![referencesYule, George. (2006). The study of language third edition. [on line]. Fourth Worth: Harcourt Brace Janovich College Publishers . Retrieved on October 4, 2009 from: http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Zw5Y0o0q1bYC&dq=yule+the+study+of+language&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=uo2v8ZcYYa&sig=ixeYmIWXhPglFlSwoqSIAVE_0yc&hl=es&ei=ZmvNSqKeM8XY8AauzaSFBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=falseEverything English as a Second Language (2000). Everything ESL. [On line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.phpLuria, H, Seymour D.M, & Smoke, T. (2006). Language and Linguistics in Context. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, Inc. [on line]. Google books. Retrieved October 5, 2009 from http://books.google.com.mx/books](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentacin2-100528235856-phpapp01/85/L1-and-L2-acquisition-19-320.jpg)
L1 and L2 acquisition
- 1. Fla & sla
- 2. HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT THIS???Whyevery single person can acquirethefirstlanguage (L1) easily?
- 3. Whyveryfewpeoplemanagetoacquire a secondlanguage (L2) succesfully?
- 4. Why, eventhoughyou try yourbest as a teacher, somelearnershave a hard time acquiring L2.Do you, as a teacher, feellikethisfrom time to time?EVERYBODY ELSE UNDERSTOODI DON’T UNDERSTANDWHY “FULANITO” DOESN’T GET ANYTHING?
- 5. FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.Noam Chomsky: “Languageisinnate.” We are bornwith rules of language in ourheads= Universal grammarJeremyHarmer:“Unlessthereissomethingwrongwiththemmentallyorphysically, allchildrenacquire a language as theydevelop” (Harmer,1988).
- 6. FLA stages (l1)COOING2-4 months.Earliestspeech-likesounds.Laughterappearsaround 4 months.BABBLING6-8 MonthsBabiesstarttohave control onspeechvocalization, thishappens as aninstinct.Sensitivitytothephoneticdistinction.
- 7. FLA stages (l1)TWO-WORD STAGE 18-24 monthsMini-sentenceswith simple semanticrelations.Examples: More cereal, papa away, no bed, byebye car, dry pants.HOLOPHRASTIC STAGE9-18 monthsChildrencommunicatewith 1 word, relatingittomany similar things.Theyunderstand more thanthey can produce.
- 8. FLA stages (l1)TELEGRAPHIC STAGE 24-30 monthsWord combinations: Me wantthatWhathername?Chairfalldown!Thesesentences resemble to short messages in a telegram.There are a lot of syntaxerrors.MULTIWORD STAGE30 + monthsGrammaticalorfunctionalstructures emerge (thesintaxstage).Childrenlanguagebloomsintofluentgrammaticalconversation.
- 9. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONStudents learning a second language go through five stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, and Advanced Fluency (Krashen & Terrell, 1983). Students already have previous knowledge of language (L1).Speed of progress through the stages depends on level of education, family background, amount of exposure to the target language, among others.
- 10. Krashen’s theory of Language acquisition VS. Language learning ACQUISITIONItis natural.Itis informal.Itissubconscious.Notaware of grammar.Itiscommunicative.LEARNINGIthappens in an artificial setting.Itis formal.Itis rule conscious.Thereisawareness of grammar and vocabulary.
- 11. Activitiesassociatedwithlearninghavetraditionallybeenused in languageschools and havegoodresults in knowledge “about” language, butnot in fluency. ( Yule, 1955 ). "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." Stephen Krashen
- 12. SLA STAGES (L2)Pre-production (silent period)The learner: Has minimal comprehension. Does not speak at all. Nods "Yes" and "No." Draws and points. Uses gesturing.Repeatslike a “parrot” everythingThisstagemaylast up to 6 months. Early productionThe learner:Has limited comprehension Produces one or two-word responses. Uses present-tense verbs. Answers yes / no questions. Benefits from: realia, vocabulary with pictures, listening activities.From 6 monthsto 1 year.
- 13. SLA STAGES (L2)IntermediatefluencyThe learner:Has excellent comprehension. Makes few grammatical errors. Willing to express opinions and share thoughts.Writing will have errors.From 3 to 5 yearsSpeechemergenceThe learner:Has good comprehension. Can produce simple sentences. Makes grammar and pronunciation errors. Asks simple questions, that may or may not be grammatically correct, such as: May I go to bathroom?From 1 to 3 years.
- 14. Whyveryfewpeoplemanagetoacquire a secondlanguagefluently?Learners are notallowedtohave a silentperiod, they are askedto produce whenthey are notready = InterlanguageInterlanguageisthe mixture of L1 and L2 tobeabletocommunicate =interference.Interference = errors.Fossilization: no furtherlearningappearspossible. Learnerswillhavethesame error despite of anycorrectionorgrammaticalexplanation. CriticalPeriod: Beforetheage of 12, fluencymaybereached. After, thisis no longerpossibleduetothechanges in thebrain.Affectivefilter: Motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety all affect language acquisition.
- 15. SLA STAGES (L2)AdvancedFluencyThe student has a near-native level of speechIt takes learners from 5 to 10 years to become fluent.
- 16. Whychildrenseemtoacquire l2 betterthanadults?Childrenhaveaccessto Universal Grammar.Adults are more influencedby L1.Children are more motivatedthanadults.Childrenrecieve more imput in thesecondlanguagethanadults do.
- 17. The use l1 in the l2 classroomADVANTAGESAccordingto Paul Seligson:Unavoidableanyway.Reduces affectivefilters.Practicetranslation.Providesfeedback.Discussidioms.
- 19. referencesYule, George. (2006). The study of language third edition. [on line]. Fourth Worth: Harcourt Brace Janovich College Publishers . Retrieved on October 4, 2009 from: http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Zw5Y0o0q1bYC&dq=yule+the+study+of+language&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=uo2v8ZcYYa&sig=ixeYmIWXhPglFlSwoqSIAVE_0yc&hl=es&ei=ZmvNSqKeM8XY8AauzaSFBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=falseEverything English as a Second Language (2000). Everything ESL. [On line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.phpLuria, H, Seymour D.M, & Smoke, T. (2006). Language and Linguistics in Context. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, Inc. [on line]. Google books. Retrieved October 5, 2009 from http://books.google.com.mx/books
- 20. Pinker, S. Language acquisition. [on line]. Technical Report NIH grant HD 18381 and NSF grant BNS 91-09766. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT Press. Retrieved October 3, 2009, from: http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/pinker.langacq.html. Society for Research in Child Development (2009, September 21). Children Under Three Can't Learn Action Words From TV -- Unless An Adult Helps. ScienceDaily [on line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/09/090915100947.htm.Schütz, R. (2007, July 2). Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. [Review of the book Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learningby Stephen Krashen]. Retrieved October 4,2009, from http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html.You tube videos retrieved on October 3, 2009, from: http://www.youtube.com/