Language Variation in Print Media: A Study of Code Switching Patterns in Pakistani Urdu ‘Express’ Newspaper Editorials

86 Journal of Asian Development Studies Vol. 12, Issue 4 (December 2023)
Language Variation in Print Media: A Study of Code Switching
Patterns in Pakistani Urdu ‘Express’ Newspaper Editorials
Faiz Ullah1
and Amna Arshad2
Abstract
The current study explores the problematic background of language variation within the print
media domain, specifically exploring code-switching patterns in the editorials of the Pakistani
Urdu' Express' newspaper. Code-switching is a linguistic phenomenon involving alternation
between two or more languages within a single discourse that reflects the dynamic interaction of
cultural and communicative factors. The study put into practice a sociolinguistic lens to analyze
the frequency, types, and functions of code-switching employed in the Urdu editorials of the
'Express' newspaper. The study applies a qualitative descriptive method; it produces descriptive
data in the form of code-switched sentences from the editorial of Pakistani Urdu newspaper.
'Express' is selected for this purpose. One week of newspapers is collected for the current study
from 1st October 2023 to 7th October 2023 to analyze code-switching in editorial sections. The
analysis of data from the newspaper shows that the types of code-switching are intra-sentential,
word code-switching, and total integrated Urdu. The most dominant type of code-switching
observed is Intra-sentential (80%). The findings are expected to contribute to understanding how
language is strategically employed in print media, shedding light on the role of code-switching as
a tool for effective communication and cultural expression. This study holds significance in media
discourse, as it exposes the linguistic choices made by writers and editors in the 'Express'
newspaper, offering insights into the complex relationship between language, culture, and
journalism. The results of this research are anticipated to inform future discussions on language
dynamics within the Pakistani media landscape and contribute to the broader field of
sociolinguistics.
Keywords: Code Switching, Tag Switching, Inter Sentential Switching, Newspaper, Editorials.
Introduction
As a dynamic and complicated aspect of human communication, language exhibits a rich tapestry
of variation influenced by cultural, social, and contextual factors. In print media, the study of
language variation, particularly code-switching, becomes a convincing lens through which to
explore the complex relationship between linguistic choices and societal dynamics. This research
centers on the Urdu editorials of the 'Express' newspaper in Pakistan, examining the refined world
of code-switching patterns within this particular media context.
Code-switching, as Romaine (1992, p. 110) defines, is the use of more than one language, variety,
or style by a speaker within a conversation or communication or between different conversational
partners and circumstances. Code-switching, the alternation between two or more languages within
a single discourse, is dominant in sociolinguistic studies. Its dominance in written communication,
especially in newspapers, reflects the complexities of linguistic choices in a multicultural and
1
MPhil Scholar, Department of English Graduate Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad,
Pakistan. Email: faizp057@gmail.com
2
Lecturer, Department of English Graduate Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: amna.arshad@numl.edu.pk

multilingual society like Pakistan. The Express newspaper is a prominent media outlet in Pakistan.
The decision to focus on Pakistani Urdu code-switching in the 'Express newspaper is informed by
the need to understand how language functions as a dynamic tool in media communication. As a
platform for shaping public opinion and spreading information, the editorial section provides a
unique area to examine language choices made by writers and editors. By examining code-
switching patterns, this study aims to reveal the underlying motivations and influences shaping
linguistic expressions in this journalistic domain.
Urdu serves as Pakistan's official language, but besides the primary language (L1), different local
languages like Punjabi, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi, and Kashmiri contribute to the nation's
multilingual identity. English, accepted as an official language, holds noteworthy significance in
Pakistan. The role of media, surrounding both electronic and print platforms, has unquestionably
fostered communication development. However, this accomplishment has overlapped with a
notable increase in code-switching across various domains, as highlighted by studies such as those
conducted by Mushtaq and Zahra (2012) and Rasul (2006).
Code-switching holds a vital role in linguistic dynamics and language expression, providing a lens
into the socio-cultural fabric of a region or the world. Despite Urdu being the national language,
English has achieved a higher status in various domains. Those who are not proficient in English
often struggle with feelings of inferiority. Specified that English is taught as a second language
across all educational levels, a substantial part of the Pakistani population has conformed to a
substantial English vocabulary. Individuals have accepted the habit of combining English words
into their everyday conversations and written expressions to demonstrate their English proficiency.
Adding English words into Urdu discourse is on the rise, reflecting a growing trend. The repetition
of code-switching, where English is used alongside Urdu, has become common, mainly in print
media. Journalists regularly combine English words into numerous constituents of newspapers,
including news headlines, columns, editorials, advertisements, and other content. This linguistic
mixture demonstrates the adaptability and occurrence of code-switching in modern
communication.
Individuals have become accustomed to English words even if they are unaware of their meanings.
These words are frequently assimilated into everyday conversation. People often observe them as
essential parts of Urdu, such as "Thanks" (shukria), "cold drink" (sherbet), "door" (darwaza),
"chair" (kursi), "break" ( waqfa), "lunch break" (dupher ke khane ka waqfa), "dinner time" (raat
ke khane ka waqt), and many more. This mixing of words has become embedded in Urdu as a
natural addition to the language.
The combination of these terms is extensive, not only on television in various programs, talk
shows, morning shows, educational programs, dramas, films, and news but also in everyday
discussions. People use expressions like "kia ho giya?" (What happened?), "Kia ho raha he?"
(What's happening?), "Sir, result kab aye ga?" (When will the result come?), "Main kal present
tha, airport per bohot rush tha" (I was present yesterday; there was a lot of rush at the airport),
"Meri family kal wedding attend ker ne jarahi he" (My family is going to attend a wedding
tomorrow), "Mera beta bohot intelligent he" (My son is brilliant), and "Men bhi job kerti hon" (I
also work) Rahmati (2020). The same style and language are mirrored in newspaper content.
The current study explores the occurrence of code-switching in the editorials of an Urdu
newspaper. A week from October 1, 2023, to October 7, 2023, was chosen for newspaper
collection to research code-switching in editorials. Code-switching encompasses a range of
linguistic phenomena observed in multilingual contexts, involving the alternation or addition of
languages within discourse. It includes various forms such as tag switching, inter-sentential

switching, intra-sentential switching, and intra-word switching. Code-switching, as outlined by
Poplack and cited in Romaine (1995, p. 122-123), encompasses four primary types:
Tag-Switching
Tag code-switching involves the addition of a tag or a brief phrase in one language within a
statement that is otherwise entirely in another language. For example, Meeting kab hai, yaar?
(When is the meeting, friend?), another example is from an Urdu phrase within an English
sentence: "Let's go, yaar, bohot late ho raha hai! (Let's go, buddy, it's getting very late!)"
Inter-Sentential Switching
Inter-sentential code-switching introduces syntactic complexity, observing the grammatical rules
of the respective languages. This type of switching occurs at the limit of clauses or sentences,
where each clause or sentence is entirely in one language or the other. For example, an entire
sentence in Urdu: "Us ne kaha ke wo kal aayega. (He said he will come tomorrow.)", and in another
example, an entire sentence in English: "The presentation was very informative. I learned a lot."
Intra-Sentential Switching
Intra-sentential switching occurs within the same clause or sentence, combining elements from
both languages. This type involves switching within the limits of a clause or sentence. For example,
switch a sentence from Urdu to English: "Mujhe lagta hai ke hamari team ki performance needs
improvement." Another example is from English to Urdu: "She was explaining sab kuch, lekin
samajh nahi aaya."
Intra-word Switching
In intra-word switching, the change occurs within the confines of a single word. For example,
English words ending with a constituent from Urdu, as in "committeeion". This form of switching
adheres to the rules of both languages, requiring speakers to be knowledgeable about the syntax
and morphology of each language, showcasing their expertise in both. English word combined
with Urdu components such as: "Uska behavior bohot passive tha." And Urdu word combined
with English components like: "Wo aksar apne friends ke saath outings per jaati hai."
Urdu Newspaper
Daily Express Newspaper
The Daily Express, owned by the Lakson Group, is one of Pakistan's comprehensively circulated
Urdu-language newspapers. It is published contemporarily from major cities, including Islamabad,
Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Multan, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Rahim Yar Khan,
and Sukkar. This newspaper consists of fourteen pages.
In 1998, the Lakson Group introduced the Daily Express, revolutionizing newspaper distribution
in Pakistan by establishing its headquarters in Lahore, departing from the conventional choice of
Karachi as the hub (Daily Express (Urdu Newspaper) - Google Search, n.d.). The logic behind this
decision was grounded in the belief that Punjab province, with Lahore as its capital, hosted a larger
Urdu newspaper readership than Karachi. This strategic move proved successful, as the Daily
Express swiftly garnered a responsive readership in the region. The innovative strategies of the
publication extended further with the decision not only to distribute from major metropolitan
centers like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad but also from secondary cities in Punjab,
including Multan, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Rahim Yar Khan. This approach

resonated well with readers in these areas who preferred locally-focused news, creating a
connection with content closer to their communities than news from more distant cities.
Problem Statement
The occurrence of code-switching within Pakistani newspapers, particularly in the context of
Express newspaper, represents a relatively recent trend. Notably, the research by Rahmati Khan,
Khanum (2020) has shed light on this emerging linguistic phenomenon. Prior studies have
investigated the factors influencing code-switching in Urdu newspapers like Daily-Khabrain.
Rahmati's study emphasizes word code-switching and totally integrated Urdu as prevalent,
highlighting a considerable integration of Urdu. The current investigation portrays a different
landscape of code-switching within the 'Express' newspaper. The present study acknowledges the
dominance of intra-sentential code-switching.
Moreover, the linguistic elements involved present a contrasting picture. Here, the Express
newspaper's editorials depict nouns as the primary code-switched elements, diverging from
Rahmati's emphasis on verbs and integrated Urdu. Additionally, while Rahmati's study observes a
substantial usage of English loanwords, the 'Express' newspaper exhibits a lower frequency.
However, Code-Switching in the Newspaper has yet to be analyzed in terms of its types, frequency,
functions, and patterns. The present study aims to understand its impact on linguistic dynamics,
reader comprehension, and the overall communicative effectiveness of the newspaper.
Research Objective
▪ To Identify Patterns and frequency of Code-Switching in Express Newspaper Editorials
▪ To examine the distribution of linguistic elements, specifically nouns, verbs, and adjectives, in
code-switched content within the editorials of the 'Express' newspaper in Urdu.
Significance of the Study
The significance of the study on code-switching within Urdu newspaper editorials lies in several
key areas: First, It offers insights into the complex language dynamics prevalent in multilingual
societies, particularly in journalistic discourse, contributing to a deeper understanding of code-
switching patterns and their implications within Urdu language usage. Second, the present study
understands how code-switching is utilized in editorial content and provides valuable insights into
the communication strategies of Urdu newspapers. This knowledge can assist editors and
journalists in crafting more effective and culturally rich content. Third, it also investigates code-
switching within Urdu newspapers to shed light on the cultural and societal factors influencing
language usage. Fourth, it highlights the refined ways in which language reflects societal norms,
identity, and cultural diversity.
Literature Review
Code-switching is a global phenomenon and is particularly widespread in Pakistan. The linguistic
landscape of Pakistan is diverse, with people frequently code-switching between various languages
in their everyday conversations. This practice is prevalent in diverse settings such as homes,
schools, offices, hotels, and public spaces wherever people engage in discussions. Individuals
commonly switch between their native languages, Urdu and English. With approximately 72
languages spoken in Pakistan, code-switching is observed across a broad spectrum of linguistic
diversity.

Khan (2014) conducted a sociolinguistic analysis of code-switching in classroom discourse,
highlighting that this phenomenon is not unique to Pakistan but is a global occurrence in bilingual
and multilingual societies. According to Abudarham (1987, p. 28), code-switching involves the
interchange of both languages within the same conversation, understandable only to bilinguals or
multilingual who understand the systems of these languages.
Nilep (2006) defines code-switching as the use of linguistic elements for interaction. In code-
switching, words are transferred and replaced based on the situational context within a
conversation. This linguistic practice is a crucial characteristic of bilingualism and can manifest
between sentences (inter-sentential) or within a single sentence (intra-sentential). Poplack (1980)
introduced two types of code-switching: inter-sentential, where languages alternate between
sentences, and intra-sentential, where the language changes within a single sentence.
Code-switching in spoken or written communication is commonplace, often called code-mixing,
code-shifting, language alternation, or interaction (Sebba, 2012, p. 97). Posters, newspaper articles,
advertisements, and web pages frequently exhibit multilingual texts (Sebba, 2012, p. 99). Mixing
languages is sometimes perceived negatively, labeled as a sign of idleness, and deemed potentially
detrimental to a language (Sridhar, 1996, p.58). Bilinguals and multilinguals, as noted by Kachru
(1986), commonly mix during conversations. Hsu (2008) elucidated that incorporating English
indicates varied perspectives and aligns with a prevalent trend among the youth.
In Pakistan, English holds a distinctive position and is widely used in offices, educational
institutions, homes, public spaces, and media communication. Scholars have extensively explored
the use of English in Pakistani media discourse, encompassing electronic and print media such as
newspapers (Rasul, 2009), magazines (Rasul, 2013), and television programs (Rasul, 2011;
Mushtaq & Zahra, 2012; Khan, 2014). Rasul (2013) specifically examined the presence of English
words in Urdu magazines for children.
Rahmati and Khanum (2020) conducted a qualitative descriptive study exploring code-switching
in Urdu newspaper editorials. They defined code-switching as using multiple languages or
language varieties in conversation, a common practice in Pakistani society.
Khan et al. (2023b) explores the role of English Embedded Language (EL) islands in Pashto-
English code-switching. Through an analysis of data from AVT Khyber, they investigate the
pragmatic force and morph syntax of EL islands. The study reveals that these islands follow the
structure of the Embedded Language in Pashto-English code switching, often appearing as fixed
expressions lacking pragmatic implications similar to their Pashto counterparts. This research
contributes valuable insights into understanding code-switching phenomena in bilingual contexts,
particularly within Pashto-English communication dynamics.
Belyaeva’s study (2023) focuses on code-switching and code-mixing phenomena within Russian
higher education, particularly in teaching particular disciplines in English, a non-native language
for teachers and students. The article emphasizes the distinction between "code-switching" and
"code-mixing," which is crucial for developing practical teaching methodologies in an
intermediary language. While the exploration of code-switching typically involves linguists and
psycholinguists, this study centers on bilingual university teachers' speech behavior from a
pedagogical standpoint. The research at St. Petersburg State University investigates Russian-
speaking teachers' attitudes toward transitioning from English (the language of instruction) to their
native Russian. Through a survey, the study indicates that these language shifts predominantly
represent marked and intentional code-switching, rather than code-mixing, in an educational
context. The participants encompassed teachers across diverse humanities and sciences
disciplines.

Zhong et al. (2023) present a systematic literature review (SLR) investigating conversational code-
switching (CS) from 2010 to 2022, emphasizing a sociolinguistic perspective. Utilizing the
PRISMA 2020 framework and databases like Scopus and Web of Science, they identified 117
relevant articles for analysis. The research trend depicted a continuous increase in CS studies until
2019, followed by a decline. Empirical studies and qualitative designs were favored by scholars,
employing methods like discourse analysis, observation, interviews, and questionnaires for data
collection. Most studies examined micro-level factors influencing CS, with a recent surge in
exploring attitudes and identities related to CS. Asia emerged as a prominent research hub for CS.
However, gaps persisted in regions like Oceania, South America, and Africa, indicating a need for
more comprehensive discussions, particularly in multilingual societies within the expanding circle.
Aldalbahy’s study (2022) investigated the correlation between code-switching and language
proficiency among Saudi bilingual female students. Utilizing a questionnaire and elicited
production tasks, 24 students from King Saud University's English department participated. The
research indicated a relationship between code-switching types and language proficiency but found
no link between code-switching frequency and language proficiency levels. Surprisingly,
participants exhibited positive attitudes toward code-switching, considering it a preferred tool for
communication among bilinguals. The study concluded that code-switching is not indicative of
language incompetence but rather a favored method of communication among bilingual speakers.
The present study concentrates on incorporating English words in Urdu texts within an exclusively
Urdu newspaper. It seeks to uncover the potential adverse effects of this practice on readers and,
more broadly, on the Urdu language itself.
Methodology
The chosen qualitative descriptive methodology was aptly employed to capture and analyze code-
switching instances within the Urdu Express newspaper's editorials. This methodological choice
aligns with the study's objective of exploring the phenomenon of code-switching in a specific
journalistic context. The targeted collection of newspapers from October 1, 2023, to October 7,
2023, strategically encapsulates a defined timeframe for in-depth analysis.
Qualitative data, encompassing verbal information transcribed into written form alongside diverse
documents, forms the backbone of this research. Following Richards' (2005) stance, the initial data
collection stage embraced a comprehensive approach, considering all information pertinent to the
topic as potential data. The conversion of this data into textual formats, particularly interview
transcriptions, lays the groundwork for subsequent language-centric qualitative analysis, aligning
with Dorney's assertion (2007, p. 243) that qualitative analysis fundamentally revolves around
words.
However, while qualitative data analysis can be rich, its diversity can pose challenges, leading the
researcher down various avenues. The study employed grounded theory as an analytical tool to
navigate this complexity. Grounded theory, as suggested by Dorney (2007, p. 260), enables
researchers to move beyond mere categorization or description, encouraging the exploration of
underlying principles, relationships, and motivations within the data. This iterative, nonlinear
approach comprehensively explains the code-switching phenomena observed in the Urdu Express
newspaper's editorials.
Data Collection
The research employed a qualitative descriptive method, generating descriptive data in the form
of code-switched sentences taken out from the editorials of the Urdu Express newspaper. This

research paper examines the exploration of code-switching within the editorials of an Urdu
newspaper, with a specific focus on the Daily Express Newspaper. For this study, newspapers
spanning one week, from October 1, 2023, to October 7, 2023, were systematically collected to
analyze code-switching instances within the selected editorials.
Analysis
The present study explores code-switching in Pakistani Urdu Express editorials, targeting to
identify its frequency, functions, and implications. By analyzing editorials for instances of inter-
sentential or intra-sentential switching between Urdu and other languages, primarily English, the
study seeks to understand the motivations and impact of this phenomenon on readers'
comprehension and engagement. This research contributes to understanding language variation in
print media, especially in multilingual contexts, informing discussions about language policy and
media representation in Pakistan. For that purpose, newspapers of one week, from October 1, 2023,
to October 7, 2023, were systematically collected to analyze code-switching instances within the
selected editorials.
Daily Express Newspaper (1.10.2023)
Editorial
1. Is maashi life line ki waja sy dhshatgard aur mafia gangs ka network bhot wasat akhtiyar kar
giya he
2. Shaed hony walo me DSP Muhammad Nawaz bhi shamil he.
3. Donu khodkash dhmakoo ki timing yek he aur dhmakoo ka pattern be yek jisaa he hy.
4. Kitaab ka ye portion phrty howi roo phra.
5. Un k wheelchair pick karty waqt kis thra thor de jati te.
6. Tamam siyasy friqin k ly level playing field ko yaqeni banana.
7. Yek baar highway per un k gadi ka tyre puncture ho giya.
8. Clinics aur digar private practice k surat me aysy alzamat aur ghaflat ki waqiyaat report hoti
rhti he.
Table 1 Types of Code Switching
S. No Code Switching Types of Code
Switching
Types of word
1 Is maashi life line ki waja sy dhshatgard
aur mafia gangs ka network bhot wasat
akhtiyar kar giya he.
Intra-sentential
(mafia) Loan
word
Lifeline (Noun)
Mafia (Noun)
Gangs (Collective
noun)
Network (Noun)
2 Shaed hony walo me DSP Muhammad
Nawaz bhi shamil he.
Loan word DSP (Noun)
3 Donu khodkash dhmakoo ki timing yek
he aur dhmakoo ka pattern be yek jisaa
he hy.
Intra-sentential Timing (Noun)
Pattern (Noun)
4 Kitaab ka ye portion phrty howi roo
phra.
Intra-sentential Portion (Noun)
5 Un k wheelchair pick karty waqt kis thra
thor de jati te.
Intra-sentential wheelchair (Noun)
pick (Noun)

6 Tamam siyasy friqin k ly level playing
field ko yaqeni banana.
Loan Phrase Noun Phrase
7 Yek baar highway per un k gadi ka tyre
puncture ho giya.
Intra-sentential Noun
8 ijlas bhi hoye aur commetiyan~ bhi
tashkeel degaen
Intra-sentential Noun
In Table 1 there are 8 sentences of code switching and type of code switching is intra sentential
and loan words. Backus (1999) has suggested that certain words can trigger a switch in bilingual
speakers. Sentence 1: Is maashi life line ki waja sy dhshatgard aur mafia gangs ka network bhot
wasat akhtiyar kar giya he. In this sentence there is life line which works as a noun, and the word
mafia is a loan word from English to Urdu , whereas gangs is a collective noun in the above
sentence, beside network is a noun . Sentence 2: Shaed hony walo me DSP Muhammad Nawaz
bhi shamil he. In this sentence there is intra sentential code switching and word type is noun which
is loan word from English into Urdu language. Sentence 3: Donu khodkash dhmakoo ki timing
yek he aur dhmakoo ka pattern be yek jisaa he hy. In this sentence there is intra sentential code
switching and word types is noun. Sentence 4: Kitaab ka ye portion phrty howi roo phra. In this
sentence there is intra sentential code switching and word type is noun. Sentence 5: Un k
wheelchair pick karty waqt kis thra thor de jati te. In this sentence there is intra sentential code
switching and word type is noun, and verb. Sentence 6: Tamam siyasy friqin k ly level playing
field ko yaqeni banana. In this sentence there is intra sentential code switching and word type is a
noun phrase. Sentence 7: Yek baar highway per un k gadi ka tyre puncture ho giya. In this
sentence there is intra sentential code switching and words type is noun. Sentence 8: ijlas bhi hoye
aur commetiyan bhi tashkeel degaen. In this sentence there is intra sentential code switching and
word type is Code switched (Intra word switched).
Editorial
1. Riyasti satha per hum good bad aur asasy waly mindset se khod ko azaad kary.
2. Bharat ki 10 riyasaton main termemi bill ko aag lagan.
3. Hinduon main gherao jalao, bankon, railway station ko aag lagane ka silsila rukne ke bajaye
berhta chalagya.
4. Iehtijaj ki aag Kashmeer tak na phel jaye jo hokomati agenda ko jala ker rakh ker de gi.
S. No Code switching Types of code
Switching
Types of words
1 Riyasti satha per hum good bad aur
asasy waly mindset se khod ko azaad
kary.
Intra sentential Adjective
Noun
2 Bharat ki 10 riyasaton main termemi bill
ko aag lagan.
Intra sentential Noun

3 Hinduon main gherao jalao, bankon~,
railway station ko aag lagane ka silsila
rukne ke bajaye berhta chalagya.
Loan word Loan word
4 hokomati agenda ko jala ker rakh ker de
gi.
Intra sentential Noun
In Table 2 there are 4 sentences of code switching and type of code switching is intra sentential.
Sentence 1: Riyasti satha per hum good bad aur asasy waly mindset se khod ko azaad kary. In
this sentence there is intra sentential code switching that is good bad as an adjective, whereas
mindset demonstrates as a noun. Sentence 2: Bharat ki 10 riyasaton main termemi bill ko aag
lagan, in this sentence there is intra sentential code switching that is noun. Sentence 3: Hinduon
main gherao jalao, bankon, railway station ko aag lagane ka silsila rukne ke bajaye berhta
chalagya, in this sentence there is bankon,station are loan words . Sentence 4: hokomati agenda
ko jala ker rakh ker de gi, in this sentence there is loan word that is noun. Furthermore, Myers-
Scotton and Jake (2017) suggest that multiword expressions can bridge the gap between the two
languages and help bilinguals achieve their communicative goals.
Editorial
1. Main rozana darjanu filey dekhta aur process kartaa.
2. Molk se looti howi dolat money laundering ke hawale se baher jane aur jally accounts ke zerye
arbon rupey baher bankon main bhijwane per sabiq corrupt hokmaron ko nahi choron ga.
S.No. Code switching Types of code
Switching
Types of words
1 Main rozana darjanu filey dekhta aur process
kartaa.
Intra sentential File (Noun)
Process (Verb)
2 Molk se looti howi dolat money laundering
ke hawale se baher jane aur jally accounts ke
zerye arbon~ rupey baher bankon main
bhijwane per sabiq corrupt hokmaron ko
nahi choron ga.
Loan words Corrupt :
Intra sentential
Noun
Noun
Sentence 1: Main rozana darjanu filey dekhta aur process kartaa. In this sentence there is intra
sentential code switching that is noun and verb. Sentence 2: Molk se looti howi dolat money
laundering ke hawale se baher jane aur jally accounts ke zerye arbon rupey baher bankon main
bhijwane per sabiq corrupt hokmaron ko nahi choron ga. In this sentence there is intra sentential
code switching and loan words, money laundering (Noun), accounts (Noun), bankon , they are
loan words corrupt (Noun).

Editorial
1. PTI ki chairman aur voice chairman Shah Mahmood Qureshi ko cypher case ki challan main
gunaghar qarar di diya giya hy.
2. Wazere Azam Kakar ke alawa bureaucracy, wazeeron~, musheeron~, personal secretaries,
rules and regulations se itne he bexaber the.
3. Tosi ko kisi adalat main kisi soorat challenge nahi kiya ja sake ga.
4. Army chief per General ki muqerer kerda retirement ki umer ka itlaq nahi hoga.
5. Chairman chief of staff teenon afwaaj ke serbrahon main se kisi ko bhi taaniyat kiya sasakta
he.
6. Naye act main chairman joint chief of staff committee ki moddate molazemat main tosi.
In Table 4 there are 6 sentences of code switching and type of code switching is intra sentential,
and loan words. Sentence 1: PTI ki chairman aur voice chairman Shah Mahmood Qureshi ko
cypher case ki challan main gunaghar qarar di diya giya hy. In this sentence, there is intra
sentential code switching that is noun, chairman (Noun), voice (Noun), cypher case (Noun).
These are loan words. Sentence 2: Wazere Azam Kakar ke alawa bureaucracy, wazeeron,
musheeron, personal secretariats, rules and regulations se itne he bexaber the, in this sentence there
S.No. Code switching Types of code Switching Types of words
1 PTI ki chairman aur voice chairman Shah
Mahmood Qureshi ko cypher case ki challan
main gunaghar qarar di diya giya hy.
Intra sentential
Loan words
Chairman(Noun)
cypher case(Noun)
Voice (Noun)
2 Wazere Azam Kakar ke
alawa bureaucracy, wazeeron~, musheeron~,
personal secretariats, rules and regulations
se itne he bexaber the.
Intra sentential Bureaucracy
(Noun)
personal
(adjective)
secretariat (Noun)
rules and
regulations (Noun)
3 Tosi ko kisi adalat main kisi
soorat challenge nahi kiya ja
sake ga.
Intra sentential Challenge
(Noun)
4 Army chief per General ki muqerer kerda
retirement ki umer ka itlaq nahi hoga.
Loan words are General,
retirement
Army chief
(Noun)
General (Noun)
Retirement (Noun)
5 Chairman chief of staff teeno afwaaj ke
serbrahon main se kisi ko bhi taaniyat kiya
sasakta he.
Loan words , part
of Urdu
Chairman (Noun)
chief (Noun)
staff (Noun)
6 Naye act men chairman joint chief of staff
committee ki
moddat te molazemat men~ tosi.
Intra sentential
Naye act (word
Code switching)
Naye act (new
Act)
adjective
Chairman Joint
Chief (Noun)
Committee (Noun)

is intra sentential code switching and loan words are present Bureaucracy (Noun), personal
(adjective), secretariat (Noun), rules and regulations (Noun). Sentence 3: Tosi ko kisi adalat
main kisi soorat challenge nahi kiya ja sake gain this sentence there is intra sentential code
switching that is Challenge (Noun). Sentence 4: Army chief per General ki muqerer kerda
retirement ki umer ka itlaq nahi hoga, in this sentence there are loan words that is Army chief
(Noun), General (Noun), Retirement (Noun). Sentence 5: Chairman chief of staff teenon
afwaaj ke serbrahon main se kisi ko bhi taaniyat kiya sakta he, in this sentence there are loan words
that are Chairman (Noun), chief (Noun), staff (Noun). Sentence 6: Naye act main chairman joint
chief of staff committee ki moddate molazemat main tosi, in this sentence there are loan words
that is Naye act (new Act) adjective , Chairman Joint Chief (Noun), Committee (Noun).
Editorial
1. Special investment facilitation council bhot mtharik he.
2. Stock market ka graph qaboo main agaya.
3. 2023 main mega projects shayad shooro na hosaken~.
4. Irani general ki halakat Israel main High Alert jari.
5. Baghdad airport per Israili fazai hamle.
S. No. Code switching Types of code Switching Types of words
1 Special investment facilitation
council bhot mtharik he.
Intra sentential
Council (loan word)
Special: Adjective
Investment: Noun
Facilitation: Noun
Council: Noun
2 Stock market ka graph qaboo
main agaya.
Intra sentential Stock market(Noun)
Graph(Noun)
3 2023 main mega projects to
shayad shooro na hosaken~.
Intra sentential mega projects
(Noun)
4 Irani general ki halakat Israel
main High Alert jari.
Intra sentential Irani general(word
codeswitching)
(Noun)
5 Baghdad airport per
Israili fazai hamle.
Loan word Airport (Noun)
Sentence 1: Special investment facilitation council bhot mtharik he. In this sentence there is intra
sentential code switching that is Special investment facilitation council (total integrated Urdu)
(Noun). Sentence 2: Stock market ka graph qaboo men agaya, in this sentence there is intra
sentential code switching that is Stock market (Noun), Graph (Noun). Sentence 3: 2023 main
mega projects to shayad shooro na hosaken, in this sentence there is intra sentential code
switching that is mega projects (Noun). Sentence 4: Iranigeneral ki halakat Israel main High
Alert jari , in this sentence there is intra sentential code switching and word code switching that is
Irani general (word codes witching) (Noun). Sentence 5: Baghdad airport per Israili fazai hamle,
in this sentence there is loan word that is Airport (Noun).

Editorial
1. Pakistan main black economy ka size redlines cross kar choka he.
2. Corrupt tolay ko nahi choRon~ ga aur NRO nahi don~ga.
3. Kashmeer Issue ko bhi hal karayen.
S. No. Code switching Types of code
Switching
Types of words
1 Pakistan main black economy ka size
redlines cross kar choka he.
Intra sentential
Loan word
(Noun)
(Adjective)
(Noun)
2 Corrupt tolay ko nahi choron ga aur
NRO nahi don ga.
Intra sentential Corrupt (Noun)
NRO (Noun)
3 Kashmeer Issue ko bhi hal karayen. Intra sentential Issue (Noun)
Sentence 1: Pakistan main black economy ka size redlines cross kar choka he, in this sentence
these are loan words that is black economy (Noun), redlines (Noun). Sentence 2: Corrupt tolay
ko nahi choron ga aur NRO nahi don ga, in this sentence there is intra sentential code switching
that is Corrupt (Noun), NRO(Noun). Sentence 3: Kashmeer Issue ko bhi hal karayen ,in this
sentence there is intra sentential code switching that is Issue (Noun).
Editorial
1. Mazin main hukomati policies, tax policies aur governance ki halaat rahy hy.
S. No. Code switching Types of code Switching Types of words
1 Mazin main hukomati policies, tax
policies aur governance ki halaat
rahy hy.
Intra sentential (Noun)
In Table 7 there is 1 sentence of code switching and type of code switching is intra sentential.
Sentence 1: Mazin main hukomati policies, tax policies aur governance ki halaat rahy hy., in this
sentence there is intra sentential code switching that is policies (Noun), governance (Noun).
Findings and Discussion
The types-switching types were intra-sentential, word code-switching, and loan words. Code-
switching is using two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. It is a common
phenomenon in Pakistani society. Fundamentally, Pakistani society is multilingual; people usually
use three languages: their mother tongue, Urdu, and English for official work. Code-switching is
common everywhere in schools, offices, homes, and public places. Even journalists use code-
switching in print and electronic media. Khan (2014) studies Sociolinguistic Analysis of
Classroom Discourse with Special Reference to Code-Switching. Code-switching is common in
bilingual and multilingual societies, as it is in Pakistan.

Code-switching is defined as using more than one language, variety, or style by a speaker within
a conversation or communication or between different interlocutors or circumstances (Romaine,
1992, p. 110).
People have become familiar with the English words without knowing them. According to Poplack
in Romaine (1995, p. 122-123), there are four main types of code-switching.
Tag Switching: Tag code-switching is the addition of a tag in one language in a statement that is
entirely in the other language, for instance, aap ko pata na? he na? You know? I mean.
Inter Sentential Switching: Inter-sentential code-switching includes syntactic complexity with the
rules of the languages. Intersentential switching occurs at a clause or sentence limit; each clause
or sentence is in one language or another.
Intra-Sentential Switching: Intra-sentential switching includes switching within the same clause
or sentence, which then includes parts of both languages. Intra-sentential switching takes place
within a clause or sentence limit.
Intra-word switching: In it, a change occurs within a word limit, such as an English word ending
with Urdu, e.g., committee. This type of switching has rules of languages; speakers know their
syntax and morphology and are experts in both languages. The present study collected Urdu
Express Newspapers from 1.10.2023 to 7.10.2023 to analyze language or code-switching and its
type in an editorial.
Through analysis, the present study found that In Table 1, there are eight sentences of code-
switching, and the type of code-switching is intrasentential. In some sentences, intra-word code-
switching also occurred. Moreover, word types are nouns and verbs. In Table 2, there are four
sentences of code-switching, and the type of code-switching is intra-sentential and intra-word
code-switching and word types are noun and verb. In Table 3, there are two sentences of code-
switching, and the type of code-switching is intra-sentential and intra-word code-switching and
word types are nouns. In Table 4, there are six code-switching sentences, and the code-switching
type is intra-sentential. In some sentences, intra-word code-switching also occurred. The type of
code-switching is intra-sentential and intra-word code-switching, and word types are nouns and
adjectives. In Table 5, there are five sentences of code-switching, and the type of code-switching
is intra-sentential and intra-word code-switching and word types are nouns. Table 6 has three
sentences of code-switching, and the type of code-switching is intra-sentential. The type of code-
switching is intra-sentential and intra-word code-switching, and word types are nouns. In Table 7,
there is one code-switching sentence, and the code-switching type is intra-sentential and loan
words in Urdu.
It is interesting to notice the contrast between Rahmati et al.'s (2020) study focusing on the Daily
Khabrain Newspaper and the present research examining the 'Express' newspaper's editorials.
While Rahmati's study emphasizes word-code-switching and total-integrated Urdu as prevalent,
highlighting a considerable integration of Urdu, the current investigation portrays a different
landscape of code-switching within the 'Express' newspaper. The present study acknowledges the
dominance of intra-sentential code-switching. Moreover, the linguistic elements involved present
a contrasting picture. Here, the Express newspaper's editorials depict nouns as the primary code-
switched elements, diverging from Rahmati's emphasis on verbs and integrated Urdu.
Additionally, while Rahmati's study observes a substantial usage of English loanwords, the
'Express' newspaper exhibits a lower frequency. These differences accentuate the variability in
code-switching practices across newspapers, reflecting unique linguistic preferences and usage
within specific editorial contexts. The present study's broader sociolinguistic implications shed

light on language dynamics in media discourse, elucidating the complex relationship between
language, culture, and journalism within the Pakistani media landscape.
The primary findings of this study illuminate the predominant patterns of code-switching within
the examined newspaper's editorials. The research underscores that nouns emerge as the most
frequently utilized linguistic elements in code-mixing, constituting approximately 50% of the
observed instances. Following closely, verbs feature prominently, accounting for approximately
30%, and adjectives 20% of the identified code-switched elements. Notably, the intra-sentential
type of code-switching prevails significantly, representing a striking 80% of the overall observed
instances, showcasing a consistent integration of multiple languages within single sentences or
clauses.
Furthermore, while incorporating loanwords from English comprises a notable 20% of code-
switched elements, no tag-switching or inter-sentential code-switching was identified within the
examined editorials. These findings offer valuable insights into the specific linguistic elements and
patterns prevalent in the code-switching practices within the context of this 'Express' newspaper's
editorial content. These findings provide critical insights into the nuanced linguistic patterns in the
Urdu Express newspaper's editorials, shedding light on the specific types of code-switching
utilized and the predominant linguistic elements involved. This nuanced understanding deepens
our comprehension of how languages interact within print media, offering valuable implications
for language use and communication strategies in similar contexts.
The dominance of nouns as the most frequently utilized linguistic elements in code-switching
within the editorials implies their significance in conveying meaning and context across different
languages. Their prevalence hints at their adaptability and robustness in integrating seamlessly into
the multilingual discourse, suggesting their role as anchors in communication.
Moreover, the substantial presence of verbs and adjectives highlights the varied linguistic elements
contributing to code-mixing practices. Verbs, central to sentence structures and conveying actions
and adjectives, providing descriptive attributes, showcase the diverse linguistic palette utilized in
these editorials, enriching the language landscape.
The overwhelmingly high intra-sentential code-switching indicates the natural blending of
languages within sentences or clauses, reflecting the effortless manner in which speakers
interweave multiple languages. This fluidity in integration accentuates the editorial's
conversational style, demonstrating a linguistic fluidity that mirrors everyday speech.
Incorporating loanwords from English into Urdu hints at the influence of external languages on
the local vernacular. This dynamic exchange showcases the adaptability of Urdu, embracing
foreign elements while maintaining its core identity.
Finally, the absence of tag-switching or inter-sentential code-switching indicates a distinct
editorial preference or a conscious choice in the newspaper's language usage. This points towards
a deliberate editorial style that prioritizes intra-sentential integration over other forms of code-
switching, shaping the linguistic fabric of the newspaper's editorials.
Overall, these findings not only delineate the prevalent linguistic patterns but also provide a
window into the complex interplay of languages in print media, offering valuable insights into how
language variation and code-switching contribute to editorial expression and communication
strategies.
Conclusion
The study of code-switching within the editorials of the Urdu newspaper Express Pakistan
brightens the problematic interaction of language dynamics in media discourse. The study's

findings shed light on the dominance of code-switching patterns, showcasing the predominant use
of nouns and verbs, primarily through intra-sentential means. Despite the absence of tag-switching
or inter-sentential code-switching, combining loanwords from English adds a distinct layer to the
linguistic tapestry within the editorials. This investigation contributes to a deeper understanding
of how linguistic diversity and cultural influences intersect in journalistic communication. By
exploring code-switching's types, frequency, and functions, this study underscores the significance
of language as a reflective lens of societal norms and identities. Moving forward, these insights
can inform editorial practices, aiding newspapers in crafting more effective, culturally resonant,
and reader-friendly content within the diverse linguistic landscape of Pakistan.
The analysis of code-switching in Urdu Express editorials revealed a dynamic and multifaceted
linguistic landscape within Pakistani print media. The study identified diverse types and functions
of code-switching, demonstrating its use for practical purposes of addressing a bilingual audience
and achieving specific stylistic and communicative effects.
This present study underscores the intricate relationship between language, society, and identity
in the Pakistani context. The use of code-switching by writers reflects their negotiation of multiple
linguistic identities and their strategic manipulation of language to engage with different audiences
and convey various messages. This research provides valuable insights into Pakistan's evolving
language ecology. It contributes to a deeper understanding of code-switching as a vital tool for
communication, identity construction, and social commentary in multilingual societies.
This study contributes to understanding language variation and identity construction in Pakistan.
The findings suggest that code-switching is more than just a linguistic phenomenon; it is a social
practice that reflects the complex interplay of language, identity, and power within the Pakistani
context. It allows individuals to navigate diverse linguistic identities, negotiate social hierarchies,
and construct specific authorial voices.
The current study opens avenues for further exploration. Future studies could delve deeper into
specific types of code-switching, examine the impact of code-switching on reader comprehension,
and analyze the evolution of code-switching trends in Pakistani media over time. Additionally,
research could investigate the role of code-switching in other forms of media, such as social media
or television news, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of language variation in
contemporary Pakistani society. Finally, the analysis of code-switching in Urdu Express editorials
reveals a rich and multifaceted linguistic landscape, highlighting its significance in
communication, identity construction, and understanding the evolving language ecology of
Pakistan.
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