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This document compares destructive and non-destructive testing methods for concrete in Sudan. Two concrete grades (25 MPa and 30 MPa) were tested using crushing tests, tensile tests, rebound hammer tests, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests at various ages. Crushing tests produced the most accurate strength results when compared to the designated strengths, while rebound hammer tests initially overestimated strengths. Non-destructive tests were more sensitive to variations but provided reasonable strength estimates over time. Destructive tests were concluded to produce more logical results consistent with known concrete behavior.
![IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. VI (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 44-48
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -
A Comparative Study
Adil M. EL-Bashir¹, Salih EL-Hadi. M. Ahmed²
1- Head Stimation Department,engineering administration sudan university of seince and technology
2-Professor of structural engineering , sudan university of seince and technology
Abstract: The aim of the research contained in this study is to check the applicability of the destructive and
non-destructive techniques in concrete , to make such comparison between destructive and non-destructive tests
Two grades of concrete were considered, grade 25 and grade 30 N/mm² . For each grade 24 cubes and three
beams were casted and tested. Two destructive tests were made(crushing test and tensile strength test) and two
non- destructive tests were considered(rebound hammer test and ultra-sonic pulse velocity test). These tests
were conducted in different intervals of time from the date of cast (7, 14, 28 and 56 days). Cubes were tested for
crushing, hammer and ultra-sonic pulse velocity tests. Beams were tested for tensile strength after 28 days .
According to the designated compressive strength after 28 days crushing test show good results, Non-
destructive tests is very sensitive to local variations in the concrete (aggregate particles, voids, steel, cracks,
experience of the operator,…,etc) (Bungy&Millard,2004)[1] so for as measure of concrete strength this type of
test may can not be a reliable test.
I. Introduction
There are two commonly used structural materials concrete and steel. Steel is manufactured under
carefully controlled conditions; the properties of every type of steel are determined in a laboratory and described
in manufacturers certificates. But on a concrete building site the situation is totally different(Nevile,1990) [2] .
Concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregate and water but can give bad or good concrete, many
factors influence this product , the first factors are the ratio and the quality of the constituents of the mix.
Tests made for quality control to obtain a good concrete which means in the hardened stage high
compressive strength, volume stability , durablility , high density, impermeability , high resistance to abrasion ,
high resistance to impact , good tensile strength and resistance to sulphate , . . . , etc . and at the fresh stage the
concrete can be properly compacted , transported , placed and finished sufficiently easily without segregation .
The hardened concrete properties mentioned above are seriously affected by its degree of compaction at the
fresh stage.
There are two kinds of tests which are done on hardened concrete, these are non-destructive tests and
destructive tests.In non-destructive test, the sample is not destroyed and this test is very useful in determining or
estimating the strength of existing buildings or structures (detection of cracks, flaws, imperfections,
permeability and absorption characteristics of concrete ) (Mehta&Monteriro,2006) [3] where as in destructive
test a sample is made and then destroyed to find out the strength of concrete. Compression test is the sample of
destructive tests, here the non-destructive tests :- rebound hammer test and ultra sonic pulse velocity test.
II. Materials and methods:
2-1 Materials: To reach the purpose of this research, an experimental laboratory study was developed using the
following materials:
2-1-1 cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) Procured from Atbara cement company(sudan) was used
through out this research.
2-1-2 coarse aggregate : the gravel used in this study is uncrushed with crushing value equals 23%.
2-1-3 fine aggregate:the type of the sand used is a coarse sand.
2-1-4 water:water from the public main supply was used for the production and the curing of the concrete cubes
and beams.
2-2 Methods:
2-2-1variables:As a primary study two grades of concrete were designed. Concrete grade 25 N/mm² after 28
days and grade 30. Specimens casted and tested at 7 , 14 , 28 , and 56 days.
2-2-2 specimens determination: For every grade of concrete 24 cubes and 3 beams were tested ,the dimensions
of the cubes are 150mmx150mmx150mm and the beams are 100mmx100mmx500mm (Beatrix&Panarese,2003)
[4] so 48 cubes and 6 beams were tested.
2-2-3 Design of the mix: The design has been made according to the British standards, the constituent ratios for
the two grades are shown in table (1) and table(2).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h012664448-160727044547/85/H012664448-1-320.jpg)
![Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -A Comparative Study
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
Table 1 composition of the mix for grade 25N/mm² at 28 days
The constituent ratios were kept unchanged for all cubes and beams.
The quantity of each ingredient was calculated on the basis of 1 cubic meter using the above mix design ratios
and by taking the density of fresh concrete as 2385 kg/m³.
Table 2 Composition of the mix for grade 30N/mm² at 28 days
The constituent ratios were kept unchanged for all cubes and beams.
The quantity of each ingredient was calculated on the basis of 1 cubic meter using the above mix design ratios
and by taking the density of fresh concrete as 2385 kg/m³(BS 1881:Part111,1983) [5].
2-2-4Testing of the specimens:
Ι- cubes after preparing , grinding and weighing tested using ultra- sonic pulse velocity test by a
56.1khz transducers and reference bar, transit time is detected as 3 readings for each
cube(BS1881Part203)[6]and (ASTMc597) [7], the cube then fixed at the crushing machine at about 170 KN
force the position of the cubes is at right angles to the position as casted , 12 points of the rebound position
were detected for every cube(BS1881Part207) [8] , the load applied to the cube is raised by a constant rate
within a range of 0.2 to 0.4 Mpa /s till failure and the crushing strength is reported(BS 1881:Part108,1983) [9]. 6
cubes are tested from concrete grade 25 and the other from concrete grade 30 so 48 cubes are tested at 7 , 14 ,28
and 56 days from the date of casting .
ΙΙ- Beams testing: After 28 days from the date of casting, beams after grinding and alignment were tested on
there side in relation to the cast position(BS 1881:Part118,1983) [10] at a rate
of increase in stress in the bottom fiber of 0.02 Mpa/s till failure(BS 5328,1997) [11] so 6 beams are tested for
the two grades of concrete.
III. Results and discussions:
3-1discussion of compressive strength test results :
Table (3) shows results of compressive strength test for the two grades of concrete at different ages of
concrete for more details see figure (1).
Table (3) crushing test results
Test periods
days
Compressive strength fcu
N/mm2
Concrete grade 25 Concrete grade 30
7 19.15 23.48
14 24.8 27
28 27.6 30.1
56 40,17 43.61
constituent Weight( kg/m³)
Water content 180
Cement 330
Fine aggregate 750 kg/m³
Coarse aggregate 1125 kg/m³
constituent Weight( kg/m³)
Water content 180
Cement 360
Fine aggregate 740
Coarse aggregate 1105](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h012664448-160727044547/85/H012664448-2-320.jpg)
![Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -A Comparative Study
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
Figure 3 Percentages of actual compressive strength from the designated compressive strength at 28 day for
various tests for grade 30
IV. Conclusions
The following conclusions are made based on the results of the present study:
1-According to The designated compressive strength after 28 days crushing test show best results.
2-Destructive tests results more logic and the shapes of the graphs is best than non-destructive tests according
to the known concrete graphs.
3-Tensile strength is found to be 8% of actual compressive strength.
References
[1]. BUNGY,J.H&MILLARD, S, G, 2004, ((Testing of concrete in structures)).
[2]. Neville, A, M & Brooks,1990,(( Concrete Technology )) Singapore, Person Education Asia Pte Ltd.
[3]. Mehta, P. Kumar & Monteriro Paulo ,J,M,2006,((Concrete [micro structure, properties and materials])), McGraw hill, Third edition
[4]. Beatrix, steven, H, Kosmatka & Panarese, William, C.2003, ((Design and control of concrete mixtures, SKOKI, Illinois, USA, 40th
Edition.
[5]. BS1881:Part111:1983, Testing concrete, method of normal curing of test specimens, British standards institution, London.
[6]. BS1881:part203Recommendations for measurement of velocity of ultrasonic pulses in concrete. British standards Institution,
London.
[7]. ASTMc597standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, American society for testing and materials. Philadelphia.
[8]. BS1881:part207Recommendations for the assessment of concrete strength by near-to-surface tests, British Standard Institution,
London.
[9]. BS1881:Part111:1983, Testing concrete, method of normal curing of test specimens, British standards institution, London.
[10]. BS1881:Part118:1983,Determination of flexural strength, British Standard Institution, London.
[11]. BS5328:1997, Concrete guide to specifying concrete, British standards institution, London
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
age (week)
Comp.test
Humm.test
Ultra.test](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h012664448-160727044547/85/H012664448-5-320.jpg)
H012664448
- 1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. VI (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 44-48 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan - A Comparative Study Adil M. EL-Bashir¹, Salih EL-Hadi. M. Ahmed² 1- Head Stimation Department,engineering administration sudan university of seince and technology 2-Professor of structural engineering , sudan university of seince and technology Abstract: The aim of the research contained in this study is to check the applicability of the destructive and non-destructive techniques in concrete , to make such comparison between destructive and non-destructive tests Two grades of concrete were considered, grade 25 and grade 30 N/mm² . For each grade 24 cubes and three beams were casted and tested. Two destructive tests were made(crushing test and tensile strength test) and two non- destructive tests were considered(rebound hammer test and ultra-sonic pulse velocity test). These tests were conducted in different intervals of time from the date of cast (7, 14, 28 and 56 days). Cubes were tested for crushing, hammer and ultra-sonic pulse velocity tests. Beams were tested for tensile strength after 28 days . According to the designated compressive strength after 28 days crushing test show good results, Non- destructive tests is very sensitive to local variations in the concrete (aggregate particles, voids, steel, cracks, experience of the operator,…,etc) (Bungy&Millard,2004)[1] so for as measure of concrete strength this type of test may can not be a reliable test. I. Introduction There are two commonly used structural materials concrete and steel. Steel is manufactured under carefully controlled conditions; the properties of every type of steel are determined in a laboratory and described in manufacturers certificates. But on a concrete building site the situation is totally different(Nevile,1990) [2] . Concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregate and water but can give bad or good concrete, many factors influence this product , the first factors are the ratio and the quality of the constituents of the mix. Tests made for quality control to obtain a good concrete which means in the hardened stage high compressive strength, volume stability , durablility , high density, impermeability , high resistance to abrasion , high resistance to impact , good tensile strength and resistance to sulphate , . . . , etc . and at the fresh stage the concrete can be properly compacted , transported , placed and finished sufficiently easily without segregation . The hardened concrete properties mentioned above are seriously affected by its degree of compaction at the fresh stage. There are two kinds of tests which are done on hardened concrete, these are non-destructive tests and destructive tests.In non-destructive test, the sample is not destroyed and this test is very useful in determining or estimating the strength of existing buildings or structures (detection of cracks, flaws, imperfections, permeability and absorption characteristics of concrete ) (Mehta&Monteriro,2006) [3] where as in destructive test a sample is made and then destroyed to find out the strength of concrete. Compression test is the sample of destructive tests, here the non-destructive tests :- rebound hammer test and ultra sonic pulse velocity test. II. Materials and methods: 2-1 Materials: To reach the purpose of this research, an experimental laboratory study was developed using the following materials: 2-1-1 cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) Procured from Atbara cement company(sudan) was used through out this research. 2-1-2 coarse aggregate : the gravel used in this study is uncrushed with crushing value equals 23%. 2-1-3 fine aggregate:the type of the sand used is a coarse sand. 2-1-4 water:water from the public main supply was used for the production and the curing of the concrete cubes and beams. 2-2 Methods: 2-2-1variables:As a primary study two grades of concrete were designed. Concrete grade 25 N/mm² after 28 days and grade 30. Specimens casted and tested at 7 , 14 , 28 , and 56 days. 2-2-2 specimens determination: For every grade of concrete 24 cubes and 3 beams were tested ,the dimensions of the cubes are 150mmx150mmx150mm and the beams are 100mmx100mmx500mm (Beatrix&Panarese,2003) [4] so 48 cubes and 6 beams were tested. 2-2-3 Design of the mix: The design has been made according to the British standards, the constituent ratios for the two grades are shown in table (1) and table(2).
- 2. Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -A Comparative Study DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page Table 1 composition of the mix for grade 25N/mm² at 28 days The constituent ratios were kept unchanged for all cubes and beams. The quantity of each ingredient was calculated on the basis of 1 cubic meter using the above mix design ratios and by taking the density of fresh concrete as 2385 kg/m³. Table 2 Composition of the mix for grade 30N/mm² at 28 days The constituent ratios were kept unchanged for all cubes and beams. The quantity of each ingredient was calculated on the basis of 1 cubic meter using the above mix design ratios and by taking the density of fresh concrete as 2385 kg/m³(BS 1881:Part111,1983) [5]. 2-2-4Testing of the specimens: Ι- cubes after preparing , grinding and weighing tested using ultra- sonic pulse velocity test by a 56.1khz transducers and reference bar, transit time is detected as 3 readings for each cube(BS1881Part203)[6]and (ASTMc597) [7], the cube then fixed at the crushing machine at about 170 KN force the position of the cubes is at right angles to the position as casted , 12 points of the rebound position were detected for every cube(BS1881Part207) [8] , the load applied to the cube is raised by a constant rate within a range of 0.2 to 0.4 Mpa /s till failure and the crushing strength is reported(BS 1881:Part108,1983) [9]. 6 cubes are tested from concrete grade 25 and the other from concrete grade 30 so 48 cubes are tested at 7 , 14 ,28 and 56 days from the date of casting . ΙΙ- Beams testing: After 28 days from the date of casting, beams after grinding and alignment were tested on there side in relation to the cast position(BS 1881:Part118,1983) [10] at a rate of increase in stress in the bottom fiber of 0.02 Mpa/s till failure(BS 5328,1997) [11] so 6 beams are tested for the two grades of concrete. III. Results and discussions: 3-1discussion of compressive strength test results : Table (3) shows results of compressive strength test for the two grades of concrete at different ages of concrete for more details see figure (1). Table (3) crushing test results Test periods days Compressive strength fcu N/mm2 Concrete grade 25 Concrete grade 30 7 19.15 23.48 14 24.8 27 28 27.6 30.1 56 40,17 43.61 constituent Weight( kg/m³) Water content 180 Cement 330 Fine aggregate 750 kg/m³ Coarse aggregate 1125 kg/m³ constituent Weight( kg/m³) Water content 180 Cement 360 Fine aggregate 740 Coarse aggregate 1105
- 3. Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -A Comparative Study DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page Figure (1) Compressive strength test for the two grades of concrete at different ages. 3-2 Discussion of tensile test results: Tables (4) and (5) shows the results of tensile test on beams tested at 28days and Table (6) shows Percentages of modulus of rapture (tensile strength) from actual compressive strength at 28 &56 days . Table (4.) Results of tensile test on beams tested at 28 days (grade (25)). Beam No Weight (kg) Failure load p(kN) Tensile strength (modulus of repture) N/mm² Average (modulus of repture) N/mm² 1 12.100 80 3.2 3.32 12.080 85 3.4 3 12.080 80 3.2 Table (5) Results of tensile test on beams tested at 28 days (grade (30)). Beam No Weight (kg) Failure load p(kN) Tensile strength (modulus of repture) N/mm Average (modulus of repture) N/mm² 1 12.200 95 3.8 3.52 12.270 80 3.2 3 12.180 85 3.4 Table (6) Percentage of modulus of rapture (tensile strength) from actual compressive strength at 28 &56 days Grades Percentage of modulus of rapture % At 28 days Conc. Grade 25 12 Conc. Grade 30 12 At 56 days Conc. Grade 25 8 Conc. Grade 30 8 3-3 discussion of hammer test results : From table (7) results of hammer test, the estimated compressive strength after 7 days is more or equal to the designated compressive strength, and after 56 days the results were equal for the two grades of concrete. Table (7) hammer test results Test periods days Estimated compressive strength (N/mm²) Concrete grade 25 Concrete grade 30 After 7 28 30.63 14 30.33 31.33 28 33.5 33 56 37.15 36.42 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 25 30 35 40 45 Compressivestrength(N/mm 2 ) age (week) grade25 grade30
- 4. Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -A Comparative Study DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page 3-4 Discussion of ultra-sonic pulse velocity test results: From table (8)results of ultra-sonic pulse velocity test, the estimated compressive strength after 7 days is almost 60% of the calculated 28 day compressive strength Table (8) ultra-sonic pulse velocity test results Test periods days Estimated compressive strength (N/mm²) Concrete grade 25 Concrete grade 30 7 16.28 19.5 14 26.8 27.12 28 40.13 41.87 56 43.8 44.5 3-5Comparison between the tests in the designated compressive strength: Table (9) shows the percentages of overall actual compressive strength that found from the designated compressive strength at 28 day. For more details figure (2) shows the actual compressive strength for various tests for concrete grade 25 After one week hammer test show high result which is 112% from the designated compressive strength at 28 day.After 1½ week crushing test and ultra-sonic test show equal results about 90%.After 2½ week crushing test and ultra-sonic test show equal results about 125%.After 6 ½ week crushing and hammer tests show equal results about 140%. Figure (3) shows the actual compressive strength for concrete grade 30 After one week hammer test show high result which is 102% from the designated compressive strength at 28 day.After 2 weeks crushing test and ultra-sonic test show equal results about 90%.After 2½ week crushing and hammer tests show equal results about 105%.After 5 weeks crushing and hammer tests show equal results about 112%. Table (9) Percentages of actual cube compressive strength from the designated compressive strength . Test Periods days Conc. grades Compressive strength comparisons(N/mm²) Test result Compr. fcu Test Hammer test Ultra-sonic.test 7 Grade 25 19.15 76.6% 28 112% 16.28 65.1% Grade 30 23.48 78.3% 30.63 102% 19.5 65% 14 Grade 25 24.8 99.2% 30.33 121% 26.8 107.2% Grade 30 27 90% 31.33 104.4% 27.12 90.4% 28 Grade 25 27.6 110.4% 33.5 134% 40.13 160.5% Grade 30 30.1 100.3% 33 110% 41.87 139.6% 56 Grade 25 40.17 160.7% 37.15 148.6% 43.8 175.2% Grade 30 43.61 145.4% 36.42 121.4% 44.5 148.3% Figure 2 Percentages of actual compressive strength from the designated compressive strength at 28 day for various tests for grade 25 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Compressivestrength(%) age (week) Compr.test Humm.test Ultra.test
- 5. Destructive and Non- Destructive Testing for Concrete in Sudan -A Comparative Study DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664448 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page Figure 3 Percentages of actual compressive strength from the designated compressive strength at 28 day for various tests for grade 30 IV. Conclusions The following conclusions are made based on the results of the present study: 1-According to The designated compressive strength after 28 days crushing test show best results. 2-Destructive tests results more logic and the shapes of the graphs is best than non-destructive tests according to the known concrete graphs. 3-Tensile strength is found to be 8% of actual compressive strength. References [1]. BUNGY,J.H&MILLARD, S, G, 2004, ((Testing of concrete in structures)). [2]. Neville, A, M & Brooks,1990,(( Concrete Technology )) Singapore, Person Education Asia Pte Ltd. [3]. Mehta, P. Kumar & Monteriro Paulo ,J,M,2006,((Concrete [micro structure, properties and materials])), McGraw hill, Third edition [4]. Beatrix, steven, H, Kosmatka & Panarese, William, C.2003, ((Design and control of concrete mixtures, SKOKI, Illinois, USA, 40th Edition. [5]. BS1881:Part111:1983, Testing concrete, method of normal curing of test specimens, British standards institution, London. [6]. BS1881:part203Recommendations for measurement of velocity of ultrasonic pulses in concrete. British standards Institution, London. [7]. ASTMc597standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, American society for testing and materials. Philadelphia. [8]. BS1881:part207Recommendations for the assessment of concrete strength by near-to-surface tests, British Standard Institution, London. [9]. BS1881:Part111:1983, Testing concrete, method of normal curing of test specimens, British standards institution, London. [10]. BS1881:Part118:1983,Determination of flexural strength, British Standard Institution, London. [11]. BS5328:1997, Concrete guide to specifying concrete, British standards institution, London 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 age (week) Comp.test Humm.test Ultra.test