HUM102_Slides_Lecture24.pptx.gd.gdngyjet

HUM 102
REPORT WRITING SKILLS
Lecture 24
1

2
Previous Lecture
 Basics of Plagiarism
 Quotations
 Citations
 Paraphrasing
 Tips to Avoid Plagiarism

3
Referencing Style
 Citation
• Documentation of original source
• Street address for the quote
• Reference to a published/ unpublished source
• Goes parallel with your writing
• Not to be overlooked
• Mark all the sites for citations

4
Referencing Style
 What needs to be documented?
• When exact words or a unique phrases have been copied.
• When ideas presented in a book, magazine, newspaper,
web page, TV program, letter, advertisement or any other
medium have been incorporated in work.
• When any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures or
other visual material has been reprinted.
• When information is gained through interviewing or
conversing with another person, face to face, on phone or
in writing.
• When any electronically available material including

5
Referencing Style
 Why must we cite?
• To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas,
diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any
materials summarized or paraphrased.
• To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s
ideas, not stealing them, i.e., to prove that you are not
plagiarizing.
• To enhance the credibility of your research. By giving the
readers an opportunity to check out your sources for
accuracy, you inspire reader confidence.

6
Referencing Style
 HEC’s Plagiarism Policy
• In the special meeting of the commission held on 14th of
April 2007, the following was decided:
o “To preserve academic honesty and sanctity of the degrees
awarded by the Universities and Degree Awarding Institutes
in Pakistan, HEC will have a zero tolerance policy towards
any kind of Plagiarism.”

7
Referencing Style
 What need not to be documented?
• Writing your own lived experiences, your own observation
and insight, your own thoughts and your own conclusions
about a subject.
• When you are writing up your own obtained results through
lab or field experiments.
• When you use your own art work, digital photographs,
audio and video.
• When you use “common knowledge”- things like folklore,
common sense observations, myths, urban legends and
historical events (but not historical documents).

8
Referencing Style
 Methods of Citation
Parenthetic
al
References
Endnotes
Footnotes

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Referencing Style
 Footnotes
• Place a superscript number after the last word of the
quotation.
• Place the same superscript number at the beginning of the
Footnote at the bottom of the same page where the citation
occurs.
• Example:
o In traditional British East Africa, there are certain social and
cultural restrictions for young females.6
o [6] Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (New York: Random,
1918) 17.

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Referencing Style
 Endnotes
• Endnotes are written in the same way as footnotes.
• The main difference is that footnotes are placed numerically
at the foot of the very same page where direct references
are made, while Endnotes are placed numerically at the end
of the essay on a separate page entitled End notes or notes.
Example:
o The World Book Encyclopedia defines Taboo as “an action,
object, person, or place forbidden by law or culture.”1
o [1] Alan Dundes, "Taboo," World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed.
• In your work cited page, you write:

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Referencing Style
 Parenthetical references
• It is the simplest way to cite sources.
• The author's last name and page number(s) are placed in
parentheses in the text to give credit to sources. Example:
o In their Preface, the authors point out that "Learning
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible
Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is like learning any
new language, computer or human" (Musciano and
Kennedy xi).
• In your bibliography or work cited page you write
o Musciano, Chuck, and Bill Kennedy. HTML and XHTML: The

12
Referencing Style
 Referencing Styles
• APA
• MLA
• Oxford
• Harvard
• Chicago

13
Referencing Style
 Modern Language Association (MLA) [1/4]
• Direct Quotes: Less than 4 lines are placed within a
paragraph enclosed within quotation marks
• Mention the author’s last name and page number
• Joseph Conrad writes of the company manager in Heart of
Darkness, “He was obeyed, yet he inspired neither love nor fear,
nor even respect” (87)
• “The red tree vole is a crucial part of the spotted owl's diet”
(Moone 15)

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Referencing Style
• Block Quotes: quotations longer than 4 lines
• Placed separately indented by 1 inch
• At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys
realize the horror of their actions:
o The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave
himself up to them now for the first time on the island;
great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench
his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before
the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that
emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too.

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Referencing Style
• Indirect Quote: First suggestion is that try to cite directly
• Name the primary source in your original phrase
• Include the secondary source in parentheses with qtd. in
(quoted in)
• Include indirect source in work cited list. For example:
o Jackson stated that... (qtd. in Johns 14)

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Referencing Style
• In case of 2-3 authors:
o Studies have shown that more and more teachers are
changing careers after their first year of teaching.
(Posamentier, Jaye, and Krulik 55)
• In case of more than 3 authors:
o Stutts et. al. argue that language development may also
impact development in related parts of the brain (339)

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Referencing Style
 Works Cited List [1/2]
• In case of a Book: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. City:
Publisher, Year. Format
o Picoult, Jodi. The Storyteller: A Novel. New York: Emily Bestler, 2013. Print
o Posamentier, Alfred S., Daniel Jaye, and Stephen Krulik. Exemplary Practices
for Secondary Math Teachers.
o Alexandria: Assn. for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2007. Print.
• Article in a Reference Book: Brown, William F. “Collie.”
Encyclopedia Americana. Deluxe Library ed. 1997. Print.
• In case of an E-Book: Rowley, Hazel. Franklin and Eleanor: An
Extraordinary Marriage. New York: Farrar, 2010. Kindle file

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Referencing Style
 Works Cited List [2/2]
• Lastname, Firstname. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume. issue
(year): page numbers. Database name if applicable. Web. Day
month year accessed
• In case of Online Magazine Article: Duplet, Franc. “How to Duplicate
the Success of a Business.” Successful Jobs Oct. 2003: 55-58. General
Business File. Web. 28 Dec. 2008
• In case of Online Journal Article: Liller, Karen D. “Let's Sell Health.”
Journal of School Health 75.5 (2005): 187-188. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 2009
• In case of Online Newspaper Article: Robs, Jake. “10 Tips for
Negotiating a House Offer.” Miami Herald 14 June 2008: C1+. America's

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Referencing Style
 What is APA?
• The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the
most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social
sciences.
• Author-Date Citation System

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Referencing Style
 Manuscript format [1/2]
• You should:
o Use a serif typeface, as New Times Roman, for the text.
Use a sans serif typeface, as Ariel, for the figure labels.
o Double-space the entire manuscript, between body text,
titles, headings, block quotations , reference list and
figure captions.
o Indent first line of every para one -half inch.
o Align text to left-hand margin, leaving a rough right
hand margin.

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Referencing Style
 Manuscript format [2/2]
• You should:
o Print on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) (Letter)
o Use 1” margins on all sides
o Use 12 pt. Times New Roman or a similar font
o Include a page header (running head) in the upper left-
hand of every page and a page number in the upper
right-hand side of every page
o Running head be less than 50 characters

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Referencing Style
 Page 1: Title Page
• Running head: capitalized, top left hand corner
• Page number: top right-hand corner
• Full title of paper: centered, upper and lower case letters
(<12 words)
• Name of author: centered
• Author’s affiliation: centered
• Author’s note with more info about affiliation: bottom of
page
• Double spaced

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Referencing Style
 Page 1: Title Page Sample
Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
title flush left + page
number flush right.
Title:
(in the upper half of the
page, centered)
name (no title or degree)
+ affiliation (university,
etc.)

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Referencing Style
 Page 2: Abstract
• Left aligned and justified
• 150-250 words
• For keywords, first indent and then italicize

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Referencing Style
 Page 2: Abstract Sample
Page header: do NOT
include “Running head:”
Abstract: Left aligned, at
the top of the page
Write a 150- to 250- word
summary of your paper
in an accurate, concise,
and specific manner.

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Referencing Style
 Page 2: Main Body (Text)
• Title of the paper centered at the top of the page
• Double-spacing with all sections following each other
without a break
• Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical in-
text citations

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Basics
• This means that the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear in the text, e.g.,
(Ahmad, 2016).
• In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the
References section of the paper.
• Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:
o the author’s name and the date of publication
o for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the
author’s name, date of publication, and a page number

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Formatting Quotations
• When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase.
Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of
publication, the page number, but keep the citation brief –
do not repeat the information. For example:
o Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently
entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
o A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and
other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary or
Paraphrase
• Provide the author’s last name and the year of
publication in parenthesis after a summary or a
paraphrase.
• For example:
o Though feminist studies focus solely on women’s
experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the
masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary or
Paraphrase
• Several authors with different dates: Include the authors
name in a signal phrase followed by the year of publication
in parenthesis.
• For example:
o Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly
revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and
Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and
cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic
effects.

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Signal Words/Phrases
• Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.
o According to X. (2008), “…” (p. 3).
o X. (2008) argued that “…” (p. 3).
• Use such signal verbs as:
o acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded,
reported, argued, concluded, etc.
• Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in
signal phrases

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: A Work with Two Authors
• When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between
authors’ name in the signal phrase yet “&” between their
names in parenthesis.
o According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate (1997),
“It is no longer true to claim that women’s responses to
the war have been ignored” (p. 2).
o Some feminists researchers question that “women’s
responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate,
1997, p. 2).

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: A Work with Three to Five
Authors
• When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all
authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.
o (Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)
• In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name
followed by “et al.” in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
o (Harklau et al., 1993)

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: A Work with Six and More
Authors
• When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the
first author's name followed by “et al.”
o Smith et al. (2006) maintained that…
o (Smith et al., 2006)

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Organization
• When citing an organization, mention the organization the
first time when you cite the source in the signal phrase or
the parenthetical citation.
o The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration
(2008) confirmed that…
• If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include
the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited
and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
o Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed… FDA’s
experts tested…

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Same Last Name or Same
Author
• When citing authors with the same last names, use first
initials with the last names.
o (B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
• When citing two or more works by the same author
published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c)
with the year of publication to order the references.
o Smith’s (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants…

37
Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Personal Communication
• When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the
communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication.
• Do not include personal communication in the reference
list.
o A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had
difficulties with APA style (personal communication,
November 3, 2002).
o (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

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Referencing Style
 In-text Citations: Electronic Sources
• When citing an electronic document, whenever possible,
cite it in the author-date style.
• If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify
paragraph number/paragraph heading.
o According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section,
para. 6).

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Referencing Style
 Reference Page
• Center the title (References)
at the top of the page. Do not
bold it.
• Double-space reference
entries
• Flush left the first line of the
entry and indent subsequent
lines
• Order entries alphabetically
by the author’s surnames

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Referencing Style
 Reference Basics [1/2]
• Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials:
“Smith, J.Q.”)
• Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first
author of each work
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title,
and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the
second word in a hyphenated compound word.

41
Referencing Style
 Reference Basics [2/2]
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of
shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited
collections

42
Referencing Style
 Making the References List
• APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the
reference list, the strategy below might be useful:
• Identify the type of source: Is it a book? A journal article? A
webpage?
• Find a sample of citing such source in the textbook or in
OWL APA Guide:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
• “Mirror” the sample
• Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical
order and the subsequent lines are indented (Recall

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Referencing Style
 APA Tables
• Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The
label and the title appear on separate lines above the table,
flush-left and single-spaced.
• Cite a source in a note below the table.
• Table 1 : Internet users in Europe
• Note: The data are adapted from “The European Union and
Russia” (2007). Retrieved from
Country Regular
users
France 9 ml

44
Referencing Style
 Book: Format & Example
• Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title.
Additional information. City of publication: Publishing
company.
o Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America.
Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
o Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of
the imagination. New York: Random House.

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Referencing Style
 Encyclopedia &Dictionary: Format & Example
• Author’s last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of
Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication:
Publishing company.
o Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In the new
encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.
o Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

46
Referencing Style
 Magazine and Newspaper Article: Format &
Example
• Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article
title. Periodical title, volume number(issue number if
available), inclusive pages.
• pp or p without volume number/ in case of newspapers in
APA
• Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology
journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55, 893-896.
• Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's

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Referencing Style
 Website or Webpage: Format & Example [1/2]
• In case of Online Periodical: Author's name. (Date of
publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL
• In case of Online Document: Author's name. (Date of
publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from
full URL

48
Referencing Style
 Website or Webpage: Format & Example [2/2]
• Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23,
2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html
• Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from
Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
• Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a
government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before
giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-
being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
• GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
• Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22,
2005, from http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/
genmodebk.html
• Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times.
Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

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Referencing Style
 Additional APA Resources
• The Purdue OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu
• Purdue Writing Lab @ HEAV 226
• Composition textbooks
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 6th ed.
• APA’s website http://www.apastyle.org
• https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/
science-fair/writing-a-bibliography-apa-format

50
Referencing Style
 Citation Made Easy
• Microsoft Word
• Citefast
• Bib.me
• Zotero

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References
• Lane Community College Library. (2013). MLA Style Quick Sheet.
Retrieved from
https://library.lanecc.edu/sites/default/files/handouts/mla_quick.p
df
• University of Waikato. (2016). APA Referencing. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/236120/apa-
quick-guide.pdf

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Conclusions
• Methods of Citation
• Referencing Styles

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