occludin-1 proteins, epigenetic modulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) • Vitamin D -> promotes the synthesis of ZO-1 and Claudina-1 (tight junctions) and E-cadherin (adherent junctions) proteins • Flavonoids (quercetin, miricetin, canferol) -> increase of claudin-4 protein expression and assembly of ZO-2, occludine and claudin-1 proteins in tight junctions Impact of Nutrition on GI Barrier
- 68. • Caloric intake should fullfill energetic needs • Protein intake should be from 0,60 to 1,25 grams/kg/12 Hours • Water Na, K, Mg, Cl intake should be monitored and adapted • Diet should provide 25-30g fibers/day better if soluble fibers • Vitamins, minerals, essential AA intake should be monitored and supplemented if needed • Plant based diets aka MEDITERRANEAN or evolutionary diet provides a lot of anti-oxidants, epigenetic modulators • Diet should respect as much as possible chronobiologic rithms • Training sessions should respect digestion time needs • Alcol and stimulants should be avoided (caffeine ok only for fast metabolizers) • Supplementation should be monitored and personalized by HCP • Attention to pain killers, NSAIDs, IPP that can disrupt gut barrier REAL FOOD ONLY – NO JUNK OR SHIT FOOD
- 69. • GI Health is a pillar for general health AND performance in athletes • Sport can be both helpful AND detrimental for GI health • Intense and prolonged effort promote alterations of gastrointestinal barrier • Strategic micronutritional and dietary interventions can train the gut to better withstand acute and sport linked acute and chronic stress • Med diet as well as other balanced appropriate diet based on REAL FOOD is the best choice for GI in athlets • Quality of micronutrients and bioactive substances is important and we should always choose bio-active and bioavailable micronutrients
- 70. Contatti: msal37@gmail.com +39 3663461468 https://www.linkedin.com/in/mauriziosalamone http://www.slideshare.net/Maurizio37 https://www.facebook.com/maurizio.salamone Maurizio Salamone, biologo Direttore Scientifico - Metagenics Italia srl. Società Internazionale di Neuropsicocardiologia Disclaimer: Maurizio Salamone is employe of Metagenics Italia srl