History of Computer Programming Languages.pptx
- 2. By Ali Abbas Jamali, BS Bio Informatics Department of Bioinformatics Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad
- 3. Introduction
- 4. Classification of Programming Languages
- 6. Machine-level language The machine-level language is a language that consists of a set of instructions that are in the binary form 0 or 1. As we know that computers can understand only machine instructions, which are in binary digits, i.e., 0 and 1, so the instructions given to the computer can be only in binary codes. Creating a program in a machine-level language is a very difficult task as it is not easy for the programmers to write the program in machine instructions. It is error-prone as it is not easy to understand, and its maintenance is also very high. A machine-level language is not portable as each computer has its machine instructions, so if we write a program in one computer will no longer be valid in another computer. The different processor architectures use different machine codes, for example, a PowerPC processor contains RISC architecture, which requires different code than intel x86 processor, which has a CISC architecture.
- 7. Assembly Language The assembly language contains some human-readable commands such as mov, add, sub, etc. The problems which we were facing in machine- level language are reduced to some extent by using an extended form of machine-level language known as assembly language. Since assembly language instructions are written in English words like mov, add, sub, so it is easier to write and understand. As we know that computers can only understand the machine-level instructions, so we require a translator that converts the assembly code into machine code. The translator used for translating the code is known as an assembler. The assembly language code is not portable because the data is stored in computer registers, and the computer has to know the different sets of registers. The assembly code is not faster than machine code because the assembly language comes above the machine language in the hierarchy, so it means that assembly language has some abstraction from the hardware while machine language has zero abstraction.
- 8. High-Level Language The high-level language is a programming language that allows a programmer to write the programs which are independent of a particular type of computer. The high-level languages are considered as high-level because they are closer to human languages than machine-level languages. When writing a program in a high-level language, then the whole attention needs to be paid to the logic of the problem. A compiler is required to translate a high-level language into a low-level language. Advantages of a high-level language *The high-level language is easy to read, write, and maintain as it is written in English like words. *The high-level languages are designed to overcome the limitation of low-level language, i.e., portability. The high-level language is portable; i.e., these languages are machine-independent.
- 9. History The first programming language was created in 1843 before computers even existed. Ada Lovelace, a female mathematician, developed an algorithm that she ended up writing down on paper to remember since there were no computers. Programming languages have evolved tremendously since then, but this certainly was a monumental moment in the history of computer programming languages.
- 10. Important Historical Events in the Development of Programming Languages There are many important events that led up to the creation of human-readable codes that we use today to perform everyday technological duties. Below, I will list several of the important events that you should know about when it comes to the history of programming languages. Ada Lovelace machine algorithm development in 1843 Ada Lovelace created the very first machine algorithm in 1843, which was the beginning of the invention of programming languages. She created this algorithm for the Difference Machine, which was a calculating machine that was constructed in the 1820s by the mathematician Charles Babbage. Konrad Zuse created Plankalkul in early 1940s In the early 1940s, Konrad Zuse created the programming language that was called Plankalkul. This was the very first high-level programming language developed for computers. It stored several codes that could be used repeatedly by engineers to perform certain operations routinely. Assembly language and shortcode were first put into effect in 1949 In 1949, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was the first to use assembly language, which was considered to be a low-level computer programming language that broke down the complex language of machine codes. This means that the instructions to work a computer were put into more simplified terms. Shortcode was first mentioned by John McCauley in early 1949, but it was not used until late 1949 and early 1950 by William Schmitt to benefit the procedures of the BINAC computer as well as the UNIVAC.
- 11. Assembly language and shortcode were first put into effect in 1949 In 1949, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was the first to use assembly language, which was considered to be a low-level computer programming language that broke down the complex language of machine codes. This means that the instructions to work a computer were put into more simplified terms. Shortcode was first mentioned by John McCauley in early 1949, but it was not used until late 1949 and early 1950 by William Schmitt to benefit the procedures of the BINAC computer as well as the UNIVAC.
- 12. Autocode was the first compiled programming language to be used in 1952 In 1952, Alick Glennie created the term Autocode which means “a family of programming languages.” He was a computer scientist who initially used autocode for the Mark 1 computer. It was the very first compiled programming language to be used to translate machine code through a special program called the compiler.
- 13. John Backus developed FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN) in 1957 In 1957, John Backus implemented the FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN), which is the oldest computer programming language that is still being used today around the nation. The FORTRAN was developed to solve mathematical, statistical, and scientific problems.
- 14. Algorithmic language (ALGOL) and List Processor (LISP) both created in 1958 Algorithmic language (ALGOL) and List Processor (LISP) were both created in 1958. ALGOL was developed by several European and American computer scientists and was considered to be the very beginning of many popular programming languages including C, Java, C++, and Pascal. John McCarthy created LISP for artificial intelligence (AI) purposes. It is currently one of the oldest computer programming languages still being used. Many individuals and businesses are continuing to use LISP instead of other programs such as Python or Ruby.
- 15. Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) was invented by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper in 1959 The Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) was first invented in 1959 by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper. This was a huge milestone for the history of programming languages as it is the computer programming language behind ATMs, cellular device and landline telephones, traffic signals, credit card processors, and so much more. COBOL was put into place to run on all computer types and is still regularly used by bank systems today.
- 16. Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) was created in 1964 Students attending Dartmouth College created the Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) in 1964. Its purpose was to help students who did not have much comprehension of computers or math. Later on, Paul Allen and Bill Gates worked further on this programming language, and it became Microsoft’s first sold product.
- 17. PASCAL was implemented in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth implemented PASCAL and named it after the famous mathematician Blaise Pascal. It was originally created to help individuals learn how to use programming languages, and Apple was one of the top companies supporting it due to its simplified and easy process.
- 18. Smalltalk, C, and SQL all originated in 1972 Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adele Goldberg designed Smalltalk to help computer programmers alter programming languages. This eventually led to the creation of several programs such as Java, Ruby, and Python. C was created by Dennis Ritchie to use solely with the operating system called Unix. The reason it was given the name “C” is because it was a newer programming language that derived from the language “B.”. Apple, Google, and Facebook are a few of the top tech companies that are still using the C programming language. Structured Query Language (SQL) was first generated by Donald Chamberlain and Raymond Boyce to change and view important data that was stored on computers. Many businesses still use SQL today including Accenture and Microsoft.
- 19. Jean Ichbiah led the creation of Ada in the early 1980s Jean Ichbiah led the construction of Ada, which was named after the first person to ever use programming languages, Ada Lovelace. Ada is a high-level computer programming language and is commonly used to control air traffic in various countries such as Belgium, Germany, and Australia.
- 20. C++ and Objective-C both were produced in 1983 In 1983, the C programming language was altered and transformed to become C++ by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ had new features that C was missing, such as templates, classes, and virtual tasks. C++ is known to be one of the best programming languages and even won an award in 2003. Many programs use C++ including Microsoft Office, gaming platforms, Adobe Photoshop, and so much more. Objective-C was produced in 1983 by Tom Love and Brad Cox and is the leading computer programming language used for all Apple systems including iOs and macOS.
- 21. Larry Wall launched Perl in 1987 Perl was launched in 1987 by Larry Wall. It originally was created to edit text, but it is now mostly used for a variety of different purposes within database applications, graphic programs, network programs, and more.
- 22. Haskell was formed in 1990 Haskell was formed and named after the famous mathematician Haskell Brooks Curry in 1990. This programming language is typically used for mathematical procedures. Many businesses and organizations use Haskell for different reasons, but it is also often used to create video games.
- 23. Visual Basic and Python were both established in 1991 Microsoft constructed Visual Basic in 1991 to help users drag and drop codes through a geographical user interface. By using Visual Basic, individuals and companies are able to easily select and change a large set of codes at once. Python is one of the most well-known computer programming languages. It was established in 1991 by Guido Van Rossum to provide support to various programming styles. Yahoo, Spotify, and Google are just a few of the companies still widely using this program to this day.
- 24. Yukihiro Matsumoto developed Ruby in 1993 Ruby was developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto in 1993. Many programs inspired the creation of Ruby, such as Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, Ada, and many more. Users who use Perl usually have an objective to develop certain web applications. A few of the companies that use Ruby often are Hulu, Groupon, and Twitter.
- 25. Java, JavaScript, and PHP were first introduced in 1995 James Gosling created Java for the purpose of an interactive television project. It is one of most favored programming languages still being constantly used today on cellular devices and computers. Brendan Eich developed JavaScript in 1995 to help individuals with creating webpages, browsers, widgets, and PDF documents. Majority of websites that you access use JavaScript such as Mozilla Firefox, Gmail, and Adobe Photoshop. Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) was first introduced in 1995 as Personal Homepage. Its goal is to help individuals and businesses build and update their websites. Several companies still depend on PHP such as Wikipedia, WordPress, Facebook, and many more.
- 26. C# came about in the year 2000 In 2000, C# was put into effect by Microsoft with the purpose of merging the computing features of C++ with Visual Basic’s simplified features. C# is described as being similar to Java even though it derived from C++ and Visual Basic. All Microsoft tools and products currently use C#.
- 27. Scala and Groovy were formed in 2003 In 2003, Martin Odersky produced Scala, a mathematical programming language. It is compatible with Java, which is essential to Android’s system development. Some of the companies still using Scala are LinkedIn, Netflix, Foursquare, and Twitter. Bob McWhirter and James Strachan developed Groovy, which is a programming language that originated from Java. The purpose of Groovy is to improve efficiency and production. Starbucks and Craftbase are a couple of the well- known companies using Groovy to complete their daily tasks.
- 28. Google launched Go in 2009 In 2009, Google launched Go to solve and handle any issues that may occur when dealing with larger software systems. It consists of a very modern and easy-to-use structure, which has made it popular for companies and organizations throughout the globe to adopt. Some of these include Uber, Google, Twitch, and more.
- 29. Swift was established by Apple in 2014 In 2014, Apple implemented Swift to replace Objective-C, C++, and C. The main goal was to create a new programming language that is easier and simpler than Objective-C, C++, and C. Swift offers users a high level of versatility, which gives it the ability to be used on cellular devices, cloud applications, and on desktop computers.
- 30. Are Any of the Old Programming Languages Still Being Used? Some of the old programming languages have been put to rest, but there are many still being used today. In fact, FORTRAN has been around since 1953, and the newest version was revealed in 2018. It was created at IBM and has been updated and modified for use on the latest high-speed computers. COBOL is another programming language that is still being widely used. It was developed in 1959, and banks rely on it heavily to this day for in-person transactions as well as ATM transactions.
- 31. Most Popular Programming Languages in the Technological World Today There are so many programming languages that have gained popularity over the last few decades. The use of technology has been continuously increasing at a faster rate than ever expected. This has also increased the use and need of programming languages. The following are a few of the computer programming languages that are being used the most by companies today: *JavaScript *SQL *Java *HTML/CSS *.NET/C#
- 32. Conclusion As you can see, the history of programming languages is very interesting, ongoing, and has come such a long way over almost two centuries. It is incredible to think about how a written algorithm in the 1840s led to the present-day programming languages that are still being used. From mathematicians using machine codes to top companies using high-level, readable code on supercomputers, programming languages have made a fantastic transition. It is exciting to think about what the future in technology may hold, as computer programming is expected to continue developing, changing, and transforming. Undoubtedly, better programming languages than we currently have will be configured, and some of the top codes being used right now will be known as the best in the history of programming languages
- 33. Thanks