La 5 Programming2
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The document discusses the generations of programming languages. It identifies the five generations as: 1) First generation: Machine language using binary code. 2) Second generation: Assembly language using mnemonics to represent machine code. 3) Third generation: High-level procedural languages like Pascal, FORTRAN, and C that are closer to human language. 4) Fourth generation: Non-procedural languages focused on accessing databases, like SQL. 5) Fifth generation: Natural languages that allow visual or spoken interaction with computers.
La 5 Programming2
- 1. Generation of Programming Languages Prepared by: Norhasimah Mohamed, SMK Sungai Pusu, Gombak Selangor. 18032008
- 2. Learning Outcomes Identify the generations of low-level programming languages with examples. Identify the generations of high-level programming languages with examples.
- 3. Low level of Programming Languages Machine Language - 1 st Generation Assembly Language – 2 nd generation
- 4. FIRST GENERATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine language . Machine language is a set of instructions and data that a computer's central processing unit can execute directly. Machine language statements are written in binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.
- 6. SECOND GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE The second generation programming language, or 2GL, is assembly language . Assembly language is the human-readable notation for the machine language used to control specific computer operations. An assembly language programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes that are meaningful abbreviations or mnemonics. An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine language. Since assembly language consist of human-readable abbreviations, the assembler must first convert assembly language into machine-readable language before the computer can readily understand its instructions.
- 9. High level of Programming Languages 3. Procedural language – 3 rd generation eg: COBOL, FOTRAN, Pascal, C, C++, 4. Non-procedural language – 4 th generation eg: SQL, NOMAD, FOCUS 5. Natural Language – 5 th generation eg: Prolog, Mercury
- 10. THIRD GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE The third generation of programming language, 3GL, or procedural language uses a series of English-like words, that are closer to human language, to write instructions. High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler and easier to read, write and maintain. Programs written in a high-level programming language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter. PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of third generation programming languages.
- 12. FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE The fourth generation programming language or non-procedural language , often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to access data in a database. A very high-level programming language is often referred to as goal-oriented programming language because it is usually limited to a very specific application and it might use syntax that is never used in other programming languages. SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation programming languages.
- 15. FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE The fifth generation programming language or visual programming language , is also known as natural language. Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming environment, for creating source codes. Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers without needing any specialised knowledge. People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems can convert spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.