Code Switching in Pakistan
- 2. CODE-SWITCHING By: Tahir Naveed Malik Roll No: BD563273
- 3. Sequence of Presentation Common Examples of CS Definition Types of CS Reasons/factors of CS CS among Pakistani languages CS in Class Room Advantages / disadvantages of CS Common / interested examples of CM Questions / Answers
- 10. What is Code Switching? According to Walid M Rihane (Arab Open University) “In many situations, a speaker may shift from one code to another, intentionally or unintentionally. This shift may be from one language to another, from one dialect to another, or from one style to another for many different reasons.”
- 11. What is Code Switching? According to Richard Nordquist (P. Hd; An American author) “The practice of moving back and forth between two languages. or between two dialects / registers / styles of the same language is called code-switching. It is also called code-mixing.”
- 12. What is Code Switching? According to Wikipedia “In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilingual – speakers of more than one language – sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other.
- 13. Points to ponder… Nearly seven thousand languages spoken throughout the world More than half of the worlds’ population is estimated to be bilingual and engages in code switching across the world. Code switching occurs far more often in conversation than in writing. In Pakistan, mainly used in military conversation and learning
- 14. Types of Code-switching Inter-sentential code switching Intra-sentential code switching Tag code switching
- 15. Types of Code-switching In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This is seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers. For Example: Me tu yahan hoon. What happened?
- 16. Types of Code-switching In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations or pauses indicating a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift. Different types of switch occur within the clause level including within the word level. Some researchers call it also code mixing.
- 17. Types of Code-switching More examples – Urdu <> English CS: Kitna khoobsoorat SCENE ha. (noun) Yeh ONE-SIDED report ha. (noun phrase) Ye barra NICE COLOUR ha. (adjective) In dono ko COMPARE kro. (verb) Aaj me ne barray TASTY kabab khaye hain. (Adj.) I did breakfast with tea and PRATHAS. (borrowing) BHAI G! Get up please. (borrowing) I love you JAAN. (borrowing)
- 18. Types of Code-switching More examples – Urdu <> English CS: Awaam ko koi RELIEF nahi mila. Supreme Court main JUDGES ki tadaad barhanay kay liye ACT 33 tabdeel kia jaye. Pakistan main jamhooriat ka farogh hamari POLICY hai. MUJHE SHIKAYAT HAI that we are not making history. We reached there in time, LAKIN no body was there to receive us.
- 19. Types of Code-switching In Tag Code Switching, there is an insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance which is form another language. Almost similar to intra-code sentential switching For example: Urdu<>English students use some boundaries like but (lekin), I mean (Yaani), so (iss liye), then (phir) while speaking English. For Example: Iss ka order ooper se aaya ha.
- 21. Reasons for Code-switching Sign of Solidarity & affiliation (Example of elevator) Continuity in speech rather than presenting an interference in language. Code switching allows a speaker to convey attitude, anger and other emotives itching is done deliberately to exclude a person from a conversation.
- 22. Reasons for Code-switching People may use code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches). Code-switching is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using second language).
- 23. Reasons for Code-switching Code-switching is used to exert control or to get attention, especially between parents and children at home, teacher and students making noise in the class and teacher use code- switching technique to control his/her class, a religious scholar (called Maulvi or Khateeb) uses Arabic phrases or verses in his religious speech/lesson in a gathering.
- 24. Reasons for Code-switching Metalinguistic: explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages Directive (commands, instructions, orders etc) Referential Phatic (Greeting words e.g Good morning etc) Speakers tend to use different languages to imply a certain social status or to distinguish themselves from other social classes.
- 25. Reasons for Code-switching Social trends Increase social distance Level of formality Mobile SMS Job Interviews Legal proceedings Use of loan words in Urdu (code borrowing)
- 26. Code-Switching in Pakistan URDU + ENGLISH URDU + PUNJABI URDU + SARAIKI URDU + PUSHTO URDU + SINDHI URDU + BALOCHI URDU + KASMIRI URDU + HINDKO
- 27. Code-Switching in Pakistan URDU/ENGLISH + CHINESE URDU + ARABIC PUNJABI + PUSHTO/SINDHI/BALOCHI/KASMIRI/S ARAIKI/URDU SARAIKI + PUSHTO/SINDHI/BALOCHI/KASMIRI/P UNJABI/URDU
- 28. Code-Switching in Pakistan PUSHTO + PUNJABI/SINDHI/BALOCHI/KASMIRI/ SARAIKI/URDU KASHMIRI + PUNJABI/SINDHI/BALOCHI/PUNJABI/S ARAIKI/URDU BALOCHI + PUNJABI/SINDHI/PUSHTO/KASMIRI/S ARAIKI/URDU
- 29. Code-Switching in the classroom For translation To understand difficult lessons easily To learn new vocabulary in the classroom To establish a relationship with students To assert the authority of the teacher Very effective to learn a foreign language Increases participation & understanding Makes languages motivational and interesting
- 30. Advantages of Code-Switching Change role of a speaker: raise status, add authority, show expertise Convey privacy, secrecy, anger, annoyance Emphasize group identity (solidarity) Hide language incompetency Continuity of speech
- 31. Disadvantages of Code-Switching Threat to regional / national language - Code- mixing often precedes language shift/death Weakens language competency in writing – register Exclusion of someone from conversation – Monolinguals hate code-switching Code-mixing is a marker of education, religion, geographical origin, caste in some areas. Develops formal relationships
- 32. Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation Parkoon : Parks Mummy : Hanoot shuda lashein Boxon : Sandooqon Actoroon : Addakaaroon Tourists : Sayyah Riflain : Bandooqain Lunch box : Khanay ka dabba Mission : Maqsad Clinic : Matab Suit : Jora
- 33. Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation Shop : Shop Saleman : Dukandaar Harvester Machine : Kataee Machine Cancer : Sartan TB : Tap-e-diq Typhoid : Maeedi Bukhar Blood pressure : Fishaar-e-khoon Car : Motor gaari Loudspeaker : Awaaz Rasaan Culture : Rehn Sehn ka tareeqa
- 34. Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books Society : Muashra Nature : Qudrat Manager : Intizaam karne wala Good morning : Subha Bakhair Spirit : Rooh Umpire : Salas Member : Rukn Committee : Majlis Public : Awaam Leader : Qaid
- 35. Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation Christians : Esaai Seat : Nashist Match : Muqabla Butler : Khansaaman Photo : Tasweer Chemicals : Chemyai Markbaat Platform : Manshoor Spray : Chirkao / Phowar Lights : Batyaan / Roshniyan Dental Surgeon : Dantoon ki jarrah
- 36. Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation Condition : Halaat Operation : Jarrahi Farm : Khet / Kheti Model : Namoona British : Bartaanvi Brown : Naswaari Batsman : Ballay Baaz Airport : Hawai Adda Guard : Neegehban, Paasban Disturb : Praishan / Uljhan / Tang
- 37. Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation Control : Qabu Overhauling : Jaanch Partaal Club : Nach ghar / May Khana, anjuman / raqs o suroor ka markez