IRJET- Wavelet based Galerkin Method for the Numerical Solution of One Dimensional Partial Differential Equations

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2886
Wavelet based Galerkin Method for the Numerical Solution of One
Dimensional Partial Differential Equations
S.C. Shiralashetti1, L.M. Angadi2, S. Kumbinarasaiah3
1Professor, Department of Mathematics, Karnatak University Dharwad-580003, India
2Asst. Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. First Grade College, Chikodi – 591201, India
3Asst. Professor, Department of Mathematics, Karnatak University Dharwad-580003, India
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Abstract - In this paper, we proposed the Wavelet based Galerkin method for numerical solution of one dimensional partial
differential equations using Hermite wavelets. Here, Hermite wavelets are used as weight functions and these are assumed bases
elements which allow us to obtain the numerical solutions of the partial differential equations. Someofthetestproblemsaregiven
to demonstrate the numerical results obtained by proposed method are compared with already existing numerical method
i.e. finite difference method (FDM) and exact solution to check the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method
Key Words: Wavelet; Numerical solution; Hermite bases; Galerkin method; Finite difference method.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wavelet analysis is newly developed mathematical tool and have been applied extensively inmanyengineeringfileld.Thishas
been received a much interest because of the comprehensive mathematical power and the good application potential of
wavelets in science and engineering problems. Special interest has been devoted to the construction of compactly supported
smooth wavelet bases. As we have noted earlier that, spectral bases are infinitelydifferentiablebuthaveglobal support. On the
other side, basis functions used in finite-element methods have small compactsupport butpoorcontinuity properties.Already
we know that, spectral methods have good spectral localizationbutpoorspatial localization,whilefinite elementmethodshave
good spatial localization, but poor spectral localization. Wavelet bases performtocombinetheadvantagesof bothspectral and
finite element bases. We can expect numerical methods based on wavelet bases to be able to attain good spatial and spectral
resolutions. Daubechies [1] illustrated that these bases are differentiable to a certain finite order. These scaling and
corresponding wavelet function bases gain considerable interestinthenumerical solutionsofdifferential equationssincefrom
many years [2–4].
Wavelets have generated significant interest from both theoretical and applied researchers over the last few decades. The
concepts for understanding wavelets were provided by Meyer, Mallat, Daubechies, and many others, [5]. Since then, the
number of applications where wavelets have been used has exploded. In areas such as approximation theory and numerical
solutions of differential equations, wavelets are recognized as powerful weapons not just tools.
In general it is not always possible to obtain exact solution of an arbitrary differential equation. This necessitates either
discretization of differential equations leading to numerical solutions, or their qualitative study which is concerned with
deduction of important properties of the solutions withoutactuallysolvingthem.TheGalerkinmethodisoneofthe bestknown
methods for finding numerical solutions of differential equations and is considered the most widely used in applied
mathematics [6]. Its simplicity makes it perfect for many applications. The wavelet-Galerkin method is an improvement over
the standard Galerkin methods. The advantage of wavelet-Galerkinmethodoverfinitedifferenceorfinite element methodhas
lead to tremendous applications in science and engineering. An approach to study differential equations is the use of wavelet
function bases in place of other conventional piecewise polynomial trial functions in finite element type methods.
In this paper, we developed Hermite wavelet-Galerkin method (HWGM) for the numerical solution of differential equations.
This method is based on expanding the solution by Hermite wavelets with unknown coefficients. The properties of Hermite
wavelets together with the Galerkin method are utilized to evaluate the unknown coefficients andthena numerical solutionof
the one dimensional partial differential equation is obtained.
The organization of the paper is as follows. Preliminaries of Hermitewaveletsaregiveninsection2. Hermite wavelet-Galerkin
method of solution is given in section 3. In section 4 Numerical results are presented. Finally, conclusions of the proposed
work are discussed in section 5.

2. PRELIMINARIES OF HERMITE WAVELETS
Wavelets form a family of functions which are generated from dilation and translation of a single function which is called as
mother wavelet ( )x . If the dialation parameter a and translation parameter b varies continuously, we have the following
family of continuous wavelets [7 , 8]:
1/2
, ( ) =| | ( ), , , 0.a b
x b
x a a b R a
a
  
  
Ifwerestricttheparameters a and b todiscretevaluesas 0 0 0 0 0= , = , >1, > 0.k k
a a b nb a a b 
Wehavethefollowing
family of discrete wavelets
1/2
0 0, ( ) = | | ( ), , , 0,k
k n x a a x nb a b R a     
where nk , form a wavelet basis for )(2
RL . In particular, when 2=0a and 1=0b ,then )(, xnk forms an orthonormal
basis. Hermite wavelets are defined as
22 1
(2 2 1), <, ( ) = 1 12 2
0, otherwise
n m
k
n nkH x n xx m k k


      


(2.1)
Where
2
( )H H xm m

 (2.2)
where 1.,0,1,= Mm  In eq. (2.2) the coefficients are used for orthonormality. Here )(xHm are the second Hermite
polynomials of degree m with respect to weight function
2
1=)( xxW  on the real line R and satisfies the following
reccurence formula 1=)(0 xH , xxH 2=)(1 ,
( ) = 2 ( ) 2( 1) ( )
2 1
H x xH x m H xmm m
 
 
, where 0,1,2,=m . (2.3)
For 1&1  nk in (2.1) and (2.2), then the Hermite wavelets are given by
1,0
2
( )x

 ,
1,1
2
( ) (4 2)x x

  ,
2
1,2
2
( ) (16 16 2)x x x

   ,
3 2
1,3
2
( ) (64 96 36 2)x x x x

    ,
4 3 2
1,4
2
( ) (256 512 320 64 2)x x x x x

     , and so on.
Function approximation:
We would like to bring a solution function ( )u x underHermitespacebyapproximating ( )u x byelementsofHermite wavelet
bases as follows,
 , ,
1 0
( ) n m n m
n m
u x c x
 
 
  (2.4)

where  ,n m x is given in eq. (2.1).
We approximate ( )u x by truncating the series represented in Eq. (2.4) as,
 
1 12
, ,
1 0
( )
k M
n m n m
n m
u x c x
 
 
   (2.5)
where c and  are
1
2 1
k
M

 matrix.
Convergence of Hermite wavelets
Theorem: If a continuous function    2
u x L R defined on  0 , 1 be bounded, i.e.  u x K , then the Hermite
wavelets expansion of  u x converges uniformly to it [9].
Proof: Let  u x be a bounded real valued function on 0 , 1 . The Hermite coefficients of continuous functions  u x
is defined as,
   
1
, ,
0
n m n mC u x x dx 
   
1
2
2
2 2 1
k
k
m
I
u x H x n dx


   , where 1 1
1
,
2 2k k
n n
I  
 
  
Put 2 2 1k
x n z  
 
1
12
1
2 1 2
2
2
k
k
mk
z n
u H z dx




  
  
 

 
1
12
1
2 1 2
2
k
mk
z n
u H z dx

 

  
  
 

Using GMVT integrals,
 
1
12
1
2 1 2
2
k
mk
w n
u H z dx

 

  
  
 
 , for some  1,1w  
1
2
2 1 2
2
k
k
w n
u h

 
  
  
 
where  
1
1
mh H z dx

 
1
2
,
2 1 2
2
k
n m k
w n
C u h

 
  
  
 
Since u is bounded, therefore ,
, 0
n m
n m
C


 absolutely convergent. Hence the Hermite series expansion of  u x
converges uniformly.

3. METHOD OF SOLUTION
Consider the differential equation of the form,
 xfu
x
u
x
u






2
2
(3.1)
With boundary conditions    0 , 1u a u b  (3.2)
Where  ,  are may be constant or either a functions of x or functions of u and  xf be a continuous function.
Write the equation (3.1) as  xfu
x
u
x
u
xR 





 2
2
)( (3.3)
where  xR is the residual of the eq. (3.1). When   0xR for the exact solution, ( )u x onlywhichwill satisfytheboundary
conditions.
Consider the trail series solution of the differential equation (3.1), ( )u x defined over [0, 1) can be expanded as a modified
Hermite wavelet, satisfying the given boundary conditions which is involving unknown parameter as follows,
 
1 12
, ,
1 0
( )
k M
n m n m
n m
u x c x
 
 
   (3.4)
where , 'n mc s are unknown coefficients to be determined.
Accuracy in the solution is increased by choosing higher degree Hermite wavelet polynomials.
Differentiating eq. (3.4) twice with respect to x and substitute the values of
2
2
, ,
u u
u
x x
 
 
in eq. (3.3). To find , 'n mc s we
choose weight functions as assumed bases elements and integrate on boundary values together with the residual tozero[10].
i.e.    
1
1,
0
0m x R x dx  , 0, 1, 2,......m 
then we obtain a system of linear equations, on solving this system, we get unknown parameters. Then substitute these
unknowns in the trail solution, numerical solution of eq. (3.1) is obtained.
4. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT
Test Problem 4.1 First, consider the differential equation [11],
2
2
, 0 1
u
u x x
x

    

(4.1)
With boundary conditions:    0 0, 1 0u u  (4.2)
The implementation of the eq. (4.1) as per the method explained in section 3 is as follows:
The residual of eq. (4.1) can be written as:  
2
2
u
R x u x
x

  

(4.3)
Now choosing the weight function   (1 )w x x x  for Hermite wavelet bases to satisfy the given boundary conditions
(4.2), i.e.      x w x x ψ
1,0
2
( ) (1 ) (1 )( ) x x x x xx 

    1,0
ψ ,
1,1 1,1
2
( ) ( ) (1 ) (4 2) (1 )x x x x x x x

     ψ
2
1,2 1,2 (1 )
2
( ) ( ) (16 16 2) (1 )x xx x x x x x

     ψ

Assuming the trail solution of (5.1) for 1k  and 3m  is given by
     1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2( )u x c x c x c x  ψ ψ ψ (4.4)
Then the eq. (4.4) becomes
2
( ) 1,0 1,1 1,2
2 2 2
(1 ) (4 2) (1 ) (16 16 2) (1 )u x c c cx x x x x x x x x
  
        (4.5)
Differentiating eq. (4.5) twice w.r.t. x we get,
i.e.
2 3 2
1,0 1,1 1,2
2 2 2
(1 2 ) ( 12 12 2) ( 64 96 36 2)c c c
u
x
x x x x x x
  
  


        (4.6)
2
1,0 1,1 1,2
2
2
2 2 2
( 2) ( 24 12) ( 192 192 36)c c c
u
x
x x x
  
 



      (4.7)
Using eq. (4.5) and (4.7), then eq. (4.3) becomes,
  2
2
1,0 1,1 1,2
1,0 1,1 1,2
2 2 2
( 2) ( 24 12) ( 192 192 36)
2 2 2
(1 ) (4 2) (1 ) (16 16 2)
R c c c
c c c
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
  
  
 
 
       
 
      
 
 
2 22 3 2( 2) ( 4 6 26 12)
1,0 1,1
2 4 3 2( 16 32 210 194 36)
1,2
R x c x x c x x x
c x x x x x
 

          
     
(4.8)
This is the residual of eq. (4.1). The “weight functions” are the same as the bases functions. Then by the weighted Galerkin
method, we consider the following:
   
1
1,
0
0m x R x dx  , 0, 1 ,2m  (4.9)
For 0, 1, 2m  in eq. (4.9),
i.e.    
1
1,0
0
0x R x dx  ,    
1
1,1
0
0x R x dx  ,    
1
1,2
0
0x R x dx 
 1,1 1,2 1,3( 0.3802) (0) (0.4487) 0.0940 0c c c     (4.10)
1,1 1,2 1,3(0) (0.9943) (0) 0.0376 0c c c    (4.11)
1,0 1,1 1,2(0.4487) (0) (2.3686) 0.1128 0c c c    (4.12)
We have three equations (4.10) – (4.12) with three unknown coefficients i.e. 0,1c , 1,1c and 2,1c . By solving this system of
algebraic equations, we obtain the values of 1,0 0.2446c  , 1,1 0.0378c  and 1,2 0.0013c   . Substitutingthesevaluesin
eq. (4.5), we get the numerical solution; these results and absolute error =    a eu x u x (where  au x and  eu x are
numerical and exact solutions respectively) are presented in table - 1 and fig-1incomparisonwithexactsolutionofeq.(4.1)is
sin( )
( )
sin(1)
x
u x x  .
Table – 1: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the test problem 4.1
x Numerical solution Exact solution Absolute error
FDM HWGM FDM HWGM
0.1 0.018660 0.018624 0.018642 1.80e-05 1.80e-05
0.2 0.036132 0.036102 0.036098 3.40e-05 4.00e-06
0.3 0.051243 0.051214 0.051195 4.80e-05 1.90e-05
0.4 0.062842 0.062793 0.062783 5.90e-05 1.00e-05
0.5 0.069812 0.069734 0.069747 6.50e-05 1.30e-05

0.6 0.071084 0.070983 0.071018 6.60e-05 3.50e-05
0.7 0.065646 0.065545 0.065585 6.10e-05 4.00e-05
0.8 0.052550 0.052481 0.052502 4.80e-05 2.10e-05
0.9 0.030930 0.030908 0.030902 2.80e-05 6.00e-06
Fig – 1: Comparison of numerical and exact solutions of the test problem 4.1.
Test Problem 4.2 Next, consider another differential equation [12]
 
2
2 2
2
2 sin , 0 1
u
u x x
x
  

    

(4.12)
Which has the exact solution    sinu x x .
By applying the method explained in the section 3, we obtain the constants 1,0 3.1500c  , 1,1 0c  and 1,2 0.1959c   .
Substituting these values in eq. (4.5) we get the numerical solution. Obtainednumerical solutionsarecompared with exactand
other existing method solutions are presented in table - 2 and fig - 2.
Table – 2: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the test problem 4.2.
x
Numerical solution Exact
solution
Absolute error
FDM Ref [11] HWGM FDM Ref [11] HWGM
0.1 0.310289 0.308865 0.308754 0.309016 1.27e-03 1.51e-04 2.60e-04
0.2 0.590204 0.587527 0.588509 0.588772 1.43e-03 1.25e-03 2.60e-04
0.3 0.812347 0.808736 0.809554 0.809016 3.33e-03 2.80e-04 5.40e-04
0.4 0.954971 0.950859 0.950670 0.951056 3.92e-03 1.97e-04 3.90e-04
0.5 1.004126 0.999996 0.999123 1.000000 4.13e-03 4.00e-06 8.80e-04
0.6 0.954971 0.951351 0.950670 0.951056 3.92e-03 2.95e-04 3.90e-04
0.7 0.812347 0.809671 0.809554 0.809016 3.33e-03 6.55e-04 5.40e-04

0.8 0.590204 0.588815 0.588509 0.587785 2.42e-03 1.03e-03 7.20e-04
0.9 0.310289 0.310379 0.308754 0.309016 1.27e-03 1.36e-03 2.60e-04
Test Problem 4.3 Consider another differential equation [13]
 
2
1
2
1 , 0 1xu u
e x
x x
 
     
 
(4.14)
Which has the exact solution    1
1 x
u x x e 
  .
By applying the method explained in the section3, weobtaintheconstants 1,0 0.7103c  , 1,1 0.0806c  and 1,2 0.0064c  .
Substituting these values in eq. (4.5) we get the numerical solution. Obtainednumerical solutionsarecompared with exactand
other existing method solutions are presented in table - 3 and fig - 3.
Table - 3: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the test problem 4.3.
x
Numerical solution Exact
solution
Absolute error
FDM Ref [12] HWGM FDM Ref [12] HWGM
0.1 0.061948 0.059383 0.059339 0.059343 2.61e-03 4.00e-05 4.00e-06
0.2 0.115151 0.110234 0.110138 0.110134 5.02e-03 1.00e-04 4.00e-06
0.3 0.158162 0.151200 0.151031 0.151024 7.14e-03 1.76e-04 7.00e-06
0.4 0.189323 0.180617 0.180479 0.180475 8.85e-03 1.42e-04 4.00e-06
0.5 0.206737 0.196983 0.196733 0.196735 1.00e-02 2.48e-04 2.00e-06
0.6 0.208235 0.198083 0.197803 0.197808 1.04e-02 2.75e-04 5.00e-06
0.7 0.191342 0.181655 0.181421 0.181427 9.92e-03 2.28e-04 6.00e-06
0.8 0.153228 0.145200 0.145008 0.145015 8.21e-03 1.85e-04 7.00e-06
0.9 0.090672 0.085710 0.085637 0.085646 5.03e-03 6.40e-05 9.00e-06

Test Problem 4.4 Now, consider singular boundary value problem [12]
2
2
2 2
2 2
4 , 0 1
u u
u x x
x x x x
 
    
 
(4.16)
Which has the exact solution   2
u x x x  .
By applying the method explained in the section 3, we obtain the constants 1,0 0.8945c   , 1,1 0.0047c  and
1,2 0.0046c   . Substituting these values in eq. (4.5) we get the numerical solution. Obtained numerical solutions are
compared with exact and other existing method solutions are presented in table - 4 and fig - 4.
Table - 4: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the test problem 4.4.
FDM HWGM FDM HWGM
0.1 -0.011212 -0.091865 -0.090000 7.88e-02 1.90e-03
0.2 -0.027274 -0.162047 -0.160000 1.33e-02 2.00e-03
0.3 -0.044247 -0.211369 -0.210000 1.66e-02 1.40e-03
0.4 -0.060551 -0.240457 -0.240000 1.79e-02 4.60e-04
0.5 -0.074699 -0.249739 -0.250000 1.75e-02 2.60e-04
0.6 -0.084704 -0.239439 -0.240000 1.55e-02 5.60e-04
0.7 -0.087649 -0.209587 -0.210000 1.22e-02 4.10e-04
0.8 -0.079213 -0.160010 -0.160000 8.08e-02 1.00e-05
0.9 -0.053056 -0.090338 -0.090000 3.69e-02 3.40e-04

Fig – 4: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the teat problem 4.4.
Test Problem 4.5 Finally, consider another singular boundary value problem [14]
2
5 4 2
2
8
44 30 , 0 1
u u
xu x x x x x
x x x
 
       
 
(4.16)
Which has the exact solution   3 4
u x x x   .
By applying the method explained in the section 3, we obtain the constants and substituting these valuesin eq.(4.5) weget the
numerical solution. Obtained numerical solutions are compared with exact and other existing methodsolutionsarepresented
in table - 5 and fig - 5.
Table – 5: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the test problem 4.5.
FDM HWGM FDM HWGM
0.1 0.024647 -0.000900 -0.000900 2.55e-02 0
0.2 0.024538 -0.006401 -0.006400 3.09e-02 1.00e-06
0.3 0.016024 -0.018904 -0.018900 3.40e-02 4.00e-06
0.4 -0.000072 -0.038407 -0.038400 3.83e-02 7.00e-06
0.5 -0.022021 -0.062512 -0.062500 4.05e-02 1.20e-05
0.6 -0.045926 -0.086417 -0.086400 4.05e-02 1.70e-05
0.7 -0.065532 -0.102920 -0.102900 3.74e-02 2.00e-05
0.8 -0.072190 -0.102420 -0.102400 3.02e-02 2.00e-05
0.9 -0.054840 -0.072914 -0.072900 1.81e-02 1.40e-05

Fig - 5: Comparison of numerical solution and exact solution of the teat problem 4.5.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed the wavelet basedGalerkinmethodforthenumerical solutionofonedimensional partial differential
equations using Hermite wavelets. The efficiency of the method is observed through the test problems and the numerical
solutions are presented in Tables and figures, which show that HWGM gives comparable results with the exact solution and
better than existing numerical methods. Also increasing the values of M , we get more accuracy in the numerical solution.
Hence the proposed method is effective for solving differential equations.
References
[1] I. Daubechie, Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets, Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 41(1988), 909-99.
[2] S. C. Shiralashetti, A. B. Deshi, “Numerical solution of differential equations arising in fluid dynamics using Legendre
wavelet collocation method”, International Journal of Computational Material Science and Engineering, 6 (2), (2017)
1750014 (14 pages).
[3] S. C. Shiralashetti, S. Kumbinarasaiah, R. A. Mundewadi, B. S. Hoogar, Series solutions of pantograph equations using
wavelets, Open Journal of Applied & Theoretical Mathematics, 2 (4) (2016), 505-518.
[4] K. Amaratunga, J. R. William, Wavelet-Galerkin Solutions for One dimensional Partial Differential Equations, Inter. J.
Num. Meth. Eng., 37(1994), 2703-2716.
[5] I. Daubeshies, Ten lectures on Wavelets, Philadelphia: SIAM, 1992.
[6] J. W. Mosevic, Identifying Differential Equations by Galerkin's Method, Mathematics of Computation, 31(1977), 139-
147.
[7] A. Ali, M. A. Iqbal, S. T. Mohyud-Din, Hermite Wavelets Method for Boundary Value Problems, International Journal of
Modern Applied Physics, 3(1) (2013), 38-47 .
[8] S. C. Shiralashetti, S. Kumbinarasaiah, Hermite wavelets operational matrix of integration for thenumerical solution of
nonlinear singular initial value problems, Alexandria Engineering Journal (2017) xxx, xxx–xxx(Article in press).

[9] R. S. Saha, A. K. Gupta, A numerical investigation of time fractional modified Fornberg-Whitham equationforanalyzing
the behavior of water waves. Appl Math Comput 266 (2015),135–148
[10] J. E. Cicelia, Solution of Weighted Residual Problems by using Galerkin’s Method, Indian Journal of Science and
Technology,7(3) (2014), 52–54.
[11] S. C. Shiralashetti, M. H. Kantli, A. B. Deshi, A comparative study oftheDaubechieswaveletbasednewGalerkinandHaar
wavelet collocation methods for the numerical solution of differential equations, Journal ofInformationandComputing
Science, 12(1) (2017), 052-063.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. S. C. Shiralashetti was born in 1976. He received M.Sc., M.Phil, PGDCA, Ph.D. degree, in Mathematics
from Karnatak University, Dharwad. He joined as a Lecturer in Mathematics in S. D. M. College of
Engineering and Technology, Dharwad in 2000 and worked up to 2009. Futher, worked as a Assistant
professor in Mathematics in Karnatak College Dharwad from 2009 to 2013, worked as a Associate
Professor from 2013 to 2106 and from 2016 onwards working as Professor in the P.G. Department of
studies in Mathematics, Karnatak University Dharwad. He has attended and presented more than 35
research articles in National and International conferences. He has published more than 36 research
articles in National and International Journals and procedings.
Area of Research: Numerical Analysis, Wavelet Analysis, CFD, Differential Equations, Integral Equations,
Integro-Differential Eqns.
H-index: 09; Citation index: 374.
Dr. Kumbinarasaiah S, received his B.Sc., degree (2011) and M.Sc., degree in Mathematics (2013) from
Tumkur University, Tumkur. He has cleared both CSIR-NET (Dec 2013) and K-SET (2013) in his first
attempt. He received Ph.D., in Mathematics (2019) at the Department of Mathematics, Karnatak
University, Dharwad. He started his teaching career from September 2014 as an Assistant Professor at
Department of Mathematics, Karnatak University, Dharwad.
Area of research:Linear Algebra, Differential Equations, Wavelet theory, and its applications.
H-index: 03; Citation index: 23
2nd
Author
Photo
1’st
Author
Photo
Dr. L. M. Angadi, received M.Sc., M.Phil, Ph.D. degree, in Mathematics from Karnatak University,Dharwad.
In September 2009, he joined as Assistant Professor in Govt. First Grade College,Dharwad andworkedup
to August 2013 and september 2013 onwards working in Govt. First Grade College, Chikodi
(Dist.: Belagavi).
Area of Research: Differential Equations, Numerical Analysis, Wavelet Analysis.
H-index: 03; Citation index: 13.

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