IRJET- A Review on Flexural Behaviour of RC Beam with Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Coconut Shell

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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A Review on Flexural Behaviour of RC Beam with Partial Replacement
of Coarse Aggregate by Coconut Shell
Tejaswini Tanaji Shinde1, M. V. Nagendra2
1 PG Student,Civil department, Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Sangli, Maharashtra,
India
2 Associate Professor,Civil department, Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,Sangli,
Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - This review paper covers the study of strength
characteristics of concrete with coconut shell. Coconut is
grown in more than 93 countries. India is the third largest,
having cultivation on an area of about 1.78 million hectors.
The properties of coconut shell aggregate concrete are
examined and the use of coconut shell aggregate in
construction is tested. Experimental studies are conducted on
the effect of coconut shell used in proportions of
5%,10%,15%,20% and 25% to replace coarse aggregate in
conventional concrete (M20 grade and M30 grade). The tests
were carried to determine the compressive and flexural
strength using cube and beam specimen respectively. The
obtained results are compared with that of conventional mix.
Tests are as per the specified procedure of Indian Standard
Codes. From study, we find out the optimum percentage for
replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shell and we can
encourage the use of these ‘seemingly’ waste products as
construction material in Civil engineering.
Key Words: Coarse aggregate, coconut shell, compressive
strength, flexural strength, conventional concrete.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the vital civil engineering material. Its
manufacturing involves utilization of ingredients like
cement, sand,aggregate,waterand requiredadmixtures. The
coarse aggregate is the main constituent of concrete mix.
Demand of construction material is increased due to
infrastructural development across the world. That high
demand for concrete in the construction using normal
weight aggregate such as gravel and granite drastically
reduces the natural stone deposits and this has damagedthe
environment there by causing ecological imbalance, there is
a need to explore and to find out suitable replacement
material to substitute the natural stone. Therefore it is
necessary to encourage or research on sustainable material
which will help to use such waste material as construction
material with less cost and safety of structure. The coconut
shell is the agricultural wasteproductandsimultaneouslyits
use in construction material will reduces the environmental
problem of solid.
1.1 History of Coconut Shell
Coconut is grown in more than 93 countries. India is the
third production. Annual production is about 7562 million.
However, it is the also the main contributor to the nation’s
pollution problem as a solid waste in the form of shells,
which involves an annual production of approx. 3.18million
tones. It’s also presents serious disposal problems for local
environment, is an abundantly available agriculture waste
from local coconut industries. This will have the double
advantages of reduction in the cost of construction material
and also as a means of disposal of wastes. [3]
1.2 Coconut shell as coarse aggregate
Coconut shell is the one of the natural waste. Coconut shells
are mostly used for making ornament, fancy items, etc. The
powdered shell is also used in the industries of plastics,
glues, and abrasive materials and it is widely used for the
manufacture of insect repellent in the formofmosquitocoils
and in agarbathis. The purpose of this research work is to
develop a concrete with coconut shells as coarse aggregate.
The whole entity could be called coconut shell aggregate
concrete (CSC). After the coconut is scraped out, the shell is
usually discarded as waste. [9]
1.3 Properties of Coconut Shell
Coconut shell has high strength and modulus properties. It
has added advantage of high lignin content. High lignin
content makes the composites more weather resistance. It
has low cellulose content due to which it absorbs less
moisture as compare to other agriculture waste. Coconuts
being naturally available in nature and since its shell are
non- biodegradable; they can be used readily used in
concrete which may fulfill almost all the qualities of the
original form of concrete. [3]
2. RELEVANCE
The study about the concrete using Coconut shell i.e. to
reduce mining activities for getting sand from beaches,
inland dunes and dredged from ocean beds and coarse
aggregate from natural stone deposits and therefore reduce
impact on environment. Growing environmental restrictions
to the exploitation of sand and coarse aggregate like gravel
and granite from riverbed and mining have resulted in a
search for alternative aggregate, particularly near the larger
metropolitan areas. The increase in population also
increases the industrial by – product, domestic waste etc. It
has been noticed in India that coconut shell (CS) as an

agricultural waste, requires high dumping yards as well as
an environmental polluting agent. This experimental
investigation was aimed to quantify the effects of replacing
partially the conventional coarse aggregate by coconut shell
to produce concrete. This leads to reduce, reuse and recycle
the agricultural waste. If structural lightweightconcretecan
be developed from coconut shell, it would a great
achievement for construction industry. This study will give
the double advantage of reduction inthecostofconstruction
material and also as a means of disposal of waste.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Teo DCL, Mannan MA, Kurian VJ (2006), haveconstructed
the structure to show the potential use of oil palm shell
(OPS) concrete. In actual project, a small footbridgeof2m in
span and a low cost house with a floor area of 59 m2, both
using OPS concrete were constructed on the campus of
University Malaysia Sabah (UMS).These structures are
located near the coastal area, which has an annual rainfall of
about 2500 mm, air temperatureinthe rangeof23–32°C and
relative humidity of 72–91%. [8]
U. Johnson Alengaram, Hilmi Mahmud and Mohd Zamin
Jumaat (2010), have made the comparison between the
fresh, mechanical and bond properties of grade 30
lightweight concrete, namely oil palm kernel shell concrete
(OPKSC) with normal weight concrete (NWC) of similar
strength in this paper. Oil palm kernel shell (OPKS), an
industrial waste has been used as lightweight aggregates
(LWA) in the OPKSC. Inaddition,mineral admixtures,10%of
silica fume and 5% fly ash have been used. The OPKSC
produced a density reduction of about 20% compared to
NWC. The addition of silica fume enhanced the compressive
strength and thus OPKSC produced 28-day compressive
strength up to 37 MPa. The bond stress of the OPKSC was
found about 86% of the corresponding NWC;however,there
was no slip failure between OPKSC and the reinforcement.
Further, the ultimateexperimental bondstressofOPKSC was
found nearly 2½ times higher than the theoretical values
calculated based on BS standards. [12]
Dewanshu Ahlawat, L.G.Kalurkar(2010),haveconducted
the experimental study on M 20 grade of concrete with
partial replacement granite bycoconutshell.Fortyfivecubes
were casted and their compressive strengthandworkability
were evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days. The compressive
strength of concrete reduced asthepercentage replacement
increased. Concrete produced by 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%
replacement attained 28 days compressive strength of
19.71,19.53,19.08,18.91 respectively. These results showed
that Coconut shell concrete can be used in reinforced
concrete construction. Itsutilizationiscosteffectiveand eco-
friendly. [5]
Gunasekaram K, Kumar PS, Lakshmipathy M (2011),
have concluded that CS (coconut shell) concrete has better
workability because of the smooth surface on one sideof the
shells. The air-dry densities of CS concrete of the typical
mixes are within the range of structural LWC (Light Weight
Concrete). The flexural strength of CS concrete is
approximately 17.53% of its compressive strength. The
splitting tensile strength of CS concrete is approximately
10.11% compressive strength. The impact resistance of CS
concrete is high when compared withconventional concrete.
[6]
Payam Shafigh, Mohd Zamin Jumaat,HilmiBinMahmud,
Norjidah Anjang Abd Hamid (2012), have carried out the
experiment by replacing normal weight aggregate by Oil
palm shell (OPS) which is a waste lightweight aggregate
originating from the palm oil industry, which is
approximately 50% lighter than conventional aggregate. In
this study, crushed old OPS was used as coarse aggregate.
Compressive strength under different curing conditionsand
the splitting tensile and flexural strengths were compared
with those of the normal weight granite concrete. The test
results showed that OPS concrete with a compressive
strength in the range of 34–53 MPa has a splitting tensile
strength rang of 2.8–3.5 MPa and flexural strength range of
4.4–7.0 MPa. The sensitivity of compressive strength of OPS
concrete in this study is significantly lower than uncrushed
OPS concrete reported in the literature. The sensitivity of
OPS concrete, under poor curing regime, can be reduced by
decreasing the water/cement ratio, increasing the OPS
content or reducing the cement content. It was found that
there was no substantial difference in 28-day compressive
strength for OPS concretes cured initially for 3, 5 and 7 days.
The28-day compressive, splitting tensile and flexural
strengths of OPS concrete was found to be 38%, 28% and
17%, lower than that of granite concrete, respectively. [7]
Amarnath Yerramala, Ramachandrudu C (2012), have
carried out the experimental investigation on properties of
concrete with coconut shells (CS) as aggregate replacement.
Control concrete with normal aggregate and CS concrete
with 10 - 20% coarse aggregate replacement with CS were
made. Two mixes with CS and fly ash were also made to
investigate fly ash effect on CS replaced concretes. Constant
water to cement ratio of 0.6 was maintained for all the
concretes. Properties like compressive strength,splittensile
strength, water absorption and moisture migration were
investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that,
density of the concretes decreases with increase in CS
percent. Workability decreased with increase in CS
replacement. Compressive and split tensile strengths of CS
concretes were lower than control concrete. Permeable
voids, absorption and sorption were higher for CS replaced
concretes than control concrete. Coarse aggregate
replacement with equivalent weight of fly ash had no
influence when compared with properties of corresponding
CS replaced concrete. [2]
Tomas U. Ganiron Jr (2013), have studied on generating
product using agricultural waste as well develop an
alternative construction material that will lessen the social
and environmental issues. It also paved the way to the
recognition of using coconut shellsandfiberassubstitute for
aggregates in developing concrete hollow blocks.Thispaper

presents the result on the workability and compressive
strength of concrete containing various percentage of
coconut shell content as partial aggregate replacement.
Workability test and compressive strength test were
conducted in accordance to ASTM C136 and ASTM C137
respectively. Results show that replacement of appropriate
coconut shell content able to produce workable concrete
with satisfactory strength. Integration of coconut shell
enhanced the strength of concretemakingitto bethehighest
as compared to conventional concrete mixture. [11]
B.Damodhara Reddy, S.Aruna Jyothy, Fawaz Shaik
(2014), have conducted the experimental investigation on
concrete with different coarse aggregate.The properties of
coconut shell and coconut shell aggregate concrete is
examined and the use of coconut shell aggregate in
construction is tested. The project paper aims at analyzing
flexural and compressive strength characteristics of with
partial replacement using M30 grade concrete. The project
also aims to show that Coconut shell aggregate is a potential
construction material and simultaneously reduces the
environment problem of solid. Beams are casted, tested and
their physical and mechanical properties are determined.
The main objective is to encourage the use of these
“seemingly‟ waste products as construction materials in
low-cost housing. [4]
T.R.M.Nandhini, P.Balamurugan (2016), have concluded
that the project will encourage the use of these harm free
waste products as construction materials in low-cost
housing. In conventional constructions, the cost of the
materials are high and this has necessitated the use of waste
material i.e., coconut shell (cocos nusifera) which is also the
light weight material. Hence in this current scenario this
experimental study of partial replacement of coarse
aggregate finds an effective solution in the reduction of land
fill cost and also reduces the environment pollution. In this
experimental study the partial replacement of coarse
aggregate with 0% to 50% of coconut shell waste collected
from the agricultural farms andhouseswereusedalongwith
the admixture. They are mixed at M30 graded concrete and
the specimens are casted, cured and tested for its
compressive strength & with its result the beams are casted
and tested for flexural strength. The parameters will be
tested for 28 days curing. [9]
T.Subramani, A.Anbuvel (2016), have carried out the
experimental investigation on behavior of reinforced
concrete beam with coconut shells (CS) as coarse aggregate.
Control concrete with normal aggregate and CS concrete
with 0 - 20% coarse aggregate replacement with CS were
made. Two mixes with CS and fly ash were also made to
investigate fly ash effect on CS replaced concretes. Constant
water to cement ratio of 0.6 was maintained for all the
concretes. Properties like compressive strength,splittensile
strength, water absorption and moisture migration were
investigated in the laboratory. The properties of coconut
shell and coconut shell aggregate concrete is examined and
the use of coconut shell aggregate in construction is tested.
The project paper aims at analyzing flexural and
compressive strength characteristics of with partial
replacement using M25 grade concrete. [10]
Ajay Tharwani, Ashish Sablani, Gaurav Batra, Sakshi
Tiwari, Divya Reel, Manish N. Gandhi (2017), have
studied the effect of coconut shell onthestrengthofconcrete
when used in replacement of aggregate. The tests were
conducted on concrete with varying percentage of coconut
shell (5%, 10% and 15%). Data presented include strength
and slump value of concrete. The use of coconut shells can
also help the prevention of the environment and also help
economically. Sun drying shell should be used to make sure
biodegradable materials decay before its mixing with
concrete. It also contributes to sustainableconstruction. The
aim of this paper is to spread awarenessaboutthe utilization
of coconut shell as a construction material in civil
engineering. [1]
4. OBJECTIVES
 To study the flexural behavior of RC beam with
partial replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut
shell.
 To prepare mix design for M20 grade and M30
grade concrete.
 Experimental investigationoftheconcretecubeand
beam specimen that are cast with different Coconut
shell content for replacement of coarse aggregate.
 To study the behavior of compressive and flexural
strength of coconut shell concrete.
 To find out the optimum percentage for
replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shell.
 To study the cost comparison for production of
conventional concrete and Coconut shell concrete.
4. METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this research istoinvestigatetheoptimum
percent replacement of conventional aggregate by coconut
shell.
To study the flexural behavior of RC beam with partial
replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shell. Prepare
mix design for M20 grade and M30 gradeconcrete. Carryout
the experimental investigation of the concrete cube and
beam specimen that are cast with different Coconut shell
content for replacement of coarse aggregate. Study the
behavior of compressive and flexural strength of coconut
shell concrete. Find out the optimum percentage for
replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shell. Finally
study the cost comparison for production of conventional
concrete and Coconut shell concrete.

5. CONCLUSIONS
It is expected that coconut shell can be used in concrete
production. The study of coconut shells will notonlyprovide
a new material for construction but will also help in the
preservation of the environment in addition to improving
the economy by providing new use for the coconut shells.
REFERENCES
[1] Ajay Tharwani, Ashish Sablani ,Gaurav Batra,
Sakshi Tiwari, Divya Reel, ManishN.Gandhi,“ Study
of Strength of Concrete by Using Coconut Shell “ ,
IJISET - International Journal of InnovativeScience,
Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 5, May
2017.
[2] Amarnath Yerramala, Ramachandrudu C,“
Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shells as
Aggregate Replacement”, International Journal of
Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, Volume
1, Issue 6 (October2012) PP: 21-31.
[3] Apeksha Kanojia, S.K.Jain, ”Performance OfCoconut
Shell As Coarse Aggregate In Concrete”,A Review
(IRJET ),Vol.02,Issue:04 July-2015.
[4] B.Damodhara Reddy, S.Aruna Jyothy , Fawaz
Shaik,“Experimental Analysis of the Use ofCoconut
Shell as Coarse Aggregate ”,IORS Journal
Mechanical and Civil Engineering(IOSR-JMCE)
Volume 10,Issue 6(Jan. 2014) PP 06-13.
[5] Dewanshu Ahlawat, L.G.Kalurkar,“Coconut Shell as
Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in
Concrete”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) Dec.(2010) PP 61-64.
[6] Gunasekaran K, Kumar PS, Lakshmipathy M,”
Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell
concret”, Const Build Mater 2011;25(1):92–8.
[7] Payam Shafigh, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Hilmi Bin
Mahmud, Norjidah Anjang Abd Hamid,
“Lightweight concrete made from crushed oil palm
shell: Tensile strength and effect of initial curing on
compressive strength”, Construction and Building
Materials 27 (2012) 252-258.
[8] Teo DCL, Mannan MA, Kurian VJ ,“ Structural
concrete using oil palm shell (OPS) as lightweight
aggregate” ,Turk J Eng Environ Sci 2006;30:251–7.
[9] T. R. M .Nandhini, P. Balamurugan ,”Experimental
behavior of R.C. Beam by the partial replacementof
coarse aggregate using cocos nusifera (Coconut
Shell)“,International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 03
Issue: 04 ,Apr-2016.
[10] T.Subramani, A.Anbuvel,“Experimental
Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beams With
Coconut Shell As Coarse Aggregate”, International
Journal of Application or Innovation inEngineering
& Management (IJAIEM)Volume 5, Issue 5, May
2016 ISSN 2319 – 4847.
[11] Tomas U. Ganiron Jr, “Sustainable
Managementof WasteCoconut ShellsasAggregates
in Concrete Mixture “,Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology Review 6 (5) (2013) 7-14.
[12] U. Johnson Alengaram, Hilmi Mahmud and
Mohd Zamin Jumaat ,”Comparison of mechanical
and bond properties of oil palm kernel shell
concrete with normal weight
concrete”,International Journal of the Physical
Sciences Vol. 5(8), pp. 1231-1239, 4 August 2010.

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