Introduction to smart grids
- 1. Introduction to Smart Grids 1
- 2. Contents • Need for Smart Grids • What is Smart Grid • Traditional vs. Smart Grid • Smart Grid Characteristics • What can be Made Smart 2
- 3. Need for Smart Grids • Customer’s Wish List • Lower Utility Bills • Uninterrupted Power Supply (Reliability) • Green Environment • Disaster Free Energy • Better Power Quality • Customer Confidentiality (Privacy) 3
- 4. Need for Smart Grids Cont. • Utility’s Wish List • More Revenue • Reduced Capital Cost • Reduced Operational Cost • Energy Could be Stored 4
- 5. Need for Smart Grids Cont. 5 Challenge is
- 6. What is a Smart Grid • Depends on how we look at it 6
- 7. What is Smart Grid Cont. • Traditional Power Delivery System • Almost NO Communication ability • Almost NO Computational Ability • Almost NO Smart electronic control • Little use of sensors • If these elements are added, the system can become smart 7
- 8. What is Smart Grid Cont. • Smart Grid is the integration of Communications, Computational ability, Control, and Sensors in Traditional Power Grids 8
- 9. What is Smart Grid Cont. • Smart grids can link electricity system and stakeholder objectives 9
- 10. What is Smart Grid Cont. A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two-way communication and control capabilities that will lead to an array of new functionalities and applications. (NIST, USA) 10
- 11. What is Smart Grid Cont. Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each functional domain consists of three layers: (i) the power and energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the IT/computer layer. (IEEE) • Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure that makes the existing power and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’. 11
- 12. What is Smart Grid Cont. 12
- 13. What is Smart Grid Cont. • Interaction across 7 domains • Generation • Transmission • Distribution • Customer participation • Operations • Markets • Service Providers • Overall Objective • Smart/best/optimal utilization of available resources 13
- 15. Smart Grids 15
- 18. Traditional Grid Vs. Smart Grid 18
- 19. Smart Grid Characteristics • Smart Grid is characterized by following goal and functionalities: (but not limited to) • Customer Participation • Real Time Monitoring of consumption • Control of smart appliances • Building Automation • Real Time Pricing • Distributed Generation • Use of renewable energy 19
- 20. Smart Grid Characteristics Cont. • Power System Efficiency • Power Monitoring • Asset Management and optimal utilizations • Distribution Automation and Protection • Power Quality • Self Healing • Load Forecasting • Anticipation of Disturbances • New products in terms of Value Added Services (VAS) (competition) 20
- 21. Smart Grid Characteristics Cont. • Dependability • A smart grid has multiple routes and is similar to a network of connections. • Fault detection and self- healing are the two very important features of smart grid. • The supply as a result is un-interrupted and smooth. • Bi-directional energy flow • Previously used grids only allowed unidirectional flow of energy but smart grid offers bi-directional. • This has been possible due to the advanced transmission methods and the automated distribution structure. • Helps in reducing cost and overhead on the suppliers. 21
- 22. Smart Grid Characteristics Cont. • Efficient • The technology used in smart grids has helped improving the infrastructure of energy transmission and distribution. • The demand-side management property of the tech is a popular one. • In this way decreased load falls on the transmission and distribution channels. What happens in case of load adjustment is that when the load on the distribution lines increases smart grid sends a warning to those channels utilizing the maximum energy. This is a sign for them to switch to backup generators. This reduces the load on the lines. • To reduce the consumption of energy during peak time something known as peak leveling is employed. • The price of the energy is increased during the peak hours of energy usage and decreased during less usage hours. The customers are informed of the prices. The customers then use less energy during peak hours so the load is automatically reduced on the lines. 22
- 23. Smart Grid Characteristics Cont. • Sustainable • Smart grids are more sustainable than the old grids because of its improved flexibility. (new sources can be added at different points) • Other renewable energy resources like solar power and wind power can also be used because of this fact. • Customer friendly • Smart grid technology helps keep both the suppliers and the customers happy. • Increasing the energy price strategy works for the suppliers as the load remains less during peak hours. The same goes for the customers who have then to pay less for less consumption during those hours. 23
- 24. What Parts can be made smart 24
- 27. Generation • Co-existence of various types of renewable and non-renewable generating technologies, such as coal, hydro, nuclear, solar, biomass, geothermal, etc. • System operator has to coordinate the operation of the generation plants, and ensure the stable and secure operation of the system. • Communication infrastructure needs to be in place between the generating facilities and the system operator, electricity market, and the transmission system. 27
- 28. Make Transmission Smarter • Machine to Machine Communication • The idea of M2M communications is to enable M2M components interconnected, networked, and controllable remotely, with low-cost, scalable, and reliable technologies • Enable self healing in transmission system • Helps control the losses 28
- 30. Make Transmission Smarter • Promote Distributed Power Generation • Take power generation close to load centers • Distributed generation (DG) refers to power generation at the point of consumption. • Eliminates the cost, complexity, interdependencies, and inefficiencies associated with transmission and distribution. 30
- 31. Transmission • Energy-efficient transmission network will carry the power from the bulk generation facilities to the power distribution systems. • Communication interface exists between the transmission network and the bulk-generating stations, system operator, power market, and the distribution system. • The transmission network needs to be monitored in real-time, and protected against any potential disturbance. • The power flow and voltage on the lines need to be controlled in order to maintain stable and secure operation of the system. • An important task of the system operator is to ensure optimal utilization of the transmission network, by minimizing the losses and voltage deviations, and maximizing the reliability of the supply. 31
- 32. Make Distribution Smart • Use smart meters • Allow two way communication • Real time communication b/w Utility / meter Will make User aware of Peak off Peak times Remotely switching of HP loads 32
- 33. Make Distribution Smart Cont. 33
- 34. Distribution • Substation automation and distribution automation will be the key enablers for the smart distribution systems. • Increasing use of distributed energy resources (DERs) will be an important feature of future distribution systems. • Distribution system operator typically controls the distribution system remotely. Communication infrastructure to exchange information between the substations and a central distribution management system (DMS) therefore should be in place. • Information exchange between the distribution system operator and the customers for better operation of the distribution system is a new feature of the smart distribution systems. 34
- 35. Make Consumption Smart • User of Sensors • Use of efficient appliances • Use of renewable energy resources • Use of smart meters (HEM) 35
- 36. Customers • Customers can be classified into three main categories: residential, commercial, and industrial. • In smart grids, customers are going to play a very important role through demand response. By peak-load shaving, and emergency response, customers are going to play an active role in better operation of the distribution system • Building or home automation system will monitor and control the power consumption at the consumer premises in an intelligent way. • Proper communication infrastructure will be required for the consumers to interact with the operators, distribution systems, and the market. 36
Editor's Notes
- #4: Power: Generating station capacity to produce electricity at a given moment. Measured in Watts Energy: Energy is the quantity of electricity produced by a generating station or consumed by a customer in one hour. Measure in WattHours (Wh)
- #19: Islanding is the condition in which a distributed generator (DG) continues to power a location even though electrical grid power is no longer present. A common example of islanding is a distribution feeder that has solar panels attached to it.