Idbe final
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The document discusses different forms of organization for places including markets, hierarchies, and networks. It notes that no single form is perfect on its own and that mixing forms can help address their individual failures. Networks in particular are discussed as the new dominant form of social organization, with places relying on complex networks that connect various public and private actors through informal and formal relationships. The key challenge is determining how governments can best govern and pursue policy objectives within these networked environments.
Idbe final
- 1. NOT ALL PLACES CAN BE ON STEROIDS…
- 2. NOT ALL PLACES CAN BE ON STEROIDS Dr Nicola Headlam @networknicola Heseltine Institute for Public Policy & Practice University of Liverpool IDBE Summer School University of Cambridge 15th July 2013
- 3. This lecture i. introduction ii. Reflexivity and place iii. The urban industry iv.Sociological Forms of organisation – market hierarchy & network v. Meeting societal challenges
- 6. Making the link between structure and agency – changing structures mean changing roles and changing roles mean changing structures
- 7. The degeneration of regeneration Intransitive verbs – no subject no object “Big tent” 3rd way urbanism and the post-political Urban strategic milieu - policy not politics* State as conundrum (problematic) Urban “industry” & panjandrum Spatially extended product: “Brand, plan & strategy” Place marketing – symbolic and visible
- 8. – N E U T R A L I T Y N O N - O P T I O N P U R P O S I V E A C T I V I T I E S – P E R S O N A L / P R O F E S S I O N A L / E T H I C A L ii. Reflexivity & place
- 9. Reflexivity & place Urbanism and industrialisation - modernity Specialisation – professions – hierarchies A sociological imagination and the built environment POWER – always and everywhere Changes to the policy process
- 14. Exquisite paradox of “localism” “WELL THAT‟S NOT THE WAY, BUT THAT‟S NOT THE WAY THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT DOES THINGS, (Y‟KNOW) THERE‟S NOTHING ABOUT “DO IT THIS WAY”, IT‟S ABOUT CRUDELY, WE’LL CONTINUE TO MAKE YOUR LIFE SO UNPLEASANT UNTIL YOU CAN FIGURE YOURSELF INTO A WAY IN WHICH WE FIND ACCEPTABLE, IF I WERE BEING CRUDE ABOUT IT, (LAUGHTER) ERM BUT WE WON’T TELL YOU WHAT THAT IS.” (INTERVIEW MAY 2013)
- 15. Chris Hood
- 16. Long boom : austerity localism neo-liberalism squared “debate” “people not place” hands of the state right punishes / left strokes Austerity localism exit strategy for the state barnet „graph of doom‟ – scripts - technologies
- 17. postcards from the urban renaissance
- 18. 00
- 25. Masterc lasses Invited real world experts - discursive tutorial format James Rees Rupert Greenhalgh Sarah Longlands Julian Dobson
- 26. iii. Forms of organisation
- 27. R.A.W Rhodes MARKET HIERARCHY NETWORK Normative basis Contract – property rights Employment relationship Complementary strengths Means of communication Prices Routines Relational Means of conflict resolution Haggling – resort to courts Administrative Flat – supervision Reciprocity reputational concerns Degree of flexibility High Low Medium Amount of commitment among parties Low Medium High Tone or climate Precision and/or suspicion Formal bureaucratic Open-ended mutual benefit Actor preferences or choices Independent Dependent Interdependent
- 34. bureaucracy Perhaps there was a time when the term bureaucracy had a settled meaning and the institutions it defined had a standard purpose. If so this time has passed. In its place has emerged a variety of bureaucracies, temporary and fixed, public and private... this profusion of bureaucracies raises important questions concerning the work that bureaucrats do (Considine and Lewis, 1999, p. 467).
- 37. „Pure‟ markets Conditions for pure markets Associated failures I All prices are comparable; everything is traded 1 inability of market to deal with externalities 2 problem of public and merit 3 existence of good without price 4 transaction costs of exchanges II market entry is without barriers – multiple providers and purchasers 5 barriers exist to market entry 6 inequalities exist 7 failures of confidence exist III maintenance of high volume of transactions IV market participants perfectly informed 8 Practical obstacles V Economy and polity separated 9 Powerful interests created by 5 & 6 become insiders
- 39. Yes and no… Hierarchy, generally, is losing its legitimacy while partnership is in the ascendant as different interest groups flex their muscles and individuals start to take back control of their lives from organizations and governments. (Handy, 2004: 98)
- 40. A definition Governance refers to the processes through which organisations and institutions articulate interest, mediate differences, formulate and implement policy, exercise rights and obligations, manage resources and perform functions. Ultimately, governance is about people: structures, institutions, policies and, above all, relationships.
- 41. Another definition Governance can be defined as the capacity of a country’s institutional matrix (in which individual actors, firms, social groups, civic organisations and policy makers interact with each other) to implement and enforce public policies and to improve private sector co-ordination (Ahrens 2002)
- 42. (yet) another definition Governance is an emergent set of practices and processes based on a set of assumptions; a redefinition of patterns of legitimacy and effectiveness a redefinition of scales of public action co-evolution of the institutional context for public action
- 43. Who might the state act with? K E Y Q U E S T I O N 3 : I N P U R S U I T O F I T S ’ P U B L I C P O L I C Y O B J E C T I V E S …
- 46. Figure 1 Combination of market, hierarchy and network (Thompson et al, 1991pg 17) H NM
- 47. Figure 1 Network encompassing market and hierarchy (Thompson et al, 1991pg 18) N H M
- 48. Mixed models? More stable? The distinctive problems of hierarchy, markets and networks provide an account of three forms of partnership failure...our model therefore implies that it is only by mixing hierarchical, market and network forms of co-ordination that it is possible to avoid the crippling dysfunctions associated with the pure forms (Entwistle, Bristow et al. 2007) pp 68
- 49. Jessop is not hopeful governance is the cycle of modes of co-ordination. All modes are prone to dilemmas, contradictions, paradoxes, and failures but the problems differ with the mode in question. Markets, states, and governance fail in different ways. One practical response to this situation is to combine modes of policy-making and vary their weight over time – thereby shifting the forms in which tendencies to ‘failure’ are manifested, and creating room for manoeuvre. The rediscovery of governance could mark a fresh revolution in this process – a simple cyclical response to past state failures
- 51. Manuel Castells Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies, and the diffusion of networking logic modifies the operation and outcome in process of production, experience power and culture (Castells 1996)
- 52. They are all around us, We rely on them. We are part of them Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing; no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe to them. Networks self organise, morphing and changes as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times but our institutions are not programmed to understand them (DEMOS, 2004 pg 3)
- 53. A mix, then? The existing literature on policy networks and network governance also includes a wealth of material on how governments seek to govern in an era when the certainties and solidities of modernity are perceived as melting into air. (1) strategies for co-ordination in terms of political economy (2) the changing role government relations in an environment if complex systems (3) the re-aligning of formal and informal relations between and within trans-national, national and sub-national levels and (4) the emasculation of traditional mechanisms of command and control as government shifts form hierarchy to heterarchy. The literature points to the emergence of new patterns of governance, and especially a mix of hierarchy, networks and markets” (Bevir and Richards, 2009 pp 139)
- 54. Networks; from “light” to “heavy” explanatory use. 1 network-ing inter-personal and virtual 2 policy networks 3 Market -Hierarchy-Network mix 4 Networked Community Governance ; poly- centricity and diffusion 5 “Second Generation” “Networked” Governance Mechanisms/Instruments
- 55. Good thing? Raco thinks not (i) Local Government (ii) Local Governance Bureaucratic Democratic Centralised Collectivised Municipal Pursuit of Social/Welfare Goals Flexible and responsive Post-democratic Decentralised Privatised Entrepreneurial Pursuit of Market Goals
- 56. Different types of networks
- 57. brokerage “significance within networks is given to individuals that act as connectors within a network, boundary spanners who connect networks, information brokers and people who are peripheral to the network” (Granovetter, 1975)
- 58. Karen Stephenson And having the networks mapped does not tell you about the cultural terrain you have to cross in order to lead effectively; the map is most certainly not the territory. Rather it is the lack of a coordinated leadership network within a network of hierarchies that produces the lurches, lunging and sputtering we frequently experience in government.
- 59. Planning for networks In planning theory, project planning is part of a certain regulatory system in public administration generally referred to as network governance. It developed as a consequence of new public management reforms that have been implemented in public organisations in most western european countries () Planning is increasingly exercised in a fragmented governance system consisting of numerous policy networks that stretch across public and private boundaries (horizontal governance) and across levels of public decision making (vertical governance)
- 60. further … urban planning is increasingly in a situation where interactive forms of governance supplement and sometimes supplant traditional government institutions and representative democracy. Under these circumstances a top-down comprehensive urban planning system based on subordination, control and detailed deregulation is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve.
- 61. Hybrid planner as Values and orientation Knowledge combination Collaboratio n and governance network forms Metagoverna nce forms Professional strategist Professionalism Architecture + urban planning communicatio n Political/admi nmanagement closed and elite Network framing political and professional Manager Implementation political fit Urban dev + politics + policy communicatio n Formal elistist Legal formation Network design Market planner Market, competition, financially feasible Urban and economic development communicatio n Contractors etc. Closed elitist Limited political framing financial regulation Process planner Establishment of communities and consensus. Urban development + organisations Wide political and admin Open and Politcal goals Discursive frames
- 62. 2 Examples 1) Professor Nick Crossley 2) Christakis and Fowler 3) Krebs and Holley 4) Malcolm Gladwell
- 63. Social network analysis “Network methods are seen as a means of mapping roles comprehensively, so allowing “real” qualities of social structures to be delineated …the basic presumption of SNA is that sociograms of points and lines can be used to represent agents and their social relations. The pattern of connections among these lines in a sociogram represents the relational structure of a society or social group” (Knox, 2006)
- 64. Prof. Nic Crossley Post punk music scenes Comparison with London and Manchester 2 time intervals 1976 1980 Argues that brokerage function for/of is integral to development of music scene
- 69. Medium Polarization Complete Polarization A module (“community”) is a groups of people with many ties to each other and few ties to other groups. The more modular a network is, the more polarized it is. High Polarization Low Polarization
- 70. You might think increased discussion would bring us politically closer but this map of political blogs in America shows otherwise. Online social networks appear to be strongly homophilous and polarized.
- 71. This figure of the Iranian political blogosphere shows that the government allows a wide range of political discourse -- even criticisms of the government!
- 73. Network Weaving 4 phases Scattered Fragments Hub and Spoke Small Worlds Integrated
- 78. Other key terms : Structural hole
- 84. Matthew Taylor Social networks are important; understanding and using them can make a significant contribution tapping into civic capacity and meeting public policy goals. Social networks are complex and the way they operate unpredictable. An emphasis on social networks changes not just the focus and design of public policy, but the whole way we think about success and failure.
- 85. Knowing and knitting Building sustainable communities through improving their connectivity – internally and externally- using network ties to create economic opportunities. Improved connectivity is created through an iterative process of knowing the network and knitting the network Appalachian centre for Economic Networks
- 87. v. Meeting societal challenges „Deep green‟ environmentalism - 3 planet living Spirit level type arguments : inequalities gini Decroissance movement (slow food – etc.) Anti-capitalist anti-globalisation formations : occupy Radical roots of town planning… But unease and alternate discourses counterpoint industrialisation / urbanisation forever
- 88. environmentalism
- 89. inequality
- 90. Anti-capitalism
- 91. political