History of computers
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This document summarizes the history of early computing devices, beginning with ancient counting tools like the abacus and continuing through mechanical calculators and computers of the 18th-20th centuries. It describes the abacus (invented by the Chinese around 4000 BC), Napier's Bones (a 16th century manually operated calculating device), Pascaline (the first mechanical calculator created by Blaise Pascal in 1642), the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine (mechanical computers designed by Charles Babbage in the 1820s-1830s which used punch cards), the Tabulating Machine (a 1890 mechanical tabulator and precursor to IBM), and concludes with a description of the Mark I computer, the first programm
History of computers
- 1. History of Computers Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 1
- 2. The first counting device was used by the primitive people by using stones, sticks, bones and marking on objects. 1. Abacus Abacus is believed to be the first computer. Invented by Chinese around 4,000 years ago. It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them. Beads are moved according to some rule to perform arithmetic calculations. Still widely used in countries like Japan ,China and Russia. Fig.1: Abacus Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 2
- 3. 2. Napier's Bones John Napier (1550-1617) invented a manually Calculating device. Use 9 ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to perform multiply and division. First machine to Perform calculation using decimal points. 3. Pascaline(Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine) Invented by French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal(1642-1644),also known by name as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine, to help his father (tax accountant by profession). Believed to be first mechanical and automatic Calculator. Fig.2: Napier’s Bones Fig.3: PascalineDr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 3
- 4. Consists of wooden box with series of gears and wheels. When a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighboring wheel. Series of windows is given on the top of the wheels to read the totals. 4. Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel Developed by a German mathematician- philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz(1673) by improving Pascal's invention. It was a digital mechanical calculator where gears were replaced by fluted drums. Fig.4: Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 4
- 5. 5. Difference Engine Charles Babbage (1820s)designed mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. Uses Steam driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables. 6. Analytical Engine This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input Capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory. Fig.6: Analytical Engine Fig.5: Difference Engine Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 5
- 6. 7. Tabulating Machine Invented by an American statistician Herman Hollerith(1890). It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards with capability to tabulate statistics and record or sort data or information. Used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Hollerith also started the Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company which later became International Business Machine (IBM) in 1924. Fig.7: Tabulating Machine Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 6
- 7. 8. Differential Analyzer Analog device invented by Vannevar Bush (1930) It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States Machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations It could do 25 calculations in few minutes. Fig.8: Differential Analyzer Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 7
- 8. 9. Mark I The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark I computer was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable digital computer. Fig.9: Mark I Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 8
- 9. Source • https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer • http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html • https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/ • http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html • https://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading0 3.htm Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 9
- 10. Dr. Mirza Waseem Hussain 10