IEEE Motor Presentation

IEEE Houston Section
C ti i Ed ti O D dContinuing Education On Demand
Seminar
Presentation Code: 620
April 3-4, 2007
Motor Starting
Equivalent Circuits, Starter Types, Load
Types, and Dynamics

Review of induction and synchronous motor design,
equivalent circuits for start and operation; starting,
operating and breaking operating characteristics, load
types. Review starting techniques, calculations, and
comparison.

Agenda
 Induction MotorInduction Motor
 Synchronous MotorSynchronous Motoryy
 Mechanical Train SystemMechanical Train System
 Starting, Operation and Breaking MethodsStarting, Operation and Breaking Methodsg, p gg, p g
 Special ConsiderationSpecial Consideration
 Calculations, Simulation, ApplicationsCalculations, Simulation, ApplicationsCalculations, Simulation, ApplicationsCalculations, Simulation, Applications

Agenda
Induction MotorInduction Motor
 Basics, characteristics, and modeling
Synchronous MotorSynchronous Motor
 Basics, characteristics, and modeling
M h i l T i S tM h i l T i S tMechanical Train SystemMechanical Train System
 Load characteristics
 Inertia
 Torque Consideration
 Train Acceleration Time
St ti O ti d B ki M th dSt ti O ti d B ki M th dStarting, Operation and Breaking MethodsStarting, Operation and Breaking Methods
 Induction and Synchronous Motor
 Synchronous Motor Onlyy y

Agenda
Special ConsiderationSpecial Consideration
 Harmonic Torques
H i Fl Harmonic Flux
 Rotor Slots Design
Calculations Simulation ApplicationsCalculations Simulation ApplicationsCalculations, Simulation, ApplicationsCalculations, Simulation, Applications
 Software
 Methodology

Induction Motor
 Basics, type characteristics, load
characteristics, and modeling
• Induction motor - General data, principle of
operation and nameplate information describing
motormotor
• Motor types and characteristics, application
consideration
• Load types and characteristics, application
consideration
• Motor model• Motor model
• Equivalent motor parameters
• Other considerationOther consideration

 General-Non-linear Model

 Clark’s Transform

 Steady State Us=const

Induction Motor
General data
 Motor electro-mechanical characteristics are described
bby:
• Nominal Voltage
• Nominal frequency
• Nominal Current
• Number of phases
• Number of poles• Number of poles
• Design class
• Code letter
M f i i• Moment of inertia
• All others (rated power factor, efficiency, excitation current etc.)

Induction Motor
Type of Torques
Current Curve
Break-
Motor Torque Curve
Pull-up Torque
Down/Critical
Torque
Locked Rotor/
Breakaway
Torque
Full Load
Operating
Full Load
Operating
Current
Load Torque Curve
p g
Torque
Full Load
OperatingCriticalLoad Torque Curve
Speed/SlipSpeed/Slip

Induction Motor
Type of Torques
 Locked Rotor or Starting or Breakaway Torque
• The Locked Rotor Torque or Starting Torque is the torque the electrical motor develop when its starts at rest
or zero speed.
• A high Starting Torque is more important for application or machines hard to start - as positive displacement
pumps, cranes etc. A lower Starting Torque can be accepted in applications as centrifugal fans or pumps
where the start load is low or close to zero.
 Pull-up Torque
• The Pull-up Torque is the minimum torque developed by the electrical motor when it runs from zero to full-
load speed (before it reaches the break-down torque point)
• When the motor starts and begins to accelerate the torque in general decrease until it reach a low point at a
certain speed - the pull-up torque - before the torque increases until it reach the highest torque at a higher
speed - the break-down torque - point.
• The pull-up torque may be critical for applications that needs power to go through some temporary barriers
hi i h ki di iachieving the working conditions.
 Break-down Torque
• The Break-down Torque is the highest torque available before the torque decreases when the machine
continues to accelerate to the working conditions.
 Full-load Torque or Braking Torque
• The Full-load Torque is the torque required to produce the rated power of the electrical motor at full-load
speed.

Induction Motor
Code letters
• In general it is accepted that small motors requires higher
starting KVA than larger motors Standard 3 phase motors oftenstarting KVA than larger motors. Standard 3 phase motors often
have these locked rotor codes:
o less than 1 hp: Locked Rotor Code L, 9.0-9.99 KVA
o 1 1/2 to 2 hp: Locked Rotor Code L or M 9 0 11 19o 1 1/2 to 2 hp: Locked Rotor Code L or M, 9.0-11.19
o 3 hp : Locked Rotor Code K, 8.0-8.99
o 5 hp : Locked Rotor Code J, 7.1-7.99
o 7.5 to 10 hp : Locked Rotor Code H, 6.3-7.09
o more than 15 hp : Locked Rotor Code G, 5.6-6.29

Induction Motor
 Design Type
Different motors of the same
nominal horsepower can have
varying starting current torquevarying starting current, torque
curves, speeds, and other
variables. Selection of a particular
motor for an intended task must
take all engineering parameters
i t tinto account.
The four NEMA designs have
unique speed-torque-slip
relationships making them suitable
to different type of applications:to different type of applications:
• NEMA design A
• NEMA design B
• NEMA design C
• NEMA design D

Induction Motor
Design Type
• NEMA design A
o maximum 5% slip
o high to medium starting current
o normal starting torque (150-170% of rated)
o normal locked rotor torqueo normal locked rotor torque
o high breakdown torque
o suited for a broad variety of applications - as fans and pumps
• NEMA design B
o maximum 5% slip
o low starting current
o high locked rotor torqueo high locked rotor torque
o normal breakdown torque
o suited for a broad variety of applications, normal starting torque -
common in HVAC application with fans, blowers and pumps

Induction Motor
Design Type
• NEMA design C
o maximum 5% slip
o low starting current
o high locked rotor torque
o normal breakdown torqueo normal breakdown torque
o can’t sustain overload as design A or B
o suited for equipment with high inertia starts - as positive
displacement pumps
• NEMA design D
o maximum 5-13% slip
o low starting currentg
o very high locked rotor torque
o Usually special order
o suited for equipment with very high inertia starts - as cranes, hoists
etc.etc.

Induction Motor
Ref: Donner at al. “Motor Primer”, Industry Application Transaction

Induction Motor
Ref: GE-3239A, “Comparison of IEC and NEMA/IEEE Motor Standards

 General-Non-linear Model

 Park’s Transform

 Steady State Us=const

High-Starting Torque Medium-Starting Torque

SynchronousSynchronous Motor
General data
 Motor electro-mechanical characteristics are described
bby:
• Nominal Voltage
• Nominal frequency
• Nominal Current
• Number of phases
• Number of poles• Number of poles
• Design class
• Code letter
M f i i• Moment of inertia
• All others (rated power factor, efficiency, excitation current etc.)

SynchronousSynchronous Motor
General data

Mechanical Train SystemMechanical Train System

Load
 Load Types
TORQUE TORQUE
SPEED SPEED
TL s( ) TLRT Ta ns 1 s( ) 
k

TL n( ) TLRT Ta n( )
k

k 1 2 3

Load
 Load Types
TORQUE TORQUE
SPEED SPEED
TL n( ) Ao B n C n
2
 D n
3


Load
 Load Types
TORQUE
SPEED
SPEED

Load
 ASD Application of Standard Motors
Thermal
RatingRating
Speed

Load
 Load Types
Breakaway Accelerating
Peak
Running
Blowers centrifugal:
Load Torque as a Minimum
Percent Drive Torque
Application
Blowers, centrifugal:
Valve closed 30 50 40
Valve open 40 110 100
Blowers, positive displacement, rotary, bypass 40 40 100
Centrifuges 40 60 125
Compressors, axial-vane, loaded 40 100 100
Compressors, reciprocating, start unloaded 100 50 100
Conveyors belt (loaded) 150 130 100Conveyors, belt (loaded) 150 130 100
Conveyors, screw (loaded) 175 100 100
Conveyors, shaker-type (vibrating) 150 150 75
Fans, centrifugal, ambient:
Valve closed 25 60 50
Fans, centrifugal, hot:
Valve closed 25 60 100Valve closed 25 60 100
Fans, propeller, axial-flow 40 110 100
Mixers, chemical 175 75 100
Mixers, slurry 150 125 100
Pumps, adjustable-blade, vertical 150 200 200
Pumps, centrifugal, discharge open 40 150 150
Pumps oil field flywheel 40 150 150Pumps, oil-field, flywheel 40 150 150
Pumps, oil, lubricating 40 150 150
Pumps, oil, fuel 40 150 150
Pumps, propeller 40 100 100
Pumps, reciprocating, positive displacement 175 30 175
Pumps, screw-type, primed, discharge open 150 100 100
Pumps, slurry-handling, discharge open 150 100 100
P t bi t if l d ll 50 100 100Pumps, turbine, centrifugal, deep-well 50 100 100
Pumps, vacuum (paper mill service) 60 100 150
Pumps, vacuum (other applications) 40 60 100
Pumps, vane-type positive displacement 150 150 175

Inertia
 Inertia
Jz
w
Ji
ni
n1






2

p
mi
Vi
n1






2

1i


n1  1i


n1 
w - numer rotating elements
b li i lp - number linera motion elements

Inertia
 Inertia
Jz J1 J2 J3 
n1
n1






2
 J4 J5 
n2
n1






2
 J6 J7 
n3
n1






2
 m1
V1
n1






2


Induction Motor
Torque, Speed, Inertia
Tm TL JL Im  t
nm
d
d






 B nm

Inertia
 Torque, Speed, Inertia
T
TL
JL I N
2



 n
d


 n BL B N
2




N - gear ratio
J - inertia
Tm N
JL Im N
  t
nm
d




 nm BL Bm N
 
B - dumping

Mechanical Train Acceleration
Graphical Method

Torque Unit = S1Torque Unit S1
Speed Unit = S2
Time Unit = S3

S1 - scale of speed acceleration
S2 - scale of torque acceleration
S3 - scale of time required to accelerate train with acceleration torque from one speed toS3 - scale of time required to accelerate train with acceleration torque from one speed to
another
S4 - scale of dynamic energy needed for acceleration
S2 S4
S1 S3
S1 100
RPM
div1

S 20
N·m
S2 20
div2

S3
0.1sec
div3
S4
S2 S3
k S4 0.04S4 S1
k S4 0.04
Jtrain 0.431kg m
2

OA
 Jtrain
30 S4
 OA 1.128m
2
kg

Accelerating EnergyAccelerating Energy
Unit = S4

Starting Time ~ 1.5 sec

Calculations Method

t
i
Ji

30
 ns 
1
sn
s
1
Te s( ) TL s( )




d

t1 Js Jm  
30
 ns 
sn
s
1
Me s fn U
2
  Mo s( )




d
t1 1.37
1


In Between Method

48.25
28
35.25
43
36
12
tacc Ji
RPMj
tacc
i
Ji
j
Tavg j


tacc Jload

30

200
28
200
35.25

200
43

200
48.25

100
36

50
12






 tacc 1.289

Starting, Operation and Breaking MethodsStarting, Operation and Breaking Methods

Motor Starting
 Direct On Line Starter (or DOL or FVNR)

Motor Starting
 Reduce Voltage Resistor/Reactor Starter

Motor Starting
 Reduce Voltage
Resistor/Reactor Starter

Motor Starting
 Reduce Voltage Autotransformer Starter (RVAT or
Korndörfer Starter)

Motor Starting
 Y / ∆ Starter

Motor Starting
 Captive Transformer Starter

Motor Starting
 Wound-rotor Resistance Starter (Slip-Ring Starter)

Motor Starting
 Wound-rotor Resistance
Starter (Slip-Ring Starter)

Motor Starting
 Reduce Voltage Solid State Starter with V=var, f=const
(or RVSS)

Motor Starting
 Reduce Voltage Solid State Starter with V/f=const,
Thermal Limitation

Motor Starting
 Variable Frequency Drive Starting and Control

Motor Starting and Operating
 Variable Frequency Drive Starting and Control

Motor Starting and Operating
 Synchronous Transfer System

Synchronous Motor Starting
High-Starting Torque Medium-Starting Torque

Synchronous Motor Starting
Starting Torque Control via
Discharge ResistorDischarge Resistor

Breaking
 Induction Machine Modes Of Operation
MotorTransformerBreak Generator
Synchronous Speed

Breaking
 Regeneration with Active Load

Breaking
 Opposite Connection with Switching

Special ConsiderationSpecial Consideration

Special Consideration
 Harmonic Flux

 Harmonic Torques

 Typical Slot Design

 Losses and Usable Energy Separation
Stator
Rotor

Calculations, Simulation, ApplicationsCalculations, Simulation, Applications

Software
 ETAP, SKM/PTW
• Sufficient for DOL starting and reduce voltage discrete
calculations; not applicable for RVSS starters analysis
 SPICE, MATLAB, EMTP-ATPSPICE, MATLAB, EMTP ATP
• Applicable for motor starting analysis with control loops
considerations, can predict waveforms and effect on power
systemsystem
 Custom Software
• Write own software utilizing Compilers or high level language
(i M tl b Vi Si )(i.e. Matlab or VisSim)
 Hand Calculations
• Utilize MathCad or other mathematical analysis package; musty p g ;
understand electrometrical theory

Equivalent Schematic Parameters – Calculations
Motor Data
Pn 1200 Hp fn 60 Hz fs fn p 2
Pn 895 2kWPn 895.2kW
Un 4kV mkr 1.8
PF 0 87 n 1789 RPMPFn 0.87 nn 1789 RPM
n 0.9595
ir 5.0
mr 0.7

Nominal Parameters
In
Pn
n 3 Un PFn
 In 154.79A
P
Tn
Pn
 nn
30
 Tn 4778.38N m Tn 3524.36ft·lbf
2  fs 60 fs -1
s
s
p
 ns
s
p
 s 188.5s
1
 ns 1800RPM
sn
ns nn
 sn 0.0061n
nn
n
Zz
Un
3 ir In
 Zz 2.98

rr XaX 2
' SXSR a
I
I r
2
' 
SI
'R
rR'
XR1V
oI
FeI mI
S
Ra
S
R rr
2
'
OR
)1( S
S
R r
mXFeR
21 aEE 

Iteration starting parameters:
Rz 0.001  Xz 0.2 
Given { From motor equivalent diagram }
Zz Rz
2
Xz
2
z z z
mr Tn
3
s
Un
3






2

Rz
2
Rz
2
Xz
2


Rz
Xz






Find Rz Xz  Rz 0.7 Xz 2.9

Rs Rz
5
10
 Rs 0.35
5
Xs Xz
5
10
 Xs 1.45
R'r Rs X'r Xs
1 n
Pn Pn
n
n
 Pn 37.79kW
Pun
3
2
In
2
 Rz Pun 25.22kW
Pm 0.01Pn Pm 8.952kW
Pfen Pn Pun Pm Pfen 3.61kW
Rfe
Un
2
Pfen
 Rfe 4426.97
U
Ife
Un
3 Rfe
 Ife 0.52A
I0 20% In I0 30.96A
I I
2
I
2
 I 30 95AIm I0 Ife Im 30.95A
Xm
Un
3 Im
 Xm 74.61

Zs f( ) Rs
f
f
j Xs Change "f" only when analysis with VSD
fn
Z'r s f( )
R'r
s
f
fn
j X'r
Zm
Rfe Xm j
R X j
 Zm f( )
f
fn






0.7
Rfe
f
fn
 Xm j
m
Rfe Xm j
m( )
f
fn






0.7
Rfe
f
fn
Xm j
Z s f( ) Zs f( )
Z'r s f( ) Zm f( )
Z'r s f( ) Zm f( )

f
U f( ) Un
f
fn

n s f( )
60 f
p
1 s( )
Is s f( )
U f( )
3 Z s f( )
 I'r s f( ) Is s f( )
Zm f( )
Z'r s f( ) Zm f( )

T s f( )
3 p
I' s f( ) 2
 Re Z' s f( ) Te s f( )
2  f
Ir s f( )  Re Z r s f( ) 

Nominal Slip Calcs
s 0.0100
Given
Te s fn 
 n s fn 
30
 Pn Pm 
30
sn Find s( ) sn 0.0228
In Is sn fn  In 147.59A
T T f  T 4908 38NTn Te sn fn  Tn 4908.38N m

Equivalent
Schematic
Parameters –
IEEE 112

Equivalent Schematic Parameters – Sensitivity
Calculations
Basis for ETAP Motor Estimating Calcs

Equivalent Schematic Parameters – Sensitivity
Calculations
EMTP ATP G S ftEMTP-ATP Group Software

U1
Isc 3P 150.0 MVA
Isc SLG 36.0 MVA
B1
13800 V
S
P
TR1
Size 3250.00 kVA
Pri Delta
Sec Wye-Groundy
PriTap -2.50 %
%Z 5.7500 %
X/R 11.0
B2
4160 V
CB-001
CBL-0001
2- #4/0 MV
EPR
150.0 Meters
Ampacity 560.0 A
B3
4160 V
M1
2500.000 hp
Load Factor 1.00
X"d 0.17 pu

U1
Isc 3P 150.0 MVA
Isc SLG 36.0 MVA
G1
8750 kVA
X"d 0.2 pu
B1
13800 V
S
P
TR1
Size 3250.00 kVA
Pri Delta
Sec Wye-GroundSec Wye Ground
PriTap -2.50 %
%Z 5.7500 %
X/R 11.0
B2
4160 V
CB-001
CBL-0001
2- #4/0 MV
EPR
150.0 Meters
Ampacity 560.0 A
B3
4160 V
M1
2500.000 hp
Load Factor 1.00
X"d 0.17 pu

1.1
Ub 1Gen KCR
0.9
1
Ub_1Gen_KCR
Ub 2Gen KCR 0 9
1
Ub_1Gen_KCR
Ub_2Gen_KCR
Ub_1Gen_DECS
Ub_2Gen_DECS
0 5 10 15 20
0.8
0.9
Ub_2Gen_KCR
Ub_1Gen_DECS
Ub_2Gen_DECS
0.9
Time
2000 1 2
1500
2000
1800
RPM 0 9
1
1.1
1.2
Ub [pu]
1.0
0 9
500
1000
Mot RPM
Mot Amp
Amp
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 0.9
Ub
0 10 20 30 40
0
Mot Amp
Time
0 20 40 60
0.5
Time

1
1.2
1Ub 1Gen KCR
0.8
1
Ub_1Gen_KCR
Ub 2Gen KCR
0.9
1Ub_1Gen_KCR
Ub_2Gen_KCR
Ub_1Gen_DECS
Ub_2Gen_DECS
0 5 10 15 20
0.6
Ub_2Gen_KCR
Ub_1Gen_DECS
Ub_2Gen_DECS
Time
2000
1500
2000
1800
RPM 0 9
1
1.1
1.2
Ub [pu]
1.0
0 9
500
1000
Mot RPM
Mot Amp
RPM
Amp
0 6
0.7
0.8
0.9 0.9
Ub
0 10 20 30 40
0
Mot Amp
Time
0 20 40 60
0.5
0.6
Time

3500
5000
Pfpso
2000
3500fpso
Q fpso
Ptlp
Q tlp
0 20 40 60
1000
500
p
Time
1500
2000
Mot RPM
Mot Amp
1.1
1.2
Ub_fpso [pu]
Ub_tlp [pu]
500
1000
RPM
Amp
0.9
1
0.9
1
Ubfpso
Ubtlp
0 10 20 30 40
0
Time
0 20 40 60
0.8
Time

PARKs equations for this machnie:
Motor Simulation
ps  s  r j s s vs
pr  r  s j s m  r
T T
pm n
Te Tr
J

State variable assigment: x0 = s (stator), x1 = r (rotor), x2 = m (angular speed)
3
2
Veff  x0  x1 j  x0
 








f x t( )
 x1  x0 j  x2  x1
n
M
Lk L
 Im x0 x1

  k
x2
n






2










Lk Lr n 
J
n







Coeficients for Runge-Kutta (R-K) interation 4th degree:
Motor Simulation
g ( ) g
k1 x t( ) h f x t( )
k2 x t( ) h f x
k1 x t( )
2
 t
h
2








k3 x t( ) h f x
k2 x t( )
2
 t
h
2








k4 x t( ) h f x k3 x t( ) t h( )
( )
2 2

  k4 x t( ) h f x k3 x t( ) t h( )
Final equation for R-K calcualtions:
x i 1 
x i 1
k1 x i
i h  2 k2 x i
i h  2 k3 x i
i h  k4 x i
i h  x x
6
k1 x i h  2 k2 x i h  2 k3 x i h  k4 x i h  
is
i






1
L L
Lr
M
M
L







s








Equations for current in stator:
ir  Lk Lr M Ls  r 

Conversion Park reference frame to phase domain:
Motor Simulation
 i( )  h i
cos  i( )  cos  i( )
2
3







cos  i( )
4
3











TP i( )
2
3
( ) 
sin  i( ) 
( )
3 
sin  i( )
2
3








( )
3 
sin  i( )
4
3



















1
2
1
2
1
2






if i( ) TP i( )
1
isdi
isq





 Pase currentsif i( ) TP i( ) isqi
0






 Pase currents

100
Angular Speed vs. time
125
Motor Simulation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
50
0
 i
0.80 h i
100
600
Torque vs. time
700
400
T.ei
550
Average, dynamical and load torques
T
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
400
400
0.80 h i
450
50
Tei
Tci
Tri
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
450
 i

Phase A, B, C Current
Motor Simulation
150
50
250
350
350
i.f i( )
0
i.f i( )
1
i.f i( )
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
350
350
0.80 h i
50
250
Phase A, B, C Current
350
i.f i( )
0
i.f i( )
1
i i( )
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
350
150
350
i.f i( )
2
0.30 h i

Testing/ProtectionTesting/Protection

6000
7000
8000
70
80
90
100
Avg Phase Current (A)
Ground Current (A)
3000
4000
5000
30
40
50
60 Avg Line Volt (V)
kW Power (kW)
kvar Power (kvar)
T. C. Used (%)
Hottest Stator RTD (° C)
0
1000
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
10
20
Motor Load (x FLA)

6000
7000
8000
80
100
120
Avg Phase Current (A)
Avg Line Volt (V)
3000
4000
5000
40
60
80
Current U/b (%)
kW Power (kW)
kvar Power (kvar)
T. C. Used (%)
0
1000
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0
20
Ground Current (A)

120
9
10
80
100
7
8
60
4
5
6
T. C. Used (%)
Motor Load (x FLA)
20
40
2
3
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
0
1

LAST "BLOW" - Phase A Current (Amps)
2000
3000
4000
LAST "BLOW" Phase B Current (Amps)
2000
3000
4000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
Time
-47.91
22.91
93.73
164.56
235.38
306.2
377.02
447.84
518.66
589.49
660.31
731.13
801.95
872.77
943.59
1014.41
1085.24
1156.06
1226.88
1297.7
1368.52
1439.34
1510.17
1580.99
1651.81
1722.63
1793.45
1864.27
1935.09
2005.92
CURRENT(A
Phase A Current (Amps)
-2000
-1000
0
1000
Time
-47.91
22.91
93.73
164.56
235.38
306.2
377.02
447.84
518.66
589.49
660.31
731.13
801.95
872.77
943.59
1014.41
1085.24
1156.06
1226.88
1297.7
1368.52
1439.34
1510.17
1580.99
1651.81
1722.63
1793.45
1864.27
1935.09
2005.92
CURRENT(A
Phase B Current (Amps)
-4000
-3000
TIME(ms)
-4000
-3000
TIME(ms)
LAST "BLOW" Phase C Current (Amps) LAST "BLOW" AN(AB) Voltage (V)
1000
2000
3000
4000
ENT(A
2000
4000
6000
8000
GE(V)
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
Time
-47.91
22.91
93.73
164.56
235.38
306.2
377.02
447.84
518.66
589.49
660.31
731.13
801.95
872.77
943.59
1014.41
1085.24
1156.06
1226.88
1297.7
1368.52
1439.34
1510.17
1580.99
1651.81
1722.63
1793.45
1864.27
1935.09
2005.92
CURRE
Phase CCurrent (Amps)
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
Time
-49.99
18.75
87.49
156.22
224.96
293.7
362.44
431.18
499.92
568.66
637.39
706.13
774.87
843.61
912.35
981.09
1049.83
1118.56
1187.3
1256.04
1324.78
1393.52
1462.26
1530.99
1599.73
1668.47
1737.21
1805.95
1874.69
1943.43
2012.16
VOLTAG
AN(AB) Voltage (V)
TIME(ms) TIME(ms)

2.5
3
3.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
LINE
2 5
3
3.5
-0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0 5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Series1
Series2
3.5
-0.5
0
0.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Series1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Series2

ReferencesReferences
• Fitzgerald & Kingsley, Electric Machinery, McGraw-Hill, 1961
• Liwschitz-Garik, Whipple, A-C Machines, Van Nostrand, 1961
• Say, M.G., Alternating Current Machines, John Wiley & Sons, 1976
Gra Electrical Machines and Dri e S stems John Wile & Sons 1989• Gray, Electrical Machines and Drive Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1989
• Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives, Spinger-Verlag, 1985
• Maxwell, James Clerk, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, third edition, 1891
• IEEE Standard 519-1992 “IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements
for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems”, IEEE Press SH15453, New York, 1993
• Hammond, P. Power Factor Correction of Current Source Inverter Drives with Pump
Load 1980 IEEE/IAS Conference Record pp 520-529.
• Osman R A Novel Medium Voltage drive Topology with Superior Input and• Osman, R., A Novel Medium-Voltage drive Topology with Superior Input and
Output Power Quality, VI Seminario de Electronica de Potencia, 1996.
• Hammond, P., A New Approach to Enhance Power Quality for Medium Voltage Drives,
1995 IEEE/PCIC Conference Record pp231-235.
• Ferrier, R., McClear, P. Developments and Applications in High-Power Drives Proceedings,
Advanced Adjustable Speed Drive R&D Planning Forum, EPRI-CU-6279 NC, USA, Nov 87.
• Bin Wu, DeWinter, F. Voltage stress on induction motors in medium voltage (2300 to 6900V)
PWM GTO CSI drives PESC 95 Record 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics SpecialistsPWM GTO CSI drives, PESC 95 Record. 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference
(Cat. No. 95CH35818) Part vol.2 p.1128-32 vol.2; IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1995.

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