learning and their types
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The document discusses different types of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or interactions with the environment. There are four main types of learning discussed: 1) learning by trial and error, 2) observational learning, 3) insight learning, and 4) conditioning. Conditioning includes classical conditioning, involving pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, and operant conditioning where behavior is influenced by consequences. Learning is described as an active, purposeful process that occurs throughout life and can be transferred between contexts.
learning and their types
- 1. Learning
- 2. Definition Of Learning • Relative permanent change in behavior brought about through experience or interactions with the environment – Not all changes result from learning – Change in behavior not always immediate
- 3. Characteristics of Learning • Purposeful Process: Most people have definite ideas what they wants to achieve they have goals or clear objects. • Internal Experience: The instructor cannot learn for the trainees. The trainees can learn only from his or her experience.
- 4. Cont…… • Active Process: Learning comes only thoughts, experience, the individual actively involved in learning process. • Multidimensional: Learning is multidimensional which is continue all around.
- 5. Cont…… • Individual Process: All individual don't learn the same rate. Every individual has different intellectual level so every individual is learn through his or her intellectual level. • Continuous Process: Learning is a continuous process which started from the birth and continue throughout the life.
- 6. Cont…… • Transferable: Learning is a process which is transferable from one place to another from one person to another.
- 7. Types of Learning 1.Learning by trial and error 2.Learning by imitation (OBSERVATIONAL LRARNING) 3. Learning by insight (Cognition) 4. Learning by conditioning
- 8. 1) Learning by Trial and Error In trial and error learning, an person learns to perform a behavior more and more skillfully by repeating behaviors that result in rewards and avoiding behaviors that result in punishment. Thorndike induce trail and error learning, although he preferred to it trail and accidental success. The learning is based on the repetition of response tendencies that lead to success.
- 9. Thorndike conducted Experiment • Thorndike devised an elaborate cage called a puzzle box. A hungry cat was placed in the puzzle box and had to learn Response. i.e. stepping on a small lever in order to unlock the door and get out. When the cat succeeded it was awarded with food and then placed back inside the box. After several trail learned to open the door. After that when put in the cage the cat walked calmly to the lever pushed it down with its paw, strolled through the door and ate the food.
- 11. Laws of Learning Edward.L.Thorndike • Law of Exercise: Stresses the idea that repetition is basic to the development of adequate responses. • Law of Effect: Involves the emotional reaction of learner. Learning is much more effected when feelings of satisfaction and reward.
- 12. 2) Learning by Imitation(Observation) • Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. • OR: When we observe and imitate other behavior that is called learning by observation. • Social model is very important in observational learning • Family, parents, friends, teachers and society.
- 13. Cont…. • Modeling: The process of observing and imitating by observation is often called modeling. • Social Learning: The process of learning by watching others is called observational learning also known as social learning. Observational learning can be positive and negative as well.
- 14. Bendura Requirements for Observational Learning 1. Attentional Process 2. Retentional Process 3. Motor Reproduction Process 4. Motivation
- 15. Cont…… 1. Attentional Process: Close attention is necessary to what is happening around. People cannot learn unless they are able to observe model behavior. 2. Retentional process: The learner organize and retain what has been observe, reliving experiences , mentally rehearsing future experience.
- 16. Cont…… 3) Motor Reproduction Process: It is related to the reproduction of behavior which is observed. Learning converts the cognitive representation into action. 4) Motivation: The actual or imagined reward of imitated determine whether the behavior will extinguish or not.
- 17. Cont…… • Imitation: Pure imitation is blind copying of other behavior. Usually students do this, while they copy the mannerisms of their favorite teachers.
- 18. 3) Learning by Cognition (Insight) • Through understanding the relationships of the different parts of a problem rather than through test and error. • When you need to get a picture up high on the wall, you pull a chair over to where you want it, and reach for the picture to take it down.
- 19. Cont…… • Tolman was one of the earlier researcher to underline the importance of cognitive process in learning. Cognitive process means Use thought process in learning. • Learning by mental activity or thought is called learning by cognition.
- 20. Kohler Conduct Experiment Kohler conducted his experiments on Chimpanzees, to reveal the essence of learning. He put them in cages. In a typical situation, a smart chimpanzee named sultan was prevented from reaching a piece of fruit near the bar of cage. Kohler gave sultan a stick but it was also short. Sultan gazed around picked up the short stick through the bar it scratched another longer stick which was lying out side the cage joined the two stick and grabbed the food.
- 23. Cont… • Kohler explain that sultan learned to solve his problem by putting several pieces together into a meaningful whole. The solution resulted from insight a sudden realization following a period of mental activity.
- 25. Tolman • He proposed a cognitive explanation of learning, suggesting that repeated performance of a task strengthens the learned relationship between environmental cues and the organisms expectation.
- 26. 4) Learning by Conditioning Learning by association is called conditioning.. There are two types of conditioning 1. Classical Conditioning – Pavlov – Pavlov: classical conditioning was form of learning through association – Association of two stimuli 2. Operant Conditioning – Skinner - Association between behavior and its consequences called operant conditioning
- 27. Classical conditioning • Classical conditioning is based on the association of paring of an originally neutral stimuli with a response producing stimulus. This paring of stimuli eventually produces a condition or learn response. • Stimulus Response Produce Behavior or Actions
- 28. Cont…… • Classical conditioning could take place only when the two events to be associated occurred close together. • In classical conditioning a neutral stimulus paired one or more times with a biological significant stimulus acquires the power to elicit a behavior response in the absence of the biologically significant stimulus.
- 29. Pavlov’s Experiment • Pavlov ‘s experiment was the first demonstration of classical conditioning. Pavlov was Russian Physiologist and won a Nobel prize in 1904 for his work on the dog digestive system. During his research, Pavlov noticed: That his dog sometime salivated in the absent of food or when they saw the assistant who normally brought their food.
- 31. Cont…… • Pavlov experiment method was to present food to the dog and measure the amount of saliva. He discovered that if a neutral stimulus, one that didn’t automatically elicit saliva, such a bell was paired repeatedly with the food; the dog would gradually learn to salivate at the sound of bell alone without any food.
- 33. Cont…… Learning to response to a formerly neutral stimulus, because that stimulus is paired with another stimulus which already elicit a response, is the essential characterization of classical conditioning. Before conditioning, saliva is called unconditioned response(UR) and food is called unconditioned stimulus(US).When “bell” a neutral stimulus is presented, it may elicit a general response of attention, but not elicit the unconditioned response( i.e. saliva)
- 35. Cont…… • During conditioning the neutral stimulus(bell) and the unconditioned stimulus(food) are both presented a number of time in close proximity. After repeated pairing, the bell alone can elicit salivation. Learning has taken place the initially neutral stimulus is now called conditioned stimulus(CS) and the response to the conditioned stimulus alone is called conditioned response(CR)
- 37. 2) Operant Conditioning • Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. Examples • A child learning to complete his or he homework, because he or she knows they will get time to watch TV after. • Another example is a child learning not to hit because he was punished after hitting another child before. • Example of traffic signal.
- 38. Operant conditioning • Three types of desirable and undesirable consequences that influence behavior – Positive reinforcement – Negative reinforcement – Punishment
- 39. Positive Reinforcement • Add stimulus for increase the desirable behavior • Positive consequences – behavior occurs more frequently(i.e. praise given) • Uses in teaching. • Employee in workplace
- 40. Negative Reinforcement • Remove the stimulus for increasing the behavior • Something unpleasant,, undesired is removed by behavior or does not happen at all • In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior increases.
- 41. Punishment • Decrease the undesirable behavior • Consequence of behavior is negative – Behavior has been punished. • Physical punishment used by society, parents, and others