![Our Beagles all toss'd up their Heads
And they soon made a speedy return,
And drawing just up to a Point
Where this cunning Old Gypsie had gone,
You never saw better Dogs Hunt
For Life underneath the Sun.
Now there was Tantive and Ranter,
They sounded her last Passing Bell,
And Wilson made Moan unto Handford
A Cup of Old Hock will do well
And Handford cry'd Master, ride faster
For now I begin to Cool
With Sweat, all my Cloaths are as wet
As if I had been in some Pool.
Where not these two dainty fine Pusses
They held us from Seven till One,
We scour'd thro Hedges and Bushes
So Merrily they run on.
And as for the Praise of these Hounds
And Horses that Gallops so free,
My Pen would not bring to Bounds
If Time would allow it to be.
Now Gallants, I bid you Farewel
For I fear I your Patience have try'd,
And hie for a Glass of good Ale
That Poetry may be admir'd.
And heres a good Health to the Sportsman
That Hunts with the Horn and Hound,
I hope you'll all pledge for the future
And so let this Health go round.[58]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-56-320.jpg)
![An Elegy
Upon the Death of all the greatest Gentry in Darley-Dalle,
who loved Hunting and Hawking, and several other Games.
The Poet's view, well known to you, to be too true, and so
adieu, by me LEO. W. 1672.
The following extremely curious poem, containing many interesting allusions to families
long since departed, was written in 1672, by Leonard Wheatcroft, some time clerk of the
parish, poet, tailor, and schoolmaster, at Ashover, in Derbyshire. He was a man of talent,
and wrote many things which are worth collecting together. It is here printed from the
original MS. The last verse was evidently added after the accession of George the First.
The title of the ballad is particularly quaint, and characteristic of the man and of the
county of which he was a native. In the dialect of the district the rhymes would be
perfect, and would read thus:—
The Poet's view
Well known to yew,
To be too trew,
And so adieu
By me Leo Double Yew,
Sixteen seventy tew.
1.
As I on Oaker-hill[59] one day did stand,
Viewing the world which I could not command,
I turn'd my face tou'rd Berchore[60] partly west,
To view where Greaveses us'd to have their nest;
But out, alas! I found they were all gone,
Not one was left to rest against a stone.
2.
Then looking forward, the coast being very cleare,
At Rowther,[61] there I found one Adam Eayre;
But now he's gone, left house and land behind him,
So to be short I know not where to find him;
But if any counceller can make it out,
He'st have his land and I will go without.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-61-320.jpg)
![3.
I'll up to Hassap[62] to hear them sing a mass,
There I shall know who made the old man pass;
Death made it wrong, I send him to purgatory,
Where he must stay till he be fit for glory;
But if there be such a place 'twixt this and heaven,
I fear he cannot pass, 'tis so uneven.
4.
Then did I to my panting muses say,
Haste and begone, you shall no longer stay
(within this place);
Haste and begone, upon Calton top your banners,
And call at Haddon, where lived ould John Manners,
O use him kindly I strictly you command,
For he was kind to th' poore of Ingland.
5.
But now he's gone, like others hence away,
Then for another Earle like him ever pray,
That will be kind both unto Rich and Poore,
Then God Almighty will increase his store,
And bless him here upon this earthly throne,
And at the last call him one of his owne.
6.
Walking by the River, Stanton[63] I did spye,
But neither Calton[64] nor a Bage[65] saw I:
They are all gone and none left but old Boards,
Alas! alas! what doth this world affordes.
There's severall more that are slipt out o' th' way,
But not one word of them I here will say.
7.
Then calling back my muses, mee thought I
Spyed Little Stancliffe[66] standing pleasantly,
But not one Steare[67] i' th' stall shall yet be seene;
Well fed win springs and deck'd with Lorrells green,
But one old Backer Bourning of the owne,
Till Steare retourne, there' no one knows how sowne.
8.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-62-320.jpg)
![Then on the hills I came to Darley Hall,
To hear that music in those Ashes tall.
Listening awhile, I not being pleased well,
Thought I where is my pretty Cullen-bell,[68]
Whose name and fame made all this vale once sound,
But now that honour's buried under ground.
9.
Besides your Parsons of Divinity
As Pain, and Pot, Edwards, and Mosley,
All four divines and men of noble birth,
All dead and gone and buried in the earth;
How can I chuse but must lament to see
My friends all gone who did make much of me.
10.
Tho' all in haste one place I have past by,
That's Cowley Hall, where oft I heard the cry
Of great-mouthed doggs who did not feare to kill
What was their master's pleasure, word, and will;
His name was Sinner, who ever did him know,
He's dead and gone now many years ago.
11.
Then turning round, all gone, thus did I thinke,
Where shall I make my friend or muses drinke;
Then looking down below I did espy
A pretty hall which stood me very ney,
Where lived the Father, Son, and Wives of either,
Both in my time, all-tho' not both together.
12.
A Knight the Father, and a Squire the Son,
One heir is left, if dead that name is done;
This heir being young, with Ladies durst not play,
So he in sorrow quickly went away,
Leaving no heir o' th' name, no, not one,
So farewell Milwards[69] now of Snitterton.
13.
Then rushing forward down by Darwen side,
My muses presently through Matlock hied,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-63-320.jpg)
![And finding there the good ould pastur gone,
I hide to Riber[70] there to make my mone;
But out, alas! my sorrows to increase,
That name is gone now buried under hears.
14.
Wolley, Wolley, Woolley, farewell to thee,
A noble Esquire, thou was both kind and free
To all that come, I say, both rich and poore,
There's few went empty that came to his doore.
Walker's fair Hous is almost wore away,
With several more now going to decay.
15.
To speak of Dedick[71] what shall I do there,
Babbington's[72] Treason hateful doth appear;
Their house is down, and they are gone to nought,
So will all those which ere rebellion sought.
Then pray to God for peace and unity,
That King and nobles all may well agree.
16.
Then I to Ogston,[73] there to break my fast,
They all in mourning stood at me agast,
To think my friend and lover was departed,
And so I left them almost broken hearted;
What shall I doe thought I to hide my head,
Seeing so many gallants now are dead.
17.
Then up by Amber I did quickly hey,
None of my ancient friends I could espey,
In Asher[74] parish I could find not one,
Old Crich,[75] and Dakin,[76] and ould Hobskinson,[77]
They are departed and gone hence away,
As er self, I have not long to stay.
18.
I will retourne unto my hill againe,
And cause my muses to sing out a straine,
And that in mourning too she shall be drest,
To sing new anthems of the very best.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-64-320.jpg)
![LINES OCCASIONED BY
A Yorkshire Pye,[78]
Sent as a Present from Sir William St. Quintin, to His Grace
the Duke of Devonshire, at Bath, on Christmas-Day, 1762.
Written by Mr. Derrick.
This curious effusion of Samuel Derrick's, who was Master of the Ceremonies at Bath at
the time, I here reprint from a slip broad-sheet of the period in my own collection. The
peer to whom this famous Yorkshire pie was sent, was William, fourth Duke of
Devonshire, who died in 1764. Sir William St. Quintin, Bart., of Harpham, in the county of
York, who died in 1771, was Member of Parliament for Thirsk, and High Sheriff in 1733.
He married Rebecca, daughter of Sir John Thompson, Lord Mayor of London, and by her
was father of the last baronet of the name of St. Quintin.
Were but my Muse inspir'd by Fludyer's[79] Taste,
Or with Quin's Skill and lively Poignance grac'd;
Th' Apician Muse, who bade Lucullus treat,
And taught the gay Mark Anthony to eat;
I'd venture then St. Quintin to commend,
Whose faithful Memory ne'er forgets his Friend;
Of placid Temper, and of gen'rous Blood,
Whose only Vanity is doing Good;
Whose open Looks imply an honest Heart,
Courtly in Manners, yet unspoil'd by Art;
The Emblem of whose liberal Soul I see
In yonder pile of Hospitality;
An Edifice for Cavendish to view,
All English Fabric, and that Fabric true.
Such plenteous Sights were known in Times of old,
When Christmas by th' expiring Year was told;
Long e'er our hardy Sires, un-nerv'd by Sloth,
Had dwindled down into a Pigmy Growth.
Within this Pile Varieties unite,
To please at once the Taste, the Smell, the Sight.
Robb'd of his vivid Green, and glossy Dyes,
His golden Plumage, and his Scarlet Eyes,
Here rests the Attic Pheasant,[80]—never more,
Narcissus like, his Image to adore;
Here lies the Turkey,[81] who with redd'ning Pride](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-69-320.jpg)
![At the Agricultural Meeting!
Of those who in the good cause stand,
And help with purse, and heart, and hand,
Are Spencer, Hardwick, Colvile,[82] and
The Duke of Richmond—what a band!
Joy will beam in heart and face,
To know that surely 'tis the case,
That their gay presence here will grace
The Agricultural Meeting?
Away with sorrow, c.
'Twill be a glorious holiday—
All the week for fun and play—
No one then at home will stay
From the Agricultural Meeting!
Every one some sport will catch—
For there will be of fun a batch:—
Tuesday they'll come to the scratch,
And try the famous Ploughing Match!
Of Implements there will be a show,—
Of things that reap, and things that mow,
Things to dig, and things that sow,
At the Agricultural Meeting!
Away with sorrow c.
When this is o'er, at close of day,
Again for fun they'll start away—
Gents, and Ladies, such display—
At the Agricultural Meeting!
They'll to the Grand Hotel repair,
For John Bell Crompton, who's the Mayor,
Will give a dinner of rare fare,
And all the Council will be there!
Then after this, they'll dancing go,
And trip it gaily to and fro,
Upon the light fantastic toe,
At the Agricultural Meeting!
Away with sorrow, c.
On Wednesday there's another spree—
The Implements again we'll see,
And prove what's done in Husbandry,
At the Agricultural Meeting!
Come Dick and Thomas, Ralph and Giles,
In your best clothes, and your smiles,
Over hedges, ditches, stiles—](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-72-320.jpg)
![THE
Complainte of Anthonie Babington.
The following deeply interesting complaynt was written by Richard Williams, and
dedicated, in MS., to King James the First. It remained unpublished until 1862, when it
was communicated to The Reliquary by Mr. W. Durrant Cooper, F.S.A. Anthony
Babington was born in 1561, and on the death of his father, succeeded to the family
estates at Dethick, in Derbyshire, which had been acquired by the Babingtons through
marriage with the heiress of Dethick. He was executed, along with thirteen others, under
circumstances of peculiar barbarity, on the 20th of September, 1586, for a conspiracy to
liberate the truly unfortunate and much to be commiserated Mary Queen of Scots. His
petition to Queen Elizabeth is simple and touching in the extreme, and the heart must
indeed have been callous to good and womanly feeling that could withstand it and spurn
its prayer. It is as follows:—[83]
Most gratious Souvarigne yf either bitter teares a pensisve contrite harte ore any
dutyfull sighte of the wretched Synner might work any pitty in your royall brest, I
would wringe out of my drayned eyes as much bloode as in bemoaninge my drery
tragedye shold, lamentably bewayll my faulte, and somewhat (no dought) move you
to compassion, but synnce there is no proportione betwixte the qualitye of my
crimes and any human commiseration, Showe sweet Queene some mirakle on a
wretch that lyethe prostrate in yr prison, most grivously bewaylinge his offence and
imploringe such comforte at your anoynted hande as my poore wives misfortunes
doth begge, my childe innocence doth crave, my gyltless family doth wishe, and my
heynous trecherye dothe leaste deserve, So shall your divine mersy make your
glorye shyne as far above all princes, as my most horrible practices are more
detestable amongst your beste subiectes, whom lovinglye and happielye to governe.
I humbly beseche the mercye Master himself to grante for his sweete Sonnes sake,
Jesus Christe.
The following is the Complaynte of Anthonie Babington by Richard Williams:—](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-74-320.jpg)
![To the kinges most excellent maiestie with all other kinglie titles and dignities
whatsoever to whome your poore humble subject Richard Williams wishethe healthe
long life and many happy yeares to reigne over us to the glory of God and your
Maiesties comforte.
My dreade and royall sovereigne,
This Anthonie Babington was borne at a mansion house of his father called Dethicke in
the Countie of Darbye in the parishe of Critche; whose father was a man of good
accompte and lived well and orderlie in his contrie, kept a good house, and releived
the poore. But he was inclined to papistrie as the times then required; who had a
brother that was doctor of divinitie in queene Maryes dayes, of whome some
mention is made in this storye. This Anthonye, the son, was a yonge man, well
featured, and of good proportion in all the lyneamentes of his bodie, of a most
pregnante fyne witt and great capacitie, had a watchinge head, ande a moste
proude aspiringe mynde; and by nature a papist, whereinn hee was borne and
brought upp; where if he had bene trayned otherwise hee might have proved a good
member of the common wealthe, where nowe be became a reproche and scandall to
the same.
In whose course of life many accidents hapned even from his birthe to his deathe as
appeares in this his complainte wherein I have followed the methode of a booke
intituled, the Mirrour of Magistrates wherein everye man semes to complayne of
his owne misfortunes, humbly beseeching your royall maiestie to pardon all defectes
as well in my writinge as in the baseness of the verses. In the one I have done as
well as my learninge did serve me, for the other as well as my olde eyes woulde
permitt me, which I beseech your royall Maiestie to censure with clemencye, and I
will trulye praise to the almightie for the long continuance of your healthe and
happie Estate bothe to Godes glorye and your Maiesties comforte.
Your poore distressed subjecte
Richard Williams.
The Complainte of Anthonie Babington, sometyme of Lyncolns Inne Esquier, who
with others weare executed for highe treason in the feildes nere Lyncolns Inne the
xixth of September Ao
1586.[84]
A DREAME OR INDUCTION.
ANTHONIE BABINGTON HIS COMPLAYNT.
What will it avayle on fortune to exclayme
When a due desarte is chiefest cause of all;
Myself and none but myselfe justlie can I blame,
That thus have procured myne untymelie fall;
And turned have my honnye swete unto bitter gall.
Wherefore good frende take thie penne and write,
And in mournful verse my Tragedie recite.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-75-320.jpg)
![Long mighte I have lived a contented happie state,
And have borne a porte and countnance with the beste,
If fortune should me cheicke, I could her mate;
Thus none like me more happie was and bleste,
Till that discontente procured myne unreste;
And the pompe of pride so glared in myne eyen,
That I rejected vertue moste devyne.
But firste I will tell thee myne estate, and name,
And contrie soile, where I was bredd and borne;
Anthonie Babington I hight; of a worthy house I came,
Till my mysdemeanours made me forlorne,
Givinge cause to my foes to laugh me to scorne.
Whoe have stayned my state and blemisht my name,
In clymbing by follie have falne to my shame.
At Dethwicke in Darbye shire I was both borne and bredd;
My father was an esquier of good reputation;
A good house he kepte, a virtuose life he ledd;
My selfe beinge a childe was helde in estimation;
But havinge gott the rayne I changed my facion;
Then privatlie I sought my owne will and pleasure,
Livinge to my liking, but never kepte a measure.
Doctour Babington myne eame[85] did pronosticate
That harde was the happe whereto I was borne,
He sayde that pride by glorye shoulde abate
And destenye decreede I shoulde be folorne;
Whose wordes my father then helde in scorne,
O trayne him up well, mine unkell did saye,
Unlesse hee repente the same a nother daye.
Give hym not brother his libertie in youthe,
For then olde dayes hee never shall see,
Hee is my nephewe the more is my rewthe,
To think of his happe and harde destinie,
If skill beguyle me not hanged he shalbe.
This was the foresight of my father's brother,
For which lote of his hee was hated by my mother.
I know not where hee spoke by hassarde or skill,
For such divinations I doe not comende;
Yet his counsell was good to flie future ill;
For whoe so in vertue there dayes doe not spende
Shalbe sure with me repente them in th' ende.
The proofe of myne unkells worde I founde so trewe
As by the sequell hereafter you may viewe.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2210911-250606095331-3d845bf3/85/Ip-Telephony-Interconnection-Reference-Challenges-Models-And-Engineering-Mohamed-Boucadair-76-320.jpg)
Ip Telephony Interconnection Reference Challenges Models And Engineering Mohamed Boucadair
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- 7. IP Telephony Interconnection Reference Challenges, Models, and Engineering Mohamed Boucadair s Isabel Borges Pedro Miguel Neves s Ólafur Páll Einarsson
- 8. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 2011928 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5179-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
- 9. v Contents Acknowledg ments xv Authors xvii Acronyms and Abbre viations xix Chap ter 1 The Rise of IP-Based Voice and the Need for Global IP Telephony Re achabilit y 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 New Challenges on VoIP Service Offerings 2 1.3 Why Global IP Telephony Reachability Is Needed 3 1.4 The VoIP Protocols Jungle 5 1.4.1 Overview 5 1.4.2 SIP 5 1.4.3 SDP 5 1.4.4 RTP/RTCP 5 1.4.5 SIP-I 6 1.4.6 SIP-T 6 1.4.7 BICC 7 1.4.8 IAX 7 1.4.9 DUNDi 8 1.4.10 TRIP 8 1.4.11 TGREP 9 1.4.12 ENUM 9 1.5 What Is This Book about? 9
- 10. vi Contents Part I IP Telephony: Overview Chapter 2 Traffic Analysis VoIP versus PSTN/Mobile 13 2.1 This Chapter at a Glance 13 2.2 Fixed VoIP 13 2.2.1 Focus on France 17 2.2.2 Focus on Portugal 19 2.2.3 Focus on Latin America 20 2.2.4 Focus on South Korea 20 2.2.5 Focus on the United States 21 2.3 Mobile VoIP 21 2.4 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) 23 References 24 Chap ter 3 IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem 27 3.1 What Is IMS? 27 3.1.1 Transport Layer 28 3.1.2 Control Layer 28 3.1.3 Service Layer 29 3.2 IMS Functional Elements 29 3.2.1 Call Session Control Function (CSCF) 29 3.2.2 Home Subscription Server (HSS) 32 3.2.3 PSTN Gateways 32 3.2.4 Application Servers (AS) 33 3.2.5 IMS Flow Examples 33 References 35 Further Reading 35 Chap ter 4 TISPAN Overvie w 37 4.1 Overview 37 4.1.1 Brief History Concerning NGN Standardization 37 4.1.2 Basic Principles 38 4.1.3 TISPAN Functional Architecture 39 4.1.4 Brief Description of the Subsystems 40 4.1.4.1 Service Level 41 4.1.4.2 Transport Layer 46 4.2 Protocols 50 4.2.1 SIP 51 4.2.2 Diameter 52 4.2.3 H.248 55 4.3 Interface between NGN and Legacy Networks 56 4.3.1 PSTN/ISDN Interconnection 57 4.3.2 IP-Based External Network Interconnection 58 4.3.3 Interoperator IP Backbone Network 59 References 61
- 11. Contents vii Chap ter 5 Interconnection Pr actices in PSTN 63 5.1 Overview 63 5.2 Interconnection Services Access 63 5.2.1 Interconnection Points 64 5.2.2 Interconnection Circuits 64 5.2.3 Interconnection Services 64 5.2.4 Signaling 66 5.3 Traffic Interconnection Circuits 68 5.3.1 Interconnection through Circuits Provided by Other Operators 69 5.4 Traffic Registration 69 5.5 Interconnection Planning and Developing 69 5.5.1 Interconnection Establishment Previous Information 71 5.6 Services and New Services 71 5.7 Security and Protection 72 5.8 Numbering 72 5.9 Technical Characteristics 73 5.9.1 Interconnection Circuits Transmission Characteristics 73 5.9.2 Signaling Interfaces between Exchanges 73 5.9.2.1 Signaling Network Structure 74 5.9.2.2 Synchronization between Networks 74 5.9.3 Quality of Service (QoS) 75 5.9.4 Operation, Management, and Maintenance 75 5.10 Capacity Resale 75 5.11 Prices 76 5.12 Transit 76 5.13 PSTN Interconnection: Economic Models 77 5.13.1 CPNP (Calling Party Network Pays) 78 5.13.2 BAK (Bill and Keep) 79 5.13.3 Optimize Interconnection Costs 79 References 81 Further Reading 82 Chap ter 6 Roaming Pr actices in Mobile Ne t works 83 6.1 Overview 83 6.2 Roaming 83 6.3 Types of Roaming 86 6.4 Roaming Agreements 88 6.5 Roaming Data 91 6.6 IMS Roaming 94 References 94
- 12. viii Contents Chap ter 7 Interconnection Pr actices in GPRS Ne t works 97 7.1 Interconnection Practices in GPRS Networks 97 7.2 IMS Interconnection 101 7.2.1 Requirements for Voice Calls 105 7.2.2 SIP Profile 106 7.2.3 Advanced Services 106 References 107 Part II IP Telephony Interconnection: Requirements and Business Model Chap ter 8 Terminology and Definitions 111 8.1 VoIP Service Providers and Telephony Service Providers 111 8.2 VoIP Service Providers 114 8.2.1 Traditional Service Providers 114 8.2.2 VoIP Service Providers à la Internet 115 8.3 Definitions 116 8.3.1 Address of Record 116 8.3.2 Address of Contact 116 8.3.3 Back-to-Back User Agent (B2BUA) 116 8.3.4 Call 117 8.3.5 Initiator, Calling Party, Caller 117 8.3.6 Invitee, Invited User, Called Party, Callee 117 8.3.7 Registrar 117 8.3.8 End Point 117 8.4 IP Network Provider and Service Provider 117 8.5 IP Telephony Administrative Domain (ITAD) 118 8.5.1 Proxy Server (PS) 119 8.5.2 Location Server (LS) 119 8.5.3 Interconnection Node (IN) 120 8.5.3.1 Signaling Path Border Element (SBE) 120 8.5.3.2 Data Path Border Element 120 8.6 IP Telephony Administrative Domain and Autonomous Systems 121 8.7 Frontiers between ITADs and ASs 122 8.8 Adjacent Domains 124 8.9 Balanced/Unbalanced Traffic 124 8.10 Symmetric/Asymmetric Telephony Paths 125 8.11 Interconnection and Peering 125 8.12 Anonymization 126 8.13 Assumptions 126 References 127
- 13. Contents ix Chap ter 9 Busines s Actors and Rel ationships 129 9.1 Panorama of Main VoIP Service Providers 129 9.1.1 Incumbent Operators 130 9.1.2 “Virtual” VoIP Operators 131 9.1.3 Proprietary Third-Party VoIP Service Providers 132 9.2 Cooperation Agreements between Different Types of VoIP Service Providers 133 9.3 Business Actors Involved in VoIP Interconnection 133 9.3.1 Customer 134 9.3.2 End User 135 9.3.3 Service Provider 136 9.3.4 Network Provider 139 9.4 Business Relationships 140 9.4.1 SLA (Service Level Agreement) 140 9.4.2 CPA (Connectivity Provisioning Agreement) 140 9.4.3 NIA (Network Interconnection Agreement) 142 9.4.4 SIA (Service Interconnection Agreement) 142 9.4.5 Conclusion 143 References 144 Chap ter 10 IP Telephony Interconnection: Service Requirements 145 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Telephony Service Providers: Toward Global IP Telephony Services 145 10.2.1 No Assumption on the Intraprovide Service Engineering 146 10.2.2 Support of Various Interconnection Models 146 10.2.3 IP Version Agnostic 146 10.2.4 Global Coverage 147 10.2.5 Support of Numbering Schemes Other than E.164 147 10.2.6 Discovery of Remote VoIP Service Providers and Their Capabilities 148 10.2.7 Service Interconnection Agreement Flexibility 149 10.2.8 Interoperability 149 10.2.9 Exchange of Homogenous IP Telephony Routing Data 149 10.2.10 Avoid Signaling Loop 150 10.2.11 Ability to Configure the Call Route Selection Process 150 10.2.12 Support of Multiple Interprovider Telephony Routes 150
- 14. x Contents 10.2.13 Optimization of Signaling Paths and Media Paths 150 10.2.14 Resilience and Availability of the VoIP Service at the Service and Control Layers 151 10.2.15 Synchronize Service Layer and Control Layer 151 10.2.16 Ability to Detect IP Network Provider Spirals 151 10.2.17 Ability to Evaluate the QoS Treatment When Selecting a Given Inter-ITAD Path 152 10.2.18 Operation and Maintenance (OM) 152 10.2.19 Charging and Billing 152 10.2.20 Interprovider Interconnection Agreements Assurance and Monitoring 152 10.2.21 Support of Import and Export Policies 153 10.2.22 Security 153 10.2.23 Protect against SPAM over Telephony (SPIT) 156 10.2.24 Support of Privacy and Confidentiality 156 10.2.25 No Assumption on the Negotiated Media Session 157 10.2.26 Load 157 10.2.27 Path-Coupled and Path-Decoupled Models 157 10.2.28 Planned Maintenance Operations 157 10.3 Customer Requirements 157 10.3.1 Global Reachability 157 10.3.2 Transparency of Interdomain Media Sessions 158 10.3.3 Quality of Service (QoS) 158 10.3.4 Cost 159 10.3.5 Reliability and Robustness 159 10.3.6 Ability to Evaluate the QoS Provided by the VoIP Service 160 10.3.7 Service Mobility and Roaming 160 10.3.8 Confidentiality and Privacy 161 10.3.9 Anonymization and Customization 161 10.3.10 Freedom of CODEC Usage 162 10.3.11 Free to Subscribe to a Service Offering 162 10.3.12 Service Not Bound to a Specific Interface 162 10.3.13 Environmental Impact 163 10.3.14 Support of Emergency Calls 163 10.3.15 Ability to Support Heterogeneous Calls 163 10.3.16 SLA Verification 164 References 164 Further Readings 165
- 15. Contents xi Chap ter 11 Telephony Interconnection: Regul atory Constr aints 167 11.1 European Commission Activities 167 11.1.1 Analysis 167 11.1.2 Constraints on Service Providers Following the Adoption of the Review Proposals 172 11.2 Current Activities in Europe and the United States 173 11.2.1 Ofcom 173 11.2.2 OPTA 173 11.2.3 BNetzA 174 11.2.4 AGCOM 174 11.2.5 ANACOM 174 11.2.6 RTR 175 11.2.7 FCC (Federal Communication Commission) 175 References 176 Part III IP Telephony Interconnection: State-of-the-Art and Interconnection Models Chap ter 12 Rel ated Ong oing Activities 183 12.1 Introduction 183 12.2 Current Number Portability Practices 183 12.2.1 The Need for Number Portability 184 12.2.2 Types of Number Portability 186 12.2.3 Service Provider Number Portability Schemes 188 12.2.3.1 All Call Query (ACQ ) 189 12.2.3.2 Query on Release (QoR) Scheme 189 12.2.3.3 Call Dropback Scheme 190 12.2.3.4 Onward Routing (OR) Scheme 191 12.2.4 Comparisons of the Various Schemes 191 12.2.5 Database Queries and Call Routing 192 12.2.6 Potential Implications for VoIP 192 12.3 ENUM 194 12.3.1 Overview and Use Cases 194 12.3.2 ENUM Deployment Models 198 12.3.3 Source-Based ENUM Query/Answer Mechanism 199 12.4 ISN 200 12.5 i3 Forum 201 12.5.1 SIP Profile 204 12.5.2 Media 205 12.5.3 Dimensioning 206
- 16. xii Contents 12.6 SPEERMINT IETF Working Group 206 12.6.1 Overview 206 12.6.2 The SPEERMINT Reference Architecture 208 12.6.3 Interconnection Relationships 209 12.7 VIPR 210 12.8 Voice Peering Fabric 212 12.9 Cable Operators 215 12.9.1 PacketCable Overview 215 12.9.2 PacketCable Architecture 215 12.9.3 Interconnect Functional Component 218 12.9.4 ENUM Server Provisioning Protocol (ESPP) 220 References 221 Further Readings 222 Chap ter 13 VoIP Interconnection Models 225 13.1 Introduction 225 13.2 Interconnection Models 230 13.2.1 Star Model 230 13.2.2 Centralized Model 231 13.2.3 Hybrid Model 233 13.2.4 Cascaded Model 234 13.3 Analysis of Interconnection Models 236 Reference 237 Chap ter 14 Interconnection Nodes: Usag e of Ses sion Border Controllers 239 14.1 Deployment Context 239 14.2 Technical Features 240 14.2.1 Topology Hiding 240 14.2.2 Media Traffic Shaping 242 14.2.3 Fixing Capability Mismatches 242 14.2.4 NAT Traversal 243 14.2.5 Access Control 244 14.2.6 Protocol Repair 244 14.2.7 Media Encryption 245 14.3 Focus on Interconnection Segment 245 14.4 Interconnection Scenarios 247 14.4.1 SBCs at the Border of Each ITAD 247 14.4.2 Shared Interconnection SBC 250 14.4.3 Telephony Exchange Point 250 References 251 Chap ter 15 Implementation Models for IP Telephony Interconnection at Larg e 253 15.1 Introduction 253 15.2 DNS-Based Mode 254 15.2.1 Flooding Approach 257
- 17. Contents xiii 15.2.1.1 Signaling 259 15.2.1.2 Media Layer Interactions 263 References 264 Part IV IP: Telephony Interconnection Engineering Issues and Solution Space Chap ter 16 Service Engineering Is sues 267 16.1 Content of Agreements 267 16.1.1 Content of Service Level Agreements (SLA) 267 16.1.2 Content of Service Interconnection Agreement (SIA) 268 16.2 Advertisement and Discovery 272 16.3 End-to-End Signaling Path Optimization 273 16.4 End-to-End Media Path Optimization 274 16.5 Dynamic and Flexible Interprovider IP Telephony Routing 274 16.6 IP Network Provider Spiraling 276 16.7 Synchronization between the Service and Network Layer 277 16.8 Interprovider Congestion 278 16.9 Interprovider Load Balancing 279 16.10 Optimize Interconnection Costs 282 16.11 Optimize Interconnection Agreements 284 16.12 Bidirectionality Issue 286 16.13 Legal Intercept Issues 287 16.14 Topology Hiding 289 16.15 Correlating between Signaling and Media Streams 291 16.16 Shaping and Policing 291 16.17 Frozen Interconnection Architecture 293 16.18 Interprovider Monitoring 293 16.18.1 General Overview 293 16.18.1.1 What Is Good Quality? 294 16.18.1.2 Probes 297 16.18.1.3 Signaling 298 16.18.2 Interprovider Monitoring Issues 298 16.19 Service Interconnection Assurance and Fulfillment 299 16.20 Security Issues 300 References 301 Chap ter 17 Solution Space 303 17.1 Overview 303 17.2 TRIP (Telephony Routing IP Protocol) 303 17.2.1 Why a Dynamic Protocol Is Needed 303 17.2.2 TRIP at a Glance 304 17.2.3 ITAD Numbers 307
- 18. xiv Contents 17.2.4 Transport Considerations 308 17.2.5 TRIP Messages 309 17.2.6 TRIP Attributes 310 17.3 Extend TRIP to Advertise Diverse URI Schemes 312 17.3.1 Needs 312 17.3.2 Proposal 312 17.4 Advertise AS Path in the Telephony Signaling Protocol 313 17.4.1 INP Spiral Issues 313 17.4.2 Prevent INP Spiral 314 17.5 Optimize Inter-ITAD Quality of Service (QoS) 316 17.5.1 Service Need 316 17.5.2 Solution Proposal 316 17.5.2.1 QoS Route Capability 316 17.5.2.2 Modified TRIP Route Attribute 318 17.5.2.3 On the Utilization of QoS Information 320 17.5.2.4 Illustration Example 321 17.6 Interprovider Multiple Paths 322 17.6.1 Path Diversity 322 17.6.2 Enhance TRIP to Support Multiple Paths 322 17.6.2.1 Procedure 322 17.6.2.2 Example 325 17.7 Avoid Inter-ITAD Congestion Phenomenon 327 17.7.1 Avoid Congested Links and ITADs 327 17.7.2 TRIP-Based Procedure to Prevent Congestion 328 17.8 Summary 331 References 331 Chap ter 18 VoIP Interconnection Perspectives 333
- 19. x v Acknowledgments Special thanks to Pierrick Morand for the discussions prior to the publication of this book. Many thanks as well to Adam Kapovits for his guidance and help during initial discussions about the book. Someofthematerialincludedin IPTelephonyInterconnectionReference: Challenges, Models, and Engineering is included in the EURESCOM Project P.1853.
- 21. x vii Authors Mohamed Boucadair is IP senior architect within France Telecom. He worked for France Telecom RD and has been part of the team working on VoIP services. He is now at France Telecom’s corporate division responsible for making recommendations on the evolution of IP/MPLS core networks. He has previously been involved in IST research projects, working on dynamic provisioning and inter-do- main traffic engineering. Boucadair has also worked as an RD engineer in charge of dynamic provisioning, QoS, multicast and intra/inter-domain traffic engineering. He has published many jour- nal articles and written extensively on these subject areas. Mohamed Boucadair holds several patents on VoIP, IPv4 service continu ity, IPv6, etc. Maria Isabel Borges received a degree in electronics and tele communications engineering from Aveiro University, Portugal, in 1989 and the MSc from the same university in 1998. From October 1989 to September 1990 she accomplished a post-graduation degree at the same university, and was involved in training students at the labora- tory of propagation. From October 1990 to February 1991 she worked at TEKA Portuguesa on a Television Receiver Only system. She joined the PT Inovação, S.A. (PTIN), formerly Centro de Estudos de Telecomunicações, in 1991, working on applied research on optical
- 22. x viii Authors communications, until 1995. Since then, she has been involved in several national and international RD programs, namely, in the area of development and integration of broadband access networks tech- nologies, ATM, IP networking and Services, and VoIP systems. She is involved in training actions and consulting services. She is author or co-author of several publications on the above-mentioned subjects and a reviewer of IEEE Communications Magazine. Pedro Neves received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electronics and telecommunications engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2003 and 2006, respectively. Since 2007 he has also been pursuing a Ph.D. in computer engineering and telecommunications at the same university. After graduation, he became a research fellow of the Telecommunications Institute, where he worked on European funded projects on broadband wireless access networks. In June 2006 he joined PT Inovação, working on heterogeneous wireless environ- ments in the context of European and Eurescom funded projects. In 2010 he began his research activities in the area of cloud comput- ing, with emphasis on the relationship of this paradigm with telecom operators. He has participated in more than 10 international collab- orative projects, is co-author of five international books, and has pub- lished more than 30 articles in journals and conference proceedings. Ólafur Páll Einarsson received a BSc degree in electrical engineer- ing from the University of Iceland in Reykjavik in 2005. From there he moved to Copehagen to continue his education in telecommunica- tion engineering at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and received an MSc degree in 2007. Following his education he worked for Icelandic Telecom (Siminn) in RD where he participated in sev- eral national and international research projects. Some of his main areas of specialty are SIM development, mobile security, and inte- grating a national mobile PKI architecture in Iceland.
- 23. xix Acronyms and Abbreviations ACQ All Call Query AES Advanced Encryption Standard AIN Advanced Intelligent Network ALG Application Level Gateway ALTC Alternate Connectivity Attribute AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System ANSI American National Standards Institute API Application Programming Interface APN Access Point Name AS Application Server Atypes Address Types (SIP media feature) B2BUA Back to Back User Agent BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function BGF Border Gateway Function BGP Border Gateway Protocol C7 Common Channel Signaling System Number 7 CAPEX Capital Expenditure CdPA Called Party Address CdPN Called Party Number CDR Charging Data Record CH Code Holder CIC Carrier Identification Code
- 24. x x Acronyms and Abbreviations CIDR Classless Interdomain Routing CLID Calling Line Identification CODEC Compression/Decompression CPA Connectivity Provisioning Agreement CPE Customer Premises Equipment CS Circuit Switch CS1 Capability Set 1 CS2 Capability Set 2 CSCF Call Session Control Function DBE Data Border Element DDDS Dynamic Delegation Discovery System DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DN Directory Number DNS Domain Name System DNS RR Domain Name Service Resource Record DNS SRV DNS Service Record DoS Denial of Service DS Dual Stack (IPv4 and IPv6) DUNDI Distributed Universal Number Discovery E2U E.164 to URI ENUM E.164 Number and DNS ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FCI Forward Call Indicator FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name GAP Generic Address Parameter GMSC Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center or Gateway Mobile Switching Center GNP Geographic Number Portability GRX GPRS Roaming eXchange GSMC Global System for Mobile Communications GTT Global Title Translation GW Gateways HNT Hosted NAT Traversal H-PCRF Home Network-Policy and Charging Rules Function HPLMN/HPMN Home Public (Land) Mobile Network HSS Home Subscriber Server
- 25. Acronyms and Abbreviations x xi IAX Interasterisk Exchange IAX2 IAX version 2 IBCF Interconnection Border Control Function I-CSCF Interrogating Call Session Control Function IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IGP Interior Gateway Protocol ILNP Interim LNP IM Instant Messaging IMPI IP Multimedia Private User Identity IMPU IP Multimedia Public User Identity IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity IN Intelligent Network INAP Intelligent Network Application Part IP Internet Protocol IPsec IP Security IPv6 IP version 6 IPX IP eXchange IS Information System ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network IS-IS Intermediate System-Intermediate System ISUP ISDN User Part ITAD IP Telephony Administrative Domain ITN Individual Telephony Number ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-TS ITU-Telecommunication Sector LEC Local Exchange Carrier LERG Local Exchange Routing Guide LI Lawful Intercept LNP Local Number Portability LRN Location Routing Number LS Location Server LTE Long Term Evolution (of RAN) MGCF Media Gateway Control Function MGW Media Gateway MNP Mobile Number Portability MRF Multimedia Resource Function
- 26. x xii Acronyms and Abbreviations MTP Message Transfer Part NA(P)T Network Address (and Port) Translation NANP North American Numbering Plan NAPTR Naming Authority Pointer (DNS Resource Record) NASS Network Attachment Subsystem NAT Network Address Translation NAT-PT Network Address Translation-Protocol Translation NGNP Nongeographic Number Portability NIA Network Interconnection Agreement NP Number Portability NPA Numbering Plan Area NPDB Number Portability Database NRN Network Routing Number OAM Operation, Administration, and Maintenance OPEX Operational Expenditure OR Onward Routing OSA Open Service Access OSPF Open Shortest Path First OSS Operation Support System P2P Peer to Peer PABX Private Access Branch Exchange PAT Port Address Translation PBX Private Branch Exchange PCF Policy Control Function PCS Personal Communication Services P-CSCF Proxy Call Session Control Function PDP Packet Data Protocol PDP Policy Decision Point PDU Protocol Data Unit P-GW Packet Gateway PLMN Public Land Mobile Network PNTI Ported Number Translation Indicator PODP Public Office Dialing Plan POTS Plain Old Telephone Service PS Proxy Server
- 27. Acronyms and Abbreviations x xiii PSTN Public Switched Telephony Network PUC Public Utility Commission QoR Query on Release QoS Quality of Service RAN Radio Access Network RN Routing Number RR Resource Record R-SGW Roaming Signaling Gateway RTCP Real-Time Control Protocol RTP Return to Pivot RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol RURI Request URI SBC Session Border Controller SBE Session Border Element SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part SCP Service Control Point S-CSCF Serving Call Session Control Function SDP Session Description Protocol SGW Signaling Gateway SIA Service Interconnection Agreement SIP Session Initiation Protocol SLA Service Level Agreement SLF Subscription Locator Function SLS Service Level Subscription SPDF Service-Based Policy Decision Function SPNP Service Provider Number Portability SRF Signaling Relaying Function SRI Send Routing Information SRTP Secure RTP SS7 Signaling System Number 7 STP Signaling Transfer Point STUN Session Traversal Utilities for NAT TAS Telephony Application Server TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part TCP Transport Control Protocol TDM Time Division Multiplexing TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
- 28. x xiv Acronyms and Abbreviations THIG Topology Hiding Internetwork Gateway TISPAN Telecommunications and Internet Converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking TLS Transport Layer Security TN Telephone Number ToIP Telephony over IP TrGW Transition Gateway TRIP Telephony Routing over IP T-SGW Transport Signaling Gateway TURN Traversal Using Relay NAT U.S. United States UA User Agent UAC UA Client UAS UA Server UDP User Datagram Protocol UE User Equipment URI Uniform Resource Identifier URL Universal Resource Locator VoIP Voice over IP VoLTE Voice over LTE V-PCRF Visited Network-Policy and Charging Rules Function VPLMN/VPMN Visited Public (Land) Mobile Network WG Working Group XML Extensible Markup Language
- 29. 1 1 The Rise of IP-Based Voice and the Need for Global IP Telephony Reachability 1.1 Introduction The emergence of VoIP (Voice over IP) as a service that competes directly with PSTN/PLMN (Public Switched Telephony Network/ Public Land Mobile Network) voice services presents a challenge to established voice service providers. Provisioning of VoIP services by new entrants is eroding the revenues enjoyed by PSTN/PLMN voice Service Providers, particularly for long-distance calls. Economic drivers for VoIP offerings over traditional voice include: • A packet-switched VoIP connection is far more efficient in terms of network use than a 64 kb/s nailed-up, traditional voice call circuit. • An IP network costs less than a PSTN or PLMN, since it can accommodatedifferentservicesonasingleplatformandrequires only one team for operation, management, and maintenance. • It is possible to provide a VoIP service with little or no net- work investment by using an “over-the-top” (or OTT) model in which the VoIP Service Provider uses an existing network as a bit-pipe. VoIP usage has increased over the past few years. For example in Europe, and according to the European Telecommunications Operators Organization, the number of VoIP users has increased by more than 600 percent over the past 5 years. In addition to substitut- ing traditional voice minutes, the existence of cheaper VoIP services forces traditional Operators to reduce call charges, causing a decrease
- 30. 2 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference in revenue. Traditional voice calls have decreased significantly in the PSTN domain. Given these pressures, among others, many incumbent telecom- munication Operators are changing their current, multiple, service- specific networks (e.g., PSTN, PLMN, etc.) to a single Internet Protocol (IP)-based transport network for all services. Future net- works will be IP end-to-end and, while circuit-switched networks will be in use for some years to come, eventually all voice services will be provided over IP. During this changeover, the need for VoIP interconnection will grow. It will be necessary for Voice Service Providers of all types to interconnect to offer global reachability for their customers. The fun- damental change from circuit-switched to packet voice introduces new challenges for traditional Service Providers, one of which is intercon- nection to a large number of VoIP Operators. 1.2 New Challenges on VoIP Service Offerings IP telephony service offerings are on the rise. Recently, several such offerings have emerged, addressing both residential and corporate customers. As a result of this development, the ratio of the over- all IP telephony traffic compared to the PSTN is changing rap- idly, and, in some countries, the volume of VoIP traffic already has become significant, if not dominant. For example, in France, the VoIP traffic in December 2008 amounted to 51.2 percent of all voice traffic. One of the critical challenges IP telephony is facing now is to become real multidomain, end-to-end communications. Therefore, IP telephony Service Providers are working to extend the scope of their service offer- ings beyond the boundaries of their administrative domains. In addition to these challenges, IP telephony service offerings should meet other requirements, such as QoS (Quality of Service), high availability, and robustness. These requirements is not only valid at the service level, but also for the transport layer, which is not necessarily managed and controlled end-to-end by the same administrative entity. For these reasons, new means to drive the (telephony) interdomain routing selection process should be inves- tigated and implemented to ensure the delivery of QoS-enabled
- 31. THE RISE OF IP-BASED VOICE 3 telephony services across several IP Telephony Administrative Domains (ITADs). 1.3 Why Global IP Telephony Reachability Is Needed The development of VoIP services in the Internet industry has arisen in an ad-hoc manner. Many providers of VoIP are using propri- etary protocols, or “flavored” versions of standard protocols, such as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). This gives rise to so-called “VoIP islands,” where customers of one Service Provider can only connect to the customer base of that same Service Provider. In order to provide a useful service, all voice Service Providers need to be globally con- nected. Just as each newly connected customer increases the network externality of an individual Service Provider, each newly connected network will greatly increase the value of the service to the end cus- tomers of all of the interconnected Service Providers. Service Providers should extend the scope of the service offerings beyondtheboundariesoftheiradministrativedomains.Therefore,inter- connection agreements should be settled so as to be able to place calls to remote destinations. The aforementioned global reachability, which allows extending the scope of IP-based telephony services beyond the scope of a single administrative domain, can be implemented by deploy- ing several POPs around the world or, in a more realistic way, by set- tling several interconnection agreements with other Service Providers. In the current traditional telecom industry, interconnection is often based on bilateral agreements—two parties agreeing to transfer traffic to each other for termination, (possibly) with an exchange of money based on the terminations performed. Wherever a small number of similarly sized Operators exist, this type of agreement serves all parties well. Nevertheless, the current bilateral model is not always valid for the following reasons: • Due to the emergence of new VoIP actors, a large amount of interconnection agreements should be settled in order to reach destinations managed by these new actors. The required agree- ments are drastically increasing and may be close to current BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) domains (i.e., 30,000). This scalabil- ity problem is a weakness for the centralized model if adopted
- 32. 4 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference by a Service Provider wishing to place calls with all telephony destinations and without using PSTN or other PLMN. • Unlike PSTN, customers are not identified now only by an E.164 identifier. New telephony identifiers have been par- ticularly promoted within IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). These identifiers are commonly known as URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) and are similar to DNS (Domain Name System) aliases. Consequently, no geograph- ical localization is conveyed in such schemes, which, in turn, has an impact on the telephony routing process. For these reasons, alternative interconnection models should be investigated and promoted, particularly the cascaded model that reduces the amount of required SIAs (Service Interconnection Agreements). In this mode, each Service Provider establishes a lim- ited set of SIAs. SIA peers are immediate physical neighbors. Only one-to-one SIAs are established. Owing to these SIAs, telephony prefixes of the immediate neighbor and the ones reachable through its ITAD are offered to any SIA peers. The current work conducted by IETF assumes a federation-based model for enforcing interconnection between VoIP domains. This model covers only the case where a limited number of ITADs are involved and assumes that a central point is introduced to store or to maintain the ITAD prefixes owing to an ENUM-based (E.164 to Telephone Number Mapping) architecture. Communications are placed between two originating and terminating domains. The federation-based model does not scale because it assumes that a full mesh of links is deployed. Furthermore, the current SPEERMINT architecture does not cover the interconnection between two federa- tions. In the context of delivery of universal services, a large number of ITADs should be involved and, therefore, interconnected. A centralized model is not suitable. Dynamic and flexible means to interconnect ITADs and exchange their managed prefixes should be encouraged. Service Providers should carefully evaluate the flex- ibility allowed when adhering to a given interconnection model. This book is the cornerstone for discussing both technical and regu- latory issues related to IP telephony Interconnection. Both business and interconnection models will be described and solutions sketched. The
- 33. THE RISE OF IP-BASED VOICE 5 book also provides a detailed view of the SPEERMINT activity and proposed architecture, the current work undertaken in i3 Forum, the use of ENUM for interconnection, ENUM implementation status, etc. 1.4 The VoIP Protocols Jungle 1.4.1 Overview Within this book, VoIP and ToIP (Telephony over IP) are used inter- changeably. This book does not assume specific conversational ser- vices even if a focus is put on audio and video conversational ones. Indeed, discussions and analyses conducted along with this book’s chapters may apply for whatever the type of sessions are. Various protocols have been developed in the past leading to a VoIP Jungle. The following subsection provides a brief description of main VoIP protocols. 1.4.2 SIP SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a signaling protocol defined by the IETF to initiate, manage, and terminate media sessions. SIP is widely deployed in operational networks and, in particular, it is largely adopted by Service Providers for the delivery of conversational services. SIP is an extensible protocol which reuses the same message encod- ing as HTTP and SMTP. 1.4.3 SDP SDP (Session Description Protocol) is used to describe the capabilities and media endpoint (e.g., IP address, port number, supported codec, etc.) and to negotiate how the media will be exchanged between ses- sion participants. When used for the placement of calls, the SDP body is enclosed in specific SIP messages. 1.4.4 RTP/RTCP RTP (Real-Time Protocol) is the popular protocol used to exchange media flows between remote participants. Information about the
- 34. 6 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference endpoint (e.g., IP address, port number, direction, etc.) are exchanged and negotiated using SDP, for instance. 1.4.5 SIP-I Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) with encapsulated ISUP (SIP-I) was defined by ITU-T in ITU-T Q.1912.5 to specify the SIP interworking with ISUP (Q.761-Q.764) and BICC (Q.1902.1-Q.1902.4). SIP-I is more detailed compared to other encapsulation solutions (e.g., SIP-T described below). SIP-I is used to interconnect a SIP-based domain with a TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) network. 1.4.6 SIP-T Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for Telephones (SIP-T) provides an extension to the standard SIP protocol to transport ISUP (ISDN User Part) messages across a SIP network as attachments to the SIP mes- sages. SIP-T is defined in the following documents: • RFC 3204: MIME Media Types for ISUP and QSIG Objects, which specifies the rules for encapsulating the ISUP messages within the SIP messages. • RFC 3372: Session Initiation Protocol for Telephones (SIP-T): Context and Architectures, which describes the architecture for interworking between ISUP and SIP-T. • RFC 3398: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) to Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Mapping, which defines interworking rules between ISUP and SIP. • RFC 3578: Mapping of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) Overlap Signaling to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) discusses how the signaling overlap is handled. SIP-T is intended to provide the protocol translation and feature transparency across interconnection points between PSTN (Public Switched Telephony Network) and SIP-based networks.
- 35. THE RISE OF IP-BASED VOICE 7 Compared to SIP-I, SIP-T is underspecified with regard to the encapsulation and message mappings. 1.4.7 BICC The Bearer Independent Call Control (BICC) is a call control sig- naling protocol that can be seen as an extension of ISUP to provide the same set of ISDN services over a broadband backbone network. As a consequence, BICC supports the same services as ISUP. BICC has been specified by the International Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITU-T) in Q.1901. BICC adopts a sepa- ration between the call control and bearer connection control. Call Service Function (CSF) Call Control Unit (CCU) is responsible for handling the call control while the bearer may be managed by one or more Media Control Function (MCF) Media Control Units (MCUs) or Media Gateways. BICC is able to negotiate CODECs on an end- to-end basis. The bearer control may use signaling outside of BICC or tunnel the bearer parameters within the BICC signaling (e.g., IP Bearer Control Protocol (IPBCP)). 1.4.8 IAX IAX (Interasterisk Exchange) is a path-coupled protocol that is used for both signaling and media control operations. IAX pro- vides several features, such as management of signaling and media transfer, support for native provisioning functions, and firmware maintenance. IAX is a simple protocol, which has the advantage of being IP version agnostic, leading to avoidance of NAT (Network Address Translation) traversal complications. This issue represents a real asset, as NAT devices stand nowadays for a tremendous chal- lenge in conversational architectures. IAX is transported over UDP (User Datagram Protocol) using a single port number (4569). IAX couples signaling and media paths, but the decoupling is possible once the connection has been success- fully established. IAX does not require a new protocol for the exchange of media streams. IAX also is used to exchange media streams. Several media
- 36. 8 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference types may be sent by IAX: voice, video, image, text, HTML, etc. IAX unreliable messages are media flows that are not acknowledged or retransmitted if lost. IAX reliability is ensured for control messages using several IAX application identifiers maintained by the involved parties. Reliable messages should be acknowledged; if not, these mes- sages are retransmitted. IAX offers means to check if the remote call participant is alive or not. Native IP security means can be deployed jointly with IAX. IAX allows exchange of shared keys. IAX may be used either with plain text or in conjunction with encryption mechanisms like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). IAX authentication relies on the exchange of authentication requests, which enclose a security chal- lenge. This authentication challenge should be answered by the remote peer and to encrypt according to the adopted encryption method. If encryption negotiation has failed, the call should be terminated. IAX provides a dedicated scheme to provision IAX devices through a spe- cific procedure and IAX messages. IAX allows a procedure to check the availability of a new firm- ware version for a given device type. The encoding of firmware binary blocks is specific to IAX devices and is out of the scope of the IAX communication protocol itself. IAX can be easily deployed to provide heterogeneous calls between IPv4 and IPv6 realms. 1.4.9 DUNDi DUNDi (Distributed Universal Number Discovery) is a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) telephony extension discovery. When activating DUNDi, sev- eral peers can exchange the number extension they support. This trust relationship allows a peer within the DUNDi community to retrieve the location of a resource present in the network. DUNDi protocol can be used with any VoIP signaling protocol. 1.4.10 TRIP TRIP (Telephony Routing over IP) is telephony routing proto- col specified by the IETF. This protocol aims at discovering and announcing telephony prefixes to remote ITAD). TRIP is similar
- 37. THE RISE OF IP-BASED VOICE 9 to the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) for interdomain routing and IS-IS (Interior System-Interior System) for intradomain routing. This telephony routing protocol can be used with any VoIP signal- ing protocol. 1.4.11 TGREP Telephony Gateway Registration Protocol (TGRP) is a protocol used for registration of telephony prefixes supported by telephony gate- ways. TGRP can be used to export resource information. The prefix and resource information then can be passed on to a TRIP Location Server, which in turn can propagate that routing information within and between ITADs. 1.4.12 ENUM ENUM (E.164 number) is a DNS-based system to resolve the IP location of a given telephony resource. ENUM is used to ease con- vergence of services and to associate user identifications with a single DNS record. These services are advertised and could be discovered through questioning DNS service. A dedicated resource is defined: “e164.arpa.” This latter is then populated, in a distributed and fully decentralized manner, to provide the infrastructure in DNS for stor- age of E.164 numbers. 1.5 What Is This Book about? This book brings to the reader the following: • Be aware of the recent changes in the field of telephony and IP telephony in particular. • How IP is becoming the federative transport protocol to deliver advanced services. • What are the current plans for migrating from the old PSTN to an IP-based model. • How Operators will face the issue of decommissioning their PSTN infrastructures while continuing to offer the same telephony service level.
- 38. 10 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference • How to take benefit from dynamic solutions to enhance the level of the service to be experienced by customers. • What are the legal requirements to be met when designing such architectures. • Have an overall view of the IP telephony picture.
- 41. 13 2 Traffic Analysis VoIP versus PSTN/Mobile 2.1 This Chapter at a Glance The intention of this chapter is to draw the reader’s attention to the fact that VoIP (Voice over IP) traffic is increasing at a good pace and also that this increase is not only due to the fixed VoIP or to Peer-to- Peer (e.g., Skype) use but also due to an increase in mobile VoIP. As discussed below, VoIP is drastically popular in various countries and it is part of the basic service portfolio. 2.2 Fixed VoIP VoIP had gained a lot of support in many consumer markets resulting in a strong growth since 2004. As forecasted, this growth has accel- erated on a worldwide basis with the potentially large Chinese and Indian markets that are starting to adopt this technology. Between 2004 and 2005, the worldwide growth was 85 percent and between 2005 and 2006 it was 114 percent. In 2008, the United States was ahead of Japan mainly due to multiplay services provided by the cable companies. Almost all analysts expect the exponential growth to continue, but with differences among the numbers:1 • It is expected that the number of VoIP subscribers will grow at a compound annual rate of 20.2 percent through 2011, reaching 33.2 million.2 VoIP revenue has grown from $25 million in 2003 to $200 million in 2004, $1.4 billion in 2005, and $5 billion in 2007. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) expects local telephone companies to gain a market share as they begin bundling VoIP with their new
- 42. 14 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference video services, in addition to marketing VoIP outside their home territories to reinforce their subscriber base. Also, busi- ness use of VoIP is becoming a factor in the market, with revenue projected to grow to $14.2 billion by 2011. • Research from InfoCom3 or eMarketer4 predicts nearly 40 million paying VoIP subscribers in the United States by 2012 and nearly 200 million worldwide. • A third analysis from ABI Research5 predicts 267 million residential VoIP subscribers worldwide by 2012. In Western Europe, the growth comes either from cable TV companies or ADSL Service Providers, with the majority of VoIP subscriptions being part of bundled packages that are being offered at lower prices compared to a simple broadband connection. By the third quarter of 2010, there were 508.76 million broadband subscribers globally. By the end of 2010, almost two-thirds of EU households had a computer, and its access in the home is increasing.6 Also, the number of terminal equipment is becoming more and more PC-like, promoting access to the Internet and the use of voice over packets, as Figure 2.1 reflects. As a matter of fact, VoIP has increased in many countries over the past few years, and, by the end of 2009, there were 26 VoIP subscrip- tions per 100 population in France where people use VoIP instead of a standard fixed line. In the United Kingdom, VoIP subscription was much lower (5 per 100 people); however, 17 percent of people use a PC to make voice calls in their home. Desktops Laptops Netbooks Tablets Smartphones Figure 2.1 Percent of equipment sales in 2010.7
- 43. Traffic Analysis 15 InSpainandGermany,noneofthelargestthreebroadbandOperators offer a stand-alone product (and it is always bundled with voice). In France and Portugal, broadband is typically taken within a triple-play (or 4-play) service offering that includes voice (often deliv- ered via VoIP) and IP TV. From Table 2.1, it can be observed that, in some countries (in par- ticular France and Japan), VoIP has been rapidly gaining a share of voice traffic and is central to broadband propositions offered by the major ISPs. PC-based VoIP calls, as for example, Skype or Google Voice, provide voice services that are not expensive to the end users because the calls are routed over the Internet. These Service Providers join the voice market without huge infrastructural investments because they do not have to deploy the costly trunk networks required by traditional voice telephony services. VoIP services usually fit one of the following two categories: • The use of VoIP as a substitute for POTS (Plain Old Telephony Service). PC-based VoIP calls are most popular in countries where there is high demand for international calls. • VoIP service as a second line incorporated in a bundle pack- age, often including “unlimited” offers. Countries like France can boast of VoIP penetration of fixed-line services approaching 40 percent, according to research from Point Topic.9 VoIP calling traffic increased in France by 14.5 percent in 2009 to reach 54.4 billion minutes. This represents half of all calling traffic originating on fixed networks. Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3 show the growth potential of VoIP. Even though penetration is particularly high in France, Japan, and in the United States, there still remains space for growth11. Figure 2.4 shows the revenues per voice classification. It can be observed that mobile is increasing and reaching some market saturation and that there is a migration from fixed line to mobile Table 2.1 VoIP subscriptions per 100 inhabitants8 UK FRA GER ITA USA CAN JPN AUS VoIP subscriptions per 100 population 5.4 26.3 10.6 9.5 9.9 10.0 17.6 14.0 Source: Ofcom, International Communications Market Report, 2010.
- 44. 16 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference and VoIP services. It is expected that there will be a continuation of the decline in the fixed line revenues and a significant increase in VoIP. In France, and according ARCEP,12 revenues directly attributable to telephone calls from fixed lines were €1.1 billion in the second quarter 2008. These revenues declined 3.4 percent over one year, primarily due to revenues from calls made on the PSTN (down 7.6 percent over one year in the second quarter 2008). Revenues from calls originating on IP access (€136 million in the second quarter 2008) were up 43.5 percent over one year. Traffic originating on fixed 0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 VoIP subscribers (Mar 2010) U S J a p a n F r a n c e G e r m a n y C h i n a S o u t h K o r e a I t a l y C a n a d a N e t h e r l a n d s U K Figure 2.2 VoIP subscribers. (From Deloitte, Technology, Media, and Telecommunications predictions, 2011.) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 Fixed V oIP Penetration US Japan France Germany Italy Netherlands UK Figure 2.3 Expected fixed VoIP penetration.
- 45. Traffic Analysis 17 phones (excluding public payphones and cards) reached 26.7 billion minutes in the second quarter of 2008, and grew 5.4 percent over one year thanks to a very strong growth in IP traffic (+47.6 percent over one year). VoIP calling traffic increased by 14.5 percent in 2009 to reach 54.4 billion minutes, or half of all calling traffic originating on fixed networks.12,13 2.2.1 Focus on France In France, ARCEP (Autorité de régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes14) regularly publishes the figures of the retail market. According to their 2010 report, the number of fixed telephony subscriptions was down to 40.4 million at the end of the second quarter in 2010, which marks a 1.2 percent decrease over 2009. The number of PSTN subscriptions dropped by –10.5 percent in the second quarter of 2010 as users switched to voice over IP solutions (+2.2 million in one an, or 17.8 million at the end of the second quar- ter of 2010). The rise in the number of VoIP users has been spurred by ADSL subscriptions with no fixed line PSTN service. Indeed, cus- tomers can keep their regular PSTN line when subscribing to a VoIP service; the line is either a shared access line or supplied through a classic offer. The lines supporting both an IP and a PSTN service was down to 5.5 million in the second quarter of 2010, or 16 percent of 35 2012 Fixed-line Voice Mobile VolP 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2011 2010 2009 2006 2005 2004 Figure 2.4 Fixed, mobile, and VoIP revenues (2004–2012) in billion Euros. (From United Kingdom: VOIP the Next Level. Online at http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=59632.10)
- 46. 18 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference million fixed lines in operation in France. As of the end of the second quarter of 2010, 51 percent of fixed lines were hosting a VoIP service, and around 35 percent hosted only a VoIP subscription. “Unlimited” IP telephony offers are the main driver for this swift increase in IP calling traffic. In the second quarter of 2010, the IP-based calling accounted for 79 percent of international calling minutes and 59 percent of calls to national fixed lines. Only 26 percent of fixed-to-mobile calling minutes were over IP. The rate of growth for IP traffic reached an additional 2.6 billion minutes in the second quarter of 2010. There were 17.8 million subscriptions to a VoIP service in use at the end of the second quarter of 2010 (2.2 million more than the year before). The number has been increasing (+13.9 percent compared to 2009). The entire increase can be attributed to subscriptions to a VoIP service with no subscription to a classic PSTN voice service. The volume of calls being made over the classic switched telephone network has been decreasing for several years. Landline calling gen- erated €699 million in the second quarter of 2010, which marks a 12.9 percent decrease over 2009. Total calling minutes originating on the PSTN, including calls from public payphones and calling cards, represented only 43 percent of calling minutes originating on fixed terminals, compared to 51 percent in 2009. The volume of PSTN calls (11.7 billion minutes in the second quarter of 2010) is down by 1.9 billion minutes compared to the second quarter of 2009, or by 14.1 percent. The biggest drop is in calls to international destinations (–30.5 percent), which is due to the competitive pressure from VoIP solutions, which is much greater than it is for national fixed or fixed- to-mobile calls. In France, Operators’ income from incoming international intercon- nection services was €115 million in the second quarter of 2010 (i.e., 2.7 billion calling minutes). Calls terminating on fixed networks in France account for 80 percent of the calling minutes. IP-based calling traffic reached 16 billion minutes in the second quarter of 2010, or 58 per- cent of all traffic originating on fixed devices, up from 49 percent one year earlier. IP-based calls account for 80 percent of international calls, thanks to “unlimited” calling offers included in ISPs’ service bundles. ARCEP reported that 26 percent of fixed-to-mobile calls are origi- nated on a VoIP line. PSTN customers spent an average of two hours
- 47. Traffic Analysis 19 and 51 minutes (2 h 51 min) a month on the phone in the second quarter of 2010, while VoIP customers spent an average of 5 hours and 3 minutes (5 h 3 min) a month. 2.2.2 Focus on Portugal At the end of the third quarter of 2010, there were 25 companies autho- rized to provide Fixed Telephone Service in Portugal,15 distributed as shown in Figure 2.5. Of the Portuguese companies authorized to provide this service, 29 percent were operational. Of these, six provided direct access only, two provided indirect access only, and the rest provided services using both types of access. With respect to providers of voice over Internet services at a fixed location and according to conditions perceived by users as being equiv- alent to traditional FTS (Fixed Telecommunications Services), at the end of the third quarter of 2010, there were seven operational provid- ers. Regarding nomadic VoIP services, there were 22 Service Providers authorized to provide this service. However, only 10 were operational. As shown in Figure 2.6, total voice traffic originating on the fixed network during the third quarter of 2010 totaled around 573 million calls. Compared to the previous quarter, and contrary to the trend reported in the number of accesses installed at customer request, the volume of FTS minutes and the volume of calls fell by 4.5 percent and Authorized providers Operational providers Providers with direct and indirect access traffic Providers with direct access traffic only Figure 2.5 Distribution of Fixed Telephony Service (FTS) in Portugal.
- 48. 20 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference 4.6 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, year-on-year, an increase of 0.2 percent was reported in the number of minutes. In terms of calls, a decreasing linear trend is evident. In terms of traffic associated with the nomadic VoIP service, it is noted that despite the decline reported in the number of active customers, traffic associated with this type of service increased compared to that in the second quarter of 2010, both in terms of calls and in terms of minutes. 2.2.3 Focus on Latin America Fixed line and mobile telephony losses from VoIP are expected to exceed US$18.4 billion by 2014 in Latin America. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela, and account for over 88 percent of the Latin American VoIP market.16 2.2.4 Focus on South Korea Five million VoIP subscribers were expected by the end of 2009. LG Dacom, which had only 336,000 traditional telephony users at the end of February 2008, leads the VoIP market with 1.32 mil- lion subscribers, stretching its lead over Samsung Networks and KT Corp. who have around 400,000 each. Korea Cable Telecom (KCT) boasts 300,000 VoIP subscribers, while SK Broadband has just over 270,000. KT Corp, the dominant traditional fixed-line Operator, had 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 3rd Quarter 2009 2nd Quarter 2010 3rd Quarter 2010 Nomadic VoIP traffic Internet access traffic FTS voice traffic Figure 2.6 Traffic originating on the fixed network—Calls.
- 49. Traffic Analysis 21 finally been convinced to adopt VoIP because the PSTN customer base fell by more than 250,000 to 19.62 million, and it continues to decline.17 2.2.5 Focus on the United States It is estimated that by 2011 VoIP-connected households will grow by 8.5 million in United States and that this number will approach 30 million by the end of the decade, generating more than $11 billion in revenue.18 2.3 Mobile VoIP The migration from fixed line to mobile and VoIP services is predicted to continue in the coming years, with the fixed line revenues dimin- ishing, moderate growth in wireless sales, and a significant increase in VoIP. In-Stat projections say that, by 2013, Mobile VoIP applications will generate annual revenues of $32.2 billion, driven by over 278 mil- lion registered users worldwide.13 There are different models exploiting VoIP opportunities, such as VoIP in the carrier network, PSTN-VoIP interaction, such as VoCable, VoDSL, Vowireless, VoIP virtual networking, and Peer-to- Peer (P2P) VoIP. Both Incumbent Service Providers and new entrants are seeking to offer managed and QoS (Quality of Service)-enabled VoIP services. They are developing their own IP infrastructure, where QoS is high, and have begun the transition towards Next Generation Networks (NGN).21 Also, Mobile Operators (MO) face an even greater challenge than fixed line or Cable Operators, with the saturation of the mobile mar- ket in the most developed countries. Currently, mobile growth is slow and competition on price is continuing to drive down both revenue and profit margins. Many Mobile Operators are envisaging VoIP ser- vices via 3G networks as a means of compensating the stagnation (or even declining) voice revenues. By the year 2012, mobile VoIP services are foreseen to generate revenues of €15.3 billion in the United States and €6.0 billion in Western Europe, compared to fixed VoIP revenues of €9.8 billion in the United States and €5.7 billion in Western Europe.19
- 50. 22 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference Key findings from the report, mentioned above, include: • By 2015, mobile VoIP will carry 28 percent of all fixed and mobile voice minutes in the United States and 23 percent in Western Europe. • Mobile Operators will position mobile VoIP as a premium voice service, emphasizing quality of service and a range of value-added features (such as presence information, instant messaging, and multimedia sharing) in order to resist the ero- sion of voice prices. • Mobile VoIP will dominate the mix of wireless VoIP services in developed markets, with VoIP over wireless local area net- works (WLAN) and VoIP over broadband wireless access (BWA) technologies (such as WiMAX) relegated to niche roles. It was also stated that Mobile Operators need to consider the migra- tion to all-IP core networks and the introduction of VoIP-enabled handsets as well as the evolution of their radio networks.20 This also should be taken into consideration by the mobile equipment manufac- turers together with the standardization bodies. While Mobile VoIP still poses a direct threat to Operator voice revenue, it also represents a dynamic new capability that promises numerous applications. However, there are dependencies; one of them coming from the internet in terms of QoS, IPv4 address allocation and the other from the Internet access providers. Some mobile Operators have restricted or blocked usage of ser- vices of VoIP to protect networks and revenues from traditionally high-margin services. The key for integrated Operators will be to assess the comparative cost effectiveness of the delivery of advanced services over fixed, mobile, or converged networks. This will then need to be assessed alongside the quality and quantity of the services required. Many European mobile Operators aim to start building the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in 2011. This will increase the capac- ity of mobile Internet access to levels never before seen, and, together with the IP network, access will increase the mobile VoIP usage pro- moting new applications of those based on the integration of VoIP with social networks.
- 51. Traffic Analysis 23 2.4 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Internet telephony has become an important application being consid- ered by occidental countries as a commodity, based also on the enormous success of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) voice applications with its ease of use. Figure 2.7 shows that traffic is increasing and is expected to continue to grow as can be seen by observing the number of Internet users, particu- larly those from Asia, who, for sure, will adopt IP telephony. Peer-to-Peer VoIP (e.g., Skype) has been the world’s leading promoter of free VoIP. Despite Skype’s success, P2P VoIP is currently used largely asa“secondalternative,”mainlybecauseofcontinuingconcernslikeQoS, security, accountability, and reachability, among others. Furthermore, Internet Service Providers and mobile carriers are able to limit P2P players’ access to networks by blocking servers, IP addresses, or Web sites. For instance, they can disable P2P traffic whenever the number of connections rises above a certain comfortable or predefined limit. Particularly in Europe, the most important key facts are:23 • SIP generates over 50 percent of all VoIP traffic in most regions. • Skype is No. 1 in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. • SIP/RTP initiated by instant messaging (IM) applications is very popular with about 20 to 30 percent of VoIP everywhere except in the Middle East. • Virtually no IAX/IAX2 traffic anywhere. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Africa Asia Europe Middle East North America Latin America/ Caribbean Oceania/ Australia Internet Users (Millions) 2000 Sep 2009 Jun-10 Figure 2.7 Internet users in the world. (From INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS: The Internet Big Picture. Online at http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.23)
- 52. 24 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference There are other applications, such as the Microsoft® and Yahoo!® messengers that have previously been used only with IM, which are now coming with VoIP functionality integrated and are increasingly used. These new applications are competing against Skype; however, Skype is the most popular VoIP protocol in Eastern Europe and the Middle East with bandwidth shares larger than 80 percent. Skype appears to be particularly popular in places with lower Internet access speed due to its dynamic audio codec that adapts to varying bandwidth availability.24 In conclusion, the U.S. residential VoIP market is predicted to grow at a compound annual rate of 20 percent over the next four years, according to the Telecom Industry Association’s 2008 Market Review Forecast. Further analysis20 shows that economic recovery during 2011–2012 will be driven by restricted demand for equipment upgrades. Growth in data traffic will pressure network capacity and stimulate investments in broadband, which in turn will expand the platform for VoIP and IP TV. In 2008, VoIP represented 26 percent of total fixed lines in Europe, but brought in only 10 percent of the total fixed-line revenues. Telegeography25 estimates that there were more than 35 million European households with VoIP service in 2008. That is up from just 1.9 million VoIP lines in service in Europe in 2004. Telegeography also estimates that, during every quarter of 2008, more than 2 million homes signed up for VoIP service. Just to give context, in the United States, there were about 19.4 million VoIP subscribers at the end of 2008. In 2004, there were 1.2 million VoIP lines. The same analysts estimate that Europe will continue to exceed U.S. growth in VoIP lines. ABI Research shows that global business VoIP services in the overall market, which includes VoIP integrated access, SIP trunking, hosted IP-PBX/IP Centrex, and managed IP-PBX services, is set to double over the next four years, to exceed $20 billion by 2015.26 References 1. Broadband Money Makers. Online at http://point-topic.com/content/ bmm/profiles/BMMIPT081021.htm (accessed February 17, 2011). 2. TIA. 2008. Telecommunications Market Review and Forecast. Telecom Industry Association. 3. Europe to Have 88 Million VoIP Subscribers by 2012. Online at http:// entirelyvoip.com/ (accessed February 17, 2011).
- 53. Traffic Analysis 25 4. VoIP Booms While IPTV Lags. Online at http://www.voipmonitor. net/2007/04/18/VoIP+Booms+While+IPTV+Lags.aspx (accessed February 17, 2011). 5. ABI Study Predicts 267 Million Residential VoIP Subscribers Worldwide by 2012. Online at http://www.tmcnet.com/voip/ip-communications/ articles/4824-abi-study-predicts-267-million-residential-voip-subscrib- ers.htm (accessed February 17, 2011). 6. World Broadband Statistics: Short Report, Q3 2010. Fiona Vanier, December 2010, Point Topic. 7. Deloitte, Technology, Media, and Telecommunications predictions, 2011. 8. Ofcom, International Communications Market Report, 2010. 9. VOIP BUSINESS MODELS: IP Finds Its Voice. Online at http:// www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?ID=458379 (accessed February 17, 2011). 10. United Kingdom: VOIP the Next Level. Online at http://www.mondaq. com/article.asp?articleid=59632 (accessed February 17, 2011). 11. ITU News. Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) comes of age, September 2009 (accessed July 2011). 12. The Electronic Communications Services Market in France in the 2nd Quarter 2008. Online at http://www.arcep.fr/fileadmin/reprise/ observatoire/2-2008/eng/obs-marches-t2-2008-eng.pdf (accessed February 17, 2011). 13. ARCEP’s Annual Report 2009. Online at http://www.arcep.fr/uploads/ tx_gspublication/rap2009-anglais.pdf (accessed February 17, 2011); Mobile VoIP Could Transform Mobile Landscape. Online at http:// www.instat.com/press.asp?ID=2618sku=IN0904428MCM (accessed February 17, 2011). 14. ARCEP, www.arcep.fr 15. Anacom, www.anacom.pt 16. ICT Statistics Newslog - Latin America Losses from VoIP to Exceed US$18.4 Billion by 2014, ITU-T. Online at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ ict/newslog/Latin+America+Losses+From+VoIP+To+Exceed+US184+ Billion+By+2014.aspx (accessed February 17, 2011). 17. ICT Statistics Newslog - VoIP booming in South Korea.Online at http:// www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/VoIP+Booming+In+South+Korea.aspx (accessed February 17, 2011). 18. ICT Statistics Newslog—United States: VoIP-Connected Households to Grow by 8.5 Million by 2011. Online at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ ict/newslog/United+States+VoIPConnected+Households+To+Grow+B y+85+Million+By+2011.aspx (accessed February 17, 2011). 19. Forecasting the Commercial Impact of Wireless VoIP in the USA and Western Europe/Analysis, August 2006. 20. Cellular VoIP Will Generate More RevenueThan All Fixed VoIP Services. Onlineathttp://www.3g.co.uk/PR/Sept2006/3628.htm(accessedFebruary 17, 2011). 21. Mobile VoIP: Social Networking Integrates IP Voice. In-Stat, December 2010.
- 54. 26 IP Telephony Interconnection Reference 22. 2009 ICT Market Review Forecast. Broadband in a Tough Economy: Making Your Next Strategic Move. Telecommunications Industry Association. 23. INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS: The Internet Big Picture. Online at http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (accessed February 17, 2011). 24. Hendrik Schulze and Klaus Mochalski. Ipoque, Internet Study 2008/ 2009. Online at http://www.ipoque.com/userfiles/file/ipoque-Internet- Study-08-09.pdf (accessed February 17, 2011). 25. In Europe, VoIP Grows Grows. Online at http://gigaom.com/2009/ 03/06/in-europe-voip-grows-grows/ (accessed February 17, 2011). 26. Report: World Business VoIP Services Market Set to Double in Size by 2015.Online at http://www.voipmonitor.net/2010/09/27/Report+World +Business+VoIP+Services+Market+Set+To+Double+In+Size+By+2015. aspx (accessed February 17, 2011).
- 55. Another Random Document on Scribd Without Any Related Topics
- 56. Our Beagles all toss'd up their Heads And they soon made a speedy return, And drawing just up to a Point Where this cunning Old Gypsie had gone, You never saw better Dogs Hunt For Life underneath the Sun. Now there was Tantive and Ranter, They sounded her last Passing Bell, And Wilson made Moan unto Handford A Cup of Old Hock will do well And Handford cry'd Master, ride faster For now I begin to Cool With Sweat, all my Cloaths are as wet As if I had been in some Pool. Where not these two dainty fine Pusses They held us from Seven till One, We scour'd thro Hedges and Bushes So Merrily they run on. And as for the Praise of these Hounds And Horses that Gallops so free, My Pen would not bring to Bounds If Time would allow it to be. Now Gallants, I bid you Farewel For I fear I your Patience have try'd, And hie for a Glass of good Ale That Poetry may be admir'd. And heres a good Health to the Sportsman That Hunts with the Horn and Hound, I hope you'll all pledge for the future And so let this Health go round.[58]
- 57. Squire Frith's Hunting Song. Another good old Derbyshire hunting song is the following, which relates to a celebrated run with the hounds of Squire Frith, of Bank Hall, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, in the High Peak. Mr. Samuel Frith was a keen sportsman, and for more than fifty years was one of the most daring and best hunters in the district—one of the roughest and most awkward that could be found anywhere. With regard to the run celebrated in this song, it appears that one December morning, some eighty or ninety years ago, in a keen frost, Mr. Frith turned out his own pack of harriers at Castle Naze Rocks, on the moors near his residence. To the surprise of the Squire, instead of a hare putting off, a fine fox broke covert, and made away to the Moors. The dogs got away after him, and Mr. Frith and his huntsman, Jack Owen, followed over some of the most tremendous ground even of Derbyshire. The fox made off across the moors, skirting Axe-edge,—the highest mountain in the Peak,—to Macclesfield forest; thence by Langley and Gracely woods to Swithingley. From thence he went by Housley and Gawsworth, and at length, after a run of more than forty miles, was killed at Clouds Hill, near Congleton, Mr. Frith and his huntsman being up at the time. Mr. Frith rode a favourite black cob of his called Black Jack, one of the best fencers in the county,—a quality of essential importance in that district of stone walls and rocks. Bank Hall is about two and a half miles from Chapel-en-le-Frith.
- 58. Hark! hark! brother Sportsmen, what a melodious sound, How the valleys doth echo with the merry-mouthed hound; There's none in this world with Squire Frith can compare, When chasing bold Reynard, or hunting the Hare. Bright Phœbus peeps over yon Eastern hills, And darted his rays through the meadows and fields; On the eighth of December, that memorable morn, We chased bold Reynard with hound and with horn. Then over young Cumrocks like lightning he flew, What a melodious chorus when Reynard's in view; There's nothing like hunting we mortals do know, Then follow, boys, follow, tally-ho! tally-ho! With a staunch and fleet pack, most sagacious and true, What a melodious chorus when Reynard's in view; The hills and the valleys do echo around, With the shouts of the hunter, and cries of the hound. Squire Frith being mounted upon a swift steed, Black Jack, there's but few that can match him for speed; The Squire and his Huntsman no horse-flesh will spare, When chasing bold Reynard, or hunting the Hare. There's Grinder, and Saddler, two dogs of great fame, Hark to Primrose, and Bonny Lass, and Conqueror by name; There's Killman, and Bowman, Ringwood, and Dido, With Lily, and Lady, and Rolly, also. O'er Macclesfield Forest old Reynard did fly, By Tragnell, and Runcorn, and unto Langly; By Shalcross, and Greswark, and unto Swithinly, At his brush close did follow the hounds in full cry. By Shalcross and Greswark we came back again, It was speed that prolonged his life it was plain; Full forty long miles that old creature did return, And he holed in Clown Hills, near to Congleton. Of geese, ducks, and hens, great havoc he's made, And innocent lambs, he has worried the said; There's no barn-door fowls old Reynard did spare, Take care, all ye farmers, of your poultry, take care. Here's a health to all Hunters, wherever they be, To all honest sportsmen of every degree;
- 59. With a full flowing bowl, we'll drink a health all, To that great and true Sportsman, Squire Frith, of Bank Hall.
- 60. Derbyshire Men. There is an old saying connected with Derbyshire, which is not very complimentary to the sons of its soil:— Derbyshire born and Derbyshire bred, Strong in the arm, but weak in the head. This saying forms the text of the following excellent lines, written by Mr. Walter Kirkland, which first appeared in print in The Reliquary for October, 1864. I' Darbyshire who're born an' bred, Are strong i' th' arm, bu' weak i' th' head: So th' lying Proverb says. Strength o' th' arm, who doubts shall feel: Strength o' th' head, its power can seal The lips that scoff, always. The rich vein'd Mine, the Mountain hoar, We sink, an' blast, an' pierce, 'an bore By th' might o' Darby brawn. An' Darby brain con think an' plon, As well as that o' ony mon; An' clearly as the morn. Strong i' th' arm, an' strong i' th' head, The fou' fause Proverb should ha' said, If th' truth she meant to tell. Bu' th' union, so wise an' rare O brawn an' brain, she didna care To see or speak of well. The jealous jade, nor Darby born, Where praise wor due, pour'd forth bu' scorn, An' lying words let fau. Bu' far above the Proverb stands The Truth, that God's Almighty hands Ha' welded strength an' mind i' one; An' pour'd it down i' plenty on Born Darbyshire men au.
- 61. An Elegy Upon the Death of all the greatest Gentry in Darley-Dalle, who loved Hunting and Hawking, and several other Games. The Poet's view, well known to you, to be too true, and so adieu, by me LEO. W. 1672. The following extremely curious poem, containing many interesting allusions to families long since departed, was written in 1672, by Leonard Wheatcroft, some time clerk of the parish, poet, tailor, and schoolmaster, at Ashover, in Derbyshire. He was a man of talent, and wrote many things which are worth collecting together. It is here printed from the original MS. The last verse was evidently added after the accession of George the First. The title of the ballad is particularly quaint, and characteristic of the man and of the county of which he was a native. In the dialect of the district the rhymes would be perfect, and would read thus:— The Poet's view Well known to yew, To be too trew, And so adieu By me Leo Double Yew, Sixteen seventy tew. 1. As I on Oaker-hill[59] one day did stand, Viewing the world which I could not command, I turn'd my face tou'rd Berchore[60] partly west, To view where Greaveses us'd to have their nest; But out, alas! I found they were all gone, Not one was left to rest against a stone. 2. Then looking forward, the coast being very cleare, At Rowther,[61] there I found one Adam Eayre; But now he's gone, left house and land behind him, So to be short I know not where to find him; But if any counceller can make it out, He'st have his land and I will go without.
- 62. 3. I'll up to Hassap[62] to hear them sing a mass, There I shall know who made the old man pass; Death made it wrong, I send him to purgatory, Where he must stay till he be fit for glory; But if there be such a place 'twixt this and heaven, I fear he cannot pass, 'tis so uneven. 4. Then did I to my panting muses say, Haste and begone, you shall no longer stay (within this place); Haste and begone, upon Calton top your banners, And call at Haddon, where lived ould John Manners, O use him kindly I strictly you command, For he was kind to th' poore of Ingland. 5. But now he's gone, like others hence away, Then for another Earle like him ever pray, That will be kind both unto Rich and Poore, Then God Almighty will increase his store, And bless him here upon this earthly throne, And at the last call him one of his owne. 6. Walking by the River, Stanton[63] I did spye, But neither Calton[64] nor a Bage[65] saw I: They are all gone and none left but old Boards, Alas! alas! what doth this world affordes. There's severall more that are slipt out o' th' way, But not one word of them I here will say. 7. Then calling back my muses, mee thought I Spyed Little Stancliffe[66] standing pleasantly, But not one Steare[67] i' th' stall shall yet be seene; Well fed win springs and deck'd with Lorrells green, But one old Backer Bourning of the owne, Till Steare retourne, there' no one knows how sowne. 8.
- 63. Then on the hills I came to Darley Hall, To hear that music in those Ashes tall. Listening awhile, I not being pleased well, Thought I where is my pretty Cullen-bell,[68] Whose name and fame made all this vale once sound, But now that honour's buried under ground. 9. Besides your Parsons of Divinity As Pain, and Pot, Edwards, and Mosley, All four divines and men of noble birth, All dead and gone and buried in the earth; How can I chuse but must lament to see My friends all gone who did make much of me. 10. Tho' all in haste one place I have past by, That's Cowley Hall, where oft I heard the cry Of great-mouthed doggs who did not feare to kill What was their master's pleasure, word, and will; His name was Sinner, who ever did him know, He's dead and gone now many years ago. 11. Then turning round, all gone, thus did I thinke, Where shall I make my friend or muses drinke; Then looking down below I did espy A pretty hall which stood me very ney, Where lived the Father, Son, and Wives of either, Both in my time, all-tho' not both together. 12. A Knight the Father, and a Squire the Son, One heir is left, if dead that name is done; This heir being young, with Ladies durst not play, So he in sorrow quickly went away, Leaving no heir o' th' name, no, not one, So farewell Milwards[69] now of Snitterton. 13. Then rushing forward down by Darwen side, My muses presently through Matlock hied,
- 64. And finding there the good ould pastur gone, I hide to Riber[70] there to make my mone; But out, alas! my sorrows to increase, That name is gone now buried under hears. 14. Wolley, Wolley, Woolley, farewell to thee, A noble Esquire, thou was both kind and free To all that come, I say, both rich and poore, There's few went empty that came to his doore. Walker's fair Hous is almost wore away, With several more now going to decay. 15. To speak of Dedick[71] what shall I do there, Babbington's[72] Treason hateful doth appear; Their house is down, and they are gone to nought, So will all those which ere rebellion sought. Then pray to God for peace and unity, That King and nobles all may well agree. 16. Then I to Ogston,[73] there to break my fast, They all in mourning stood at me agast, To think my friend and lover was departed, And so I left them almost broken hearted; What shall I doe thought I to hide my head, Seeing so many gallants now are dead. 17. Then up by Amber I did quickly hey, None of my ancient friends I could espey, In Asher[74] parish I could find not one, Old Crich,[75] and Dakin,[76] and ould Hobskinson,[77] They are departed and gone hence away, As er self, I have not long to stay. 18. I will retourne unto my hill againe, And cause my muses to sing out a straine, And that in mourning too she shall be drest, To sing new anthems of the very best.
- 65. And thus you see in a few dayes how they Are all gone hence and tourned to dirt and clay. 19. Farewell you Huntsmen that did hunt the hare, Farewell you Hounds that tired both horse and mare, Farewell you gallant Falkners every one, The chief of all did live at Snitterton. So to conclude both greate and small, Those that are left the Lord preserve them all. By me Leonard Wheatcroft. 20. The conclusion. This verse is written in a blacker ink, and at a much later time. If any one of this same truth do doubt, From Oker Hill Ide have them walk about From house to house to prove the truth of this, And then they'll say there's nothing in't amiss. I have no more to say but this my charge, Let all that's heare say pray God bless King George. Finis.
- 66. Cocktail Reel. The Merriment recounted in this singular ballad, which I am not aware has ever before been printed, is said to have taken place at Dronfield, in Derbyshire, and I have heard the sixth line sung as From Chesterfield, Beighton, and Masber. It is, however, uncertain whether this is correct, or whether it may not more probably have taken place at Rotherham, which is near both Kimberworth, Brightside, and Masber (Masborough). The copy I here give is from a MS. of more than half a century old. Soon as old Ball was got better, A merriment there was appointed, Creditor as well as debtor, Both met to be better acquainted. Number of lads there were present From Kimberworth, Brightside, and Masper, Each with a countenance pleasant, His true love did cuddle and clasp her. Stephen turn'd out with his fiddle, Each lad took his lass by the middle, Went reeling about like a riddle, As if they had been enchanted. Care, the forerunner of sorrow, Was kick'd out of door till to-morrow, Not one in his spirit was narrow; Then, boh! cry'd Tyger, undaunted. 2. Tyger connected with Jemmy, Conducted Ball out of the stable, Join'd in the yard by old Sammy, Who alefied came from the table. Ball being well prim'd with ginger, Was fit to jump over the fences, Neighbour as well as each stranger All thought they were out of their senses. Sammy, who hates to be idle, Seized Ball fast by the Bridle, Then gave him a kick made him sidle, So went far round as they wanted, Right hand and left they did clever,
- 67. Made Jem to squint harder than ever, He promis'd his partner som liver; Then, boh! cried Tyger, undaunted. 3. Out jump'd the calf, elevated; The cow broke her sole and ran after; Shout upon shout it created, And filled the spectators with laughter. Tideswell the cow was so nam'd, Because at that fair they had bought her, She ran at Tyger untam'd, To fork him as nature had taught her. Tyger at that was displeas'd, Which caus'd a fresh dust to be rais'd; Her nose in a instant he seiz'd, At which old Samuel ranted. Tideswell took off like be madded, O'er mother and daughter she gadded, Huzzas in abundance were added, Then, boh! cried Tyger, undaunted. 4. Stephen, though blind as a beetle, Laughed hard at old Hannah's disaster, He lost no time with his fiddle, His elbow went quicker and faster: Ball cut such a new fashion'd caper, Which really by-standers amazed, All his four feet were at tapers, The pavement it perfectly blazed; Samuel nor no one that join'd him Durst venture their carcase behind him, Tho' age in a manner did blind him. No colt could win him 'twas granted, Tideswell caught Tyger and tost him Quite out of the ring till she lost him, Though many a bruise it did cost him; Still, boh! cried Tyger, undaunted. 5. Oceans to drink being call'd for, Hot cuddle-me-buff was the liquor, Wife of my own Jemmy called for,
- 68. Old Hannah, cried Stephen, play quicker. Off they went after each other, As if they had quicksilver in them, Join'd by first one, then another, You never see nothing could win them Setting down sides, and then up again, Crossing in couples, to sup again, Sam'el, inspir'd with his cup, again Of his activity vaunted. Ball being prim'd with the best of them, Pranced and kick'd with the rest of them, Seeing he made a mere jest of them; Boh! cried Tyger, undaunted. 6. Tyger ran under Ball's belly, All danger, like Rodney, kept scorning, Some thought he was rather silly, As Ball was new frosted that morning. Sam'el got hurt in the scuffle, As Ball his fore feet was advancing, That seem'd his temper to ruffle, And quite put an end to their dancing. So they dismiss'd in civility, Talking of Ball's great agility, Tideswell and Tyger's fidelity, Which kind nature implanted. How the four brutes in particular Danc'd with their tails perpendicular, Straight forwards, sideways, and circular; Boh! cries Tyger, undaunted.
- 69. LINES OCCASIONED BY A Yorkshire Pye,[78] Sent as a Present from Sir William St. Quintin, to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, at Bath, on Christmas-Day, 1762. Written by Mr. Derrick. This curious effusion of Samuel Derrick's, who was Master of the Ceremonies at Bath at the time, I here reprint from a slip broad-sheet of the period in my own collection. The peer to whom this famous Yorkshire pie was sent, was William, fourth Duke of Devonshire, who died in 1764. Sir William St. Quintin, Bart., of Harpham, in the county of York, who died in 1771, was Member of Parliament for Thirsk, and High Sheriff in 1733. He married Rebecca, daughter of Sir John Thompson, Lord Mayor of London, and by her was father of the last baronet of the name of St. Quintin. Were but my Muse inspir'd by Fludyer's[79] Taste, Or with Quin's Skill and lively Poignance grac'd; Th' Apician Muse, who bade Lucullus treat, And taught the gay Mark Anthony to eat; I'd venture then St. Quintin to commend, Whose faithful Memory ne'er forgets his Friend; Of placid Temper, and of gen'rous Blood, Whose only Vanity is doing Good; Whose open Looks imply an honest Heart, Courtly in Manners, yet unspoil'd by Art; The Emblem of whose liberal Soul I see In yonder pile of Hospitality; An Edifice for Cavendish to view, All English Fabric, and that Fabric true. Such plenteous Sights were known in Times of old, When Christmas by th' expiring Year was told; Long e'er our hardy Sires, un-nerv'd by Sloth, Had dwindled down into a Pigmy Growth. Within this Pile Varieties unite, To please at once the Taste, the Smell, the Sight. Robb'd of his vivid Green, and glossy Dyes, His golden Plumage, and his Scarlet Eyes, Here rests the Attic Pheasant,[80]—never more, Narcissus like, his Image to adore; Here lies the Turkey,[81] who with redd'ning Pride
- 70. Once all the Farmer's feather'd Brood defy'd; True Emblem of Bæotia, whence he came, A noisy Blockhead, emulous of Fame. The wheeling Plover, and the timid Hare, Here mix;—the generous Ox bestows a Share— His Tongue—at jovial Tables always found; And Indian Spice enriches the Compound; The rare Compound! where various Parts conspire To form one Mass, which all who taste admire. Thus out of Chaos did the World first rise, And from Confusion sprung th' illumin'd Skies. Life's Pleasures on Variety depend, Her various Views make Hope so much our Friend. Thus while the Bard by Avon's winding Stream Unfolded to the Naiadès his Theme, While from the humid Rocks, and cavern'd Hills, He mark'd them, guiding the salubrious Rills To Bladud's Baths, where rosey Health presides, Shedding her Influence o'er the steaming Tides; Wondering he saw Britannia's Genius nigh, Aiding the Nymphs, and blessing their Supply. If near my Springs, she cry'd, you chance to view My Son, to Honour and to Virtue true; My fav'rite Devonshire, of antient Line, Where Loyalty and Truth united shine, The faithful Guardian of his Country's Fate, The Friend of Freedom and the British State, Exert the Panacea of your Art, Hygeia fair, your sovereign Powers impart; Unlock the sacred Treasures of your Store, And give the Patriot to my Arms once more; Esteem'd in Public, as in Private lov'd, And ev'n by Foes unwillingly approv'd.
- 71. The Agricultural Meeting. Tune—The King of the Cannibal Islands. This excellent song was written on occasion of the meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of England at Derby, in the year 1843, under the Presidency of the Earl of Hardwicke, and was a general favourite. Come gather round and form a throng, And trust me I'll not keep you long, I'll entertain you with a Song On the Agricultural Meeting! A subject I have good and pat, To make you smile, I'll answer that; They say that laughing makes one fat, And if you don't laugh I'll eat my hat! I'll not give pain by any jokes,— Tho' of the Derby 'tis, good folks, About it there's not any hoax, The Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow, care, and strife, All the world will, and his wife, Muster there, upon my life, At the Agricultural Meeting. The wish'd-for time is very nigh, And all to do their best will try, On the Eleventh of July, At the Agricultural Meeting! Come forward, lads, your best make haste, You that plough, and you that rake;— Let 'em see that you're awake, For you've a chance a prize to take! Forward bring the ox and sheaf, Show Foreigners unto their grief, The meaning of real corn and beef, At the Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow, c. The thing will just be as it should, For there'll be there, 'tis understood, The rich, the titled, and the good,
- 72. At the Agricultural Meeting! Of those who in the good cause stand, And help with purse, and heart, and hand, Are Spencer, Hardwick, Colvile,[82] and The Duke of Richmond—what a band! Joy will beam in heart and face, To know that surely 'tis the case, That their gay presence here will grace The Agricultural Meeting? Away with sorrow, c. 'Twill be a glorious holiday— All the week for fun and play— No one then at home will stay From the Agricultural Meeting! Every one some sport will catch— For there will be of fun a batch:— Tuesday they'll come to the scratch, And try the famous Ploughing Match! Of Implements there will be a show,— Of things that reap, and things that mow, Things to dig, and things that sow, At the Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow c. When this is o'er, at close of day, Again for fun they'll start away— Gents, and Ladies, such display— At the Agricultural Meeting! They'll to the Grand Hotel repair, For John Bell Crompton, who's the Mayor, Will give a dinner of rare fare, And all the Council will be there! Then after this, they'll dancing go, And trip it gaily to and fro, Upon the light fantastic toe, At the Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow, c. On Wednesday there's another spree— The Implements again we'll see, And prove what's done in Husbandry, At the Agricultural Meeting! Come Dick and Thomas, Ralph and Giles, In your best clothes, and your smiles, Over hedges, ditches, stiles—
- 73. Across the country—many miles! Then on that night it will fall— The Council are invited all To dinner at the County-Hall, From the Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow, c. On Thursday there'll be more than this— And such enjoyment who would miss? On that day there'll be double bliss At the Agricultural Meeting! Won't there be a fine to do? Pigs and sheep, and oxen, too;— Four-legged calves—and, 'tween I and you, A few, no doubt, that walk on two! Lots of cattle will be there, Derby horses, I declare, As well as our good Derby Mayor, At the Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow, c. On Thursday there's another feed— When they've shown their live-stock breed; For after work they'll something need, At the Agricultural Meeting! The Grand Pavilion, deck'd out fine, Will be—and there'll two thousand dine:— And they'll astonish, I opine, Above a bit—the food and wine! And even then the sport ne'er stops, For they'll for dancing leave their drops, And take to capers and to hops, At the Agricultural Meeting! Away with sorrow, care, and strife, All the world will, and his wife, Muster there, upon my life, At the Agricultural Meeting!
- 74. THE Complainte of Anthonie Babington. The following deeply interesting complaynt was written by Richard Williams, and dedicated, in MS., to King James the First. It remained unpublished until 1862, when it was communicated to The Reliquary by Mr. W. Durrant Cooper, F.S.A. Anthony Babington was born in 1561, and on the death of his father, succeeded to the family estates at Dethick, in Derbyshire, which had been acquired by the Babingtons through marriage with the heiress of Dethick. He was executed, along with thirteen others, under circumstances of peculiar barbarity, on the 20th of September, 1586, for a conspiracy to liberate the truly unfortunate and much to be commiserated Mary Queen of Scots. His petition to Queen Elizabeth is simple and touching in the extreme, and the heart must indeed have been callous to good and womanly feeling that could withstand it and spurn its prayer. It is as follows:—[83] Most gratious Souvarigne yf either bitter teares a pensisve contrite harte ore any dutyfull sighte of the wretched Synner might work any pitty in your royall brest, I would wringe out of my drayned eyes as much bloode as in bemoaninge my drery tragedye shold, lamentably bewayll my faulte, and somewhat (no dought) move you to compassion, but synnce there is no proportione betwixte the qualitye of my crimes and any human commiseration, Showe sweet Queene some mirakle on a wretch that lyethe prostrate in yr prison, most grivously bewaylinge his offence and imploringe such comforte at your anoynted hande as my poore wives misfortunes doth begge, my childe innocence doth crave, my gyltless family doth wishe, and my heynous trecherye dothe leaste deserve, So shall your divine mersy make your glorye shyne as far above all princes, as my most horrible practices are more detestable amongst your beste subiectes, whom lovinglye and happielye to governe. I humbly beseche the mercye Master himself to grante for his sweete Sonnes sake, Jesus Christe. The following is the Complaynte of Anthonie Babington by Richard Williams:—
- 75. To the kinges most excellent maiestie with all other kinglie titles and dignities whatsoever to whome your poore humble subject Richard Williams wishethe healthe long life and many happy yeares to reigne over us to the glory of God and your Maiesties comforte. My dreade and royall sovereigne, This Anthonie Babington was borne at a mansion house of his father called Dethicke in the Countie of Darbye in the parishe of Critche; whose father was a man of good accompte and lived well and orderlie in his contrie, kept a good house, and releived the poore. But he was inclined to papistrie as the times then required; who had a brother that was doctor of divinitie in queene Maryes dayes, of whome some mention is made in this storye. This Anthonye, the son, was a yonge man, well featured, and of good proportion in all the lyneamentes of his bodie, of a most pregnante fyne witt and great capacitie, had a watchinge head, ande a moste proude aspiringe mynde; and by nature a papist, whereinn hee was borne and brought upp; where if he had bene trayned otherwise hee might have proved a good member of the common wealthe, where nowe be became a reproche and scandall to the same. In whose course of life many accidents hapned even from his birthe to his deathe as appeares in this his complainte wherein I have followed the methode of a booke intituled, the Mirrour of Magistrates wherein everye man semes to complayne of his owne misfortunes, humbly beseeching your royall maiestie to pardon all defectes as well in my writinge as in the baseness of the verses. In the one I have done as well as my learninge did serve me, for the other as well as my olde eyes woulde permitt me, which I beseech your royall Maiestie to censure with clemencye, and I will trulye praise to the almightie for the long continuance of your healthe and happie Estate bothe to Godes glorye and your Maiesties comforte. Your poore distressed subjecte Richard Williams. The Complainte of Anthonie Babington, sometyme of Lyncolns Inne Esquier, who with others weare executed for highe treason in the feildes nere Lyncolns Inne the xixth of September Ao 1586.[84] A DREAME OR INDUCTION. ANTHONIE BABINGTON HIS COMPLAYNT. What will it avayle on fortune to exclayme When a due desarte is chiefest cause of all; Myself and none but myselfe justlie can I blame, That thus have procured myne untymelie fall; And turned have my honnye swete unto bitter gall. Wherefore good frende take thie penne and write, And in mournful verse my Tragedie recite.
- 76. Long mighte I have lived a contented happie state, And have borne a porte and countnance with the beste, If fortune should me cheicke, I could her mate; Thus none like me more happie was and bleste, Till that discontente procured myne unreste; And the pompe of pride so glared in myne eyen, That I rejected vertue moste devyne. But firste I will tell thee myne estate, and name, And contrie soile, where I was bredd and borne; Anthonie Babington I hight; of a worthy house I came, Till my mysdemeanours made me forlorne, Givinge cause to my foes to laugh me to scorne. Whoe have stayned my state and blemisht my name, In clymbing by follie have falne to my shame. At Dethwicke in Darbye shire I was both borne and bredd; My father was an esquier of good reputation; A good house he kepte, a virtuose life he ledd; My selfe beinge a childe was helde in estimation; But havinge gott the rayne I changed my facion; Then privatlie I sought my owne will and pleasure, Livinge to my liking, but never kepte a measure. Doctour Babington myne eame[85] did pronosticate That harde was the happe whereto I was borne, He sayde that pride by glorye shoulde abate And destenye decreede I shoulde be folorne; Whose wordes my father then helde in scorne, O trayne him up well, mine unkell did saye, Unlesse hee repente the same a nother daye. Give hym not brother his libertie in youthe, For then olde dayes hee never shall see, Hee is my nephewe the more is my rewthe, To think of his happe and harde destinie, If skill beguyle me not hanged he shalbe. This was the foresight of my father's brother, For which lote of his hee was hated by my mother. I know not where hee spoke by hassarde or skill, For such divinations I doe not comende; Yet his counsell was good to flie future ill; For whoe so in vertue there dayes doe not spende Shalbe sure with me repente them in th' ende. The proofe of myne unkells worde I founde so trewe As by the sequell hereafter you may viewe.
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