Logicðics1
Download as PPTX, PDF8 likes4,066 views
This document discusses the study of ethics and logic. It begins by describing Rodin's sculpture "The Thinker" which depicts intense political and social crises and a pessimistic view of life. It then outlines several objectives related to defining and differentiating logic and ethics. The rest of the document discusses philosophy and its branches like metaphysics and epistemology. It defines logic and describes natural vs scientific logic. It also outlines the formal and material objects of logic and emphasizes the importance of logic.
Logicðics1
- 1. THE STUDY OF ETHICS & LOGIC “THE THINKER” The famous work of the French artist, Auguste Rodin This sculpture depicts the intense political and social crises in Paris and reflects a deeply pessimistic view of human life and happiness This artwork is used to inspire every learner to pursue always correct thinking in whatever way of life
- 2. OBJECTIVES 1. Define Philosophy and name its branches 2. Illustrate the relationship between Logic and Ethics 3. Discuss clearly the definition of Logic 4. Differentiate natural from scientific logic 5. List the formal and material objects of logic 6. State the importance of logic
- 3. PHILOSOPHY The love of wisdom A discipline not to be defined but to be inquired into It knows no limits just as the human mind knows no boundaries A desire or interest for an intellectual inquiry It search for the rational explanations of reality and of man himself WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
- 4. PHILOSOPHY PHILOS (LOVE) SOPHIA (WISDOM) DERIVED FROM THE TWO GREEK WORDS
- 5. THE MAJOR DIVISION OF PHILOSPHY •The study of reality or what is real METAPHYSICS •The study of knowledge and what we can know EPISTEMOLOGY •The study of the goodETHICS
- 6. THE PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD LOGIC The art of correct thinking and reasoning which is considered as a tool in facilitating questions and answers Serve to support in arriving at clear, correct, valid, and consistent answers to questions which is the primary consideration in the other branches of philosophy
- 7. LOGIC COMES IN TWO FORMS NATURAL LOGIC The inherent ability of man to reason out SCIENTIFIC LOGIC The acquired skill of man through constant study, training, and practice
- 8. LOGIC IS TREATED IN TWO WAYS IT IS A SCIENCE Because it involves data, procedure, and validity IT IS AN ART Because it involves the learned skills directing the mind in distinguishing correct from erroneous arguments
- 9. TWO MAJOR APPROCHES IN THE STUDIES OF LOGIC INFORMAL LOGIC An attempt to develop logical tools that can analyze and assess the informal reasoning that occurs in natural language contexts Characterized as both Rhetorical and Dialectical Rhetorical Appears to be more sympathetic where the charisma of the speaker plays a crucial role in determining whether or not an argument is persuasive Dialectical Consider argumentation as a form of dialogical exchange and resolution of disputes FORMAL LOGIC It is divided into Traditional Aristotelian Logic and Modern Symbolic Logic
- 10. TRADITIONAL ARISTOTELIAN • It deals with the study of deductive argument through classical syllogism which emphasizes the relationship of words • It has both: • Formal Branch • the structure of the argument • Material Branch • content of the argument MODERN SYMBOLIC • It deals with the study of deductive argument with emphasis on the relationship between statements not words or • Propositional Logic • In philosophy, an attitude taken by somebody toward a proposition, e.g. in believing it, knowing it, or desiring
- 11. SYLLOGISM A logical or a formal deductive argument involving Three Propositions A Major Premise A Minor Premise A conclusion Example All birds have feathers, penguins are birds, therefore penguins have feathers Deductive reasoning or a reasoning from the general to the specific Specious argument or a subtle piece of reasoning, or one that seems true but is actually false or deceptive a proposition that forms the basis of an argument or from which a conclusion is drawn
- 12. THE MATERIAL AND FORMAL OBJECTS OF LOGIC MATERIAL OBJECT Refers to the subject matter of a particular science THREE MENTAL OPERATIONS Simple Apprehension (TERMS) Judgment (PROPOSITION) Reasoning (ARGUMENTS)FORMAL OBJECT Refers to the special viewpoint from which the material object is studied by a particular science, and distinguishes one branch of science from another when both of them are dealing with the same material object
- 13. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING LOGIC SIGNIFICANCE TO STUDENTS Discussing essays in examinations Analyze historical and social data Interpretation of literary works and researches In engaging in some debates on current issues SIGNIFICANCE TO PROFESSIONALS Use in decision making in all aspects of life Analyzing health status of patients or administering medicines Defending clients before any court-of- law Makes works faster and make lives more convenient SIGNIFICANCE TO ALL PERSONS Improves our reasoning potentials Promote understanding to attain peaceful co- existence Foster better relationships among others in the society
- 14. Issue: Death Penalty Material Object: Life 3 Mental Operations: 1. Terms: Life is Precious 2. Preposition : Death Penalty Defies The Sanctity Of Life As A Precious Gift From God 3. Arguments: Syllogism Major Premise: All human beings have the right to enjoy the gift of life from God regardless of their social status Minor Premise: Criminals are human beings Conclusion: Therefore, criminals have the right to enjoy the gift of life from God SEAT WORK Construct your own argument applying the following concepts (25 Points)