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Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks

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Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks
Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks Digital Instant Download Author(s): Danny Banks ISBN(s): 9781420015416, 1420015419 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 8.65 MB Year: 2006 Language: english
DK3182_half 1/18/06 11:31 AM Page 1 Microengineering,MEMS, andInterfacing APracticalGuide Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books Founding Editor L. L. Faulkner Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1. Spring Designer’s Handbook, Harold Carlson 2. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L. Ryan 3. Lubrication Fundamentals, J. George Wills 4. Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A. Himmelman 5. Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G. Boothroyd and C. Poli 6. Centrifugal Pump Clinic, Igor J. Karassik 7. Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L. Ryan 8. Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Components; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller 9. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr. 10. Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel 11. Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di Giovanni 12. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design, Alexander Blake 13. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John H. Bickford 14. Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N. Siddall 15. Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson 16. Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Lewis H. Bell 17. Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding Gear Noise, J. Derek Smith 18. Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Applications Handbook, American Chain Association 19. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer 20. Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander 21. Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and Calculations, John D. Constance 22. CAD/CAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S. Knox 23. Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N. Siddall DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 1 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
24. Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W. Heilich III and Eugene E. Shube 25. Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, Ronald L. Huston and Chris E. Passerello 26. Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, Brayton Lincoln, Kenneth J. Gomes, and James F. Braden 27. Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W. S. Robertson 28. Principles of Automated Drafting, Daniel L. Ryan 29. Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J. Martini 30. Engineering Documentation for CAD/CAM Applications, Charles S. Knox 31. Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications, Jerome C. Lange 32. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Techniques, Lyndon O. Barton 33. CAD/CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity Measurement, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia 34. Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V. Ganapathy 35. Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, John A. Burgess 36. Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy Applications, Jasbir Singh 37. Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H. Kirchhoff 38. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L. Ryan 39. Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Application, Michael J. Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas 40. Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, U.S. Gauge Division, edited by Philip W. Harland 41. Fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: Fundamentals and Basic Technology, R. P. Donovan 42. Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake 43. CAD/CAM Dictionary, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia 44. Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S. Haviland 45. Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Jon R. Mancuso 46. Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski 47. BASIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer, V. Ganapathy 48. Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics, Jerome C. Lange 49. Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E. Adams 50. Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C. Orthwein 51. Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L. Trietley 52. Metallurgical Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, edited by Lawrence E. Murr, Karl P. Staudhammer, and Marc A. Meyers 53. Magnesium Products Design, Robert S. Busk 54. How to Integrate CAD/CAM Systems: Management and Technology, William D. Engelke DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 2 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
55. Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design software for the IBM PC and compatibles, disk included, Preben W. Jensen 56. Solid-State AC Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylvester Campbell 57. Fundamentals of Robotics, David D. Ardayfio 58. Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D. Erickson 59. Developing Three-Dimensional CAD Software with the IBM PC, C. Stan Wei 60. Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S. Knox, with contributions by Thomas C. Boos, Ross S. Culverhouse, and Paul F. Muchnicki 61. Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V. Dukkipati and Joseph R. Amyot 62. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, P. K. Mallick 63. Photoelectric Sensors and Controls: Selection and Application, Scott M. Juds 64. Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R. Champion, Jr. and J. Michael Ensminger 65. Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger 66. Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for Engineers, Jeffrey M. Steele 67. Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Principles and Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S. Tse and Ivan E. Morse 68. Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Igor J. Karassik 69. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Alexander Blake 70. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H. Bickford 71. High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H. Hablanian 72. Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske 73. Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter 74. Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski 75. Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors, Preben W. Jensen 76. Handbook of Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht 77. Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited by Marc A. Meyers, Lawrence E. Murr, and Karl P. Staudhammer 78. Industrial Refrigeration: Principles, Design and Applications, P. C. Koelet 79. Applied Combustion, Eugene L. Keating 80. Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J. Bartz 81. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified and Graphical Techniques, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lyndon O. Barton 82. Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer, James W. Murdock 83. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, P. K. Mallick DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 3 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
84. Numerical Methods for Engineering Applications, Edward R. Champion, Jr. 85. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Earl Logan, Jr. 86. Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 87. Steam Plant Calculations Manual: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, V. Ganapathy 88. Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lewis H. Bell and Douglas H. Bell 89. Finite Elements: Their Design and Performance, Richard H. MacNeal 90. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lawrence E. Nielsen and Robert F. Landel 91. Mechanical Wear Prediction and Prevention, Raymond G. Bayer 92. Mechanical Power Transmission Components, edited by David W. South and Jon R. Mancuso 93. Handbook of Turbomachinery, edited by Earl Logan, Jr. 94. Engineering Documentation Control Practices and Procedures, Ray E. Monahan 95. Refractory Linings Thermomechanical Design and Applications, Charles A. Schacht 96. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Applications and Techniques for Use in Design, Manufacturing, and Inspection, James D. Meadows 97. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H. Bickford 98. Shaft Alignment Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John Piotrowski 99. Computer-Aided Design of Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures, edited by Suong Van Hoa 100. Friction Science and Technology, Peter J. Blau 101. Introduction to Plastics and Composites: Mechanical Properties and Engineering Applications, Edward Miller 102. Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design, Alexander Blake 103. Pump Characteristics and Applications, Michael W. Volk 104. Optical Principles and Technology for Engineers, James E. Stewart 105. Optimizing the Shape of Mechanical Elements and Structures, A. A. Seireg and Jorge Rodriguez 106. Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, Vladimír Stejskal and Michael Valásek 107. Shaft Seals for Dynamic Applications, Les Horve 108. Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, edited by Thomas A. Cruse 109. Mechanical Fastening, Joining, and Assembly, James A. Speck 110. Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, edited by Chunill Hah 111. High-Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marsbed H. Hablanian 112. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Workbook and Answerbook, James D. Meadows DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 4 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
113. Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications, edited by G. T. Murray 114. Handbook of Thermoplastic Piping System Design, Thomas Sixsmith and Reinhard Hanselka 115. Practical Guide to Finite Elements: A Solid Mechanics Approach, Steven M. Lepi 116. Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics, edited by Vijay K. Garg 117. Fluid Sealing Technology, Heinz K. Muller and Bernard S. Nau 118. Friction and Lubrication in Mechanical Design, A. A. Seireg 119. Influence Functions and Matrices, Yuri A. Melnikov 120. Mechanical Analysis of Electronic Packaging Systems, Stephen A. McKeown 121. Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jon R. Mancuso 122. Thermodynamics: Processes and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr. 123. Gear Noise and Vibration, J. Derek Smith 124. Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering Applications, John J. Bloomer 125. Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, edited by George E. Totten 126. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, T. Kuppan 127. Designing for Product Sound Quality, Richard H. Lyon 128. Probability Applications in Mechanical Design, Franklin E. Fisher and Joy R. Fisher 129. Nickel Alloys, edited by Ulrich Heubner 130. Rotating Machinery Vibration: Problem Analysis and Troubleshooting, Maurice L. Adams, Jr. 131. Formulas for Dynamic Analysis, Ronald L. Huston and C. Q. Liu 132. Handbook of Machinery Dynamics, Lynn L. Faulkner and Earl Logan, Jr. 133. Rapid Prototyping Technology: Selection and Application, Kenneth G. Cooper 134. Reciprocating Machinery Dynamics: Design and Analysis, Abdulla S. Rangwala 135. Maintenance Excellence: Optimizing Equipment Life-Cycle Decisions, edited by John D. Campbell and Andrew K. S. Jardine 136. Practical Guide to Industrial Boiler Systems, Ralph L. Vandagriff 137. Lubrication Fundamentals: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, D. M. Pirro and A. A. Wessol 138. Mechanical Life Cycle Handbook: Good Environmental Design and Manufacturing, edited by Mahendra S. Hundal 139. Micromachining of Engineering Materials, edited by Joseph McGeough 140. Control Strategies for Dynamic Systems: Design and Implementation, John H. Lumkes, Jr. 141. Practical Guide to Pressure Vessel Manufacturing, Sunil Pullarcot 142. Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, edited by Peter J. Shull 143. Diesel Engine Engineering: Thermodynamics, Dynamics, Design, and Control, Andrei Makartchouk 144. Handbook of Machine Tool Analysis, Ioan D. Marinescu, Constantin Ispas, and Dan Boboc DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 5 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
145. Implementing Concurrent Engineering in Small Companies, Susan Carlson Skalak 146. Practical Guide to the Packaging of Electronics: Thermal and Mechanical Design and Analysis, Ali Jamnia 147. Bearing Design in Machinery: Engineering Tribology and Lubrication, Avraham Harnoy 148. Mechanical Reliability Improvement: Probability and Statistics for Experimental Testing, R. E. Little 149. Industrial Boilers and Heat Recovery Steam Generators: Design, Applications, and Calculations, V. Ganapathy 150. The CAD Guidebook: A Basic Manual for Understanding and Improving Computer-Aided Design, Stephen J. Schoonmaker 151. Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics, Randall F. Barron 152. Mechanical Properties of Engineered Materials, Wolé Soboyejo 153. Reliability Verification, Testing, and Analysis in Engineering Design, Gary S. Wasserman 154. Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids: Third Edition, I. G. Currie 155. Intermediate Heat Transfer, Kau-Fui Vincent Wong 156. HVAC Water Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Herbert W. Stanford III 157. Gear Noise and Vibration: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, J. Derek Smith 158. Handbook of Turbomachinery: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Earl Logan, Jr. and Ramendra Roy 159. Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, Integrity, and Repair, George A. Antaki 160. Turbomachinery: Design and Theory, Rama S. R. Gorla and Aijaz Ahmed Khan 161. Target Costing: Market-Driven Product Design, M. Bradford Clifton, Henry M. B. Bird, Robert E. Albano, and Wesley P. Townsend 162. Fluidized Bed Combustion, Simeon N. Oka 163. Theory of Dimensioning: An Introduction to Parameterizing Geometric Models, Vijay Srinivasan 164. Handbook of Mechanical Alloy Design, edited by George E. Totten, Lin Xie, and Kiyoshi Funatani 165. Structural Analysis of Polymeric Composite Materials, Mark E. Tuttle 166. Modeling and Simulation for Material Selection and Mechanical Design, edited by George E. Totten, Lin Xie, and Kiyoshi Funatani 167. Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering, David Mills, Mark G. Jones, and Vijay K. Agarwal 168. Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, Second Edition, William C. Orthwein 169. Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication: Second Edition, Bernard J. Hamrock, Steven R. Schmid, and Bo O. Jacobson 170. Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies, edited by Karl J. Puttlitz and Kathleen A. Stalter 171. Vehicle Stability, Dean Karnopp 172. Mechanical Wear Fundamentals and Testing: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Raymond G. Bayer 173. Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics, E. Shashi Menon DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 6 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
174. Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification, Marcio L. de Souza-Santos 175. Mechanical Tolerance Stackup and Analysis, Bryan R. Fischer 176. Engineering Design for Wear, Raymond G. Bayer 177. Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 178. Refractories Handbook, edited by Charles A. Schacht 179. Practical Engineering Failure Analysis, Hani M. Tawancy, Anwar Ul-Hamid, and Nureddin M. Abbas 180. Mechanical Alloying and Milling, C. Suryanarayana 181. Mechanical Vibration: Analysis, Uncertainties, and Control, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Haym Benaroya 182. Design of Automatic Machinery, Stephen J. Derby 183. Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Arun Shukla 184. Practical Guide to Designed Experiments, Paul D. Funkenbusch 185. Gigacycle Fatigue in Mechanical Practive, Claude Bathias and Paul C. Paris 186. Selection of Engineering Materials and Adhesives, Lawrence W. Fisher 187. Boundary Methods: Elements, Contours, and Nodes, Subrata Mukherjee and Yu Xie Mukherjee 188. Rotordynamics, Agnieszka (Agnes) Muszńyska 189. Pump Characteristics and Applications: Second Edition, Michael W. Volk 190. Reliability Engineering: Probability Models and Maintenance Methods, Joel A. Nachlas 191. Industrial Heating: Principles, Techniques, Materials, Applications, and Design, Yeshvant V. Deshmukh 192. Micro Electro Mechanical System Design, James J. Allen 193. Probability Models in Engineering and Science, Haym Benaroya and Seon Han 194. Damage Mechanics, George Z. Voyiadjis and Peter I. Kattan 195. Standard Handbook of Chains: Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling, Second Edition, American Chain Association and John L. Wright, Technical Consultant 196. Standards for Engineering Design and Manufacturing, Wasim Ahmed Khan and Abdul Raouf S.I. 197. Maintenance, Replacement, and Reliability: Theory and Applications, Andrew K. S. Jardine and Albert H. C. Tsang 198. Finite Element Method: Applications in Solids, Structures, and Heat Transfer, Michael R. Gosz 199. Microengineering, MEMS, and Interfacing: A Practical Guide, Danny Banks DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 7 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
DK3182_title 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 1 Microengineering,MEMS, andInterfacing APracticalGuide DannyBanks Monisys Ltd. Birmingham, England A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Boca Raton London New York Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Battle of Valls. Feb. 25. St. Cyr, who was at this time with Pino’s division at Pla, had ordered Souham never to lose sight of Reding’s movements. That General occupied Valls; he had entered it on a market day, and supplied his hungry troops with the corn brought thither from Aragon and the plain of Urgel, as if there had been no enemy to fear! His advanced guard was to the north of that town, having its left upon the Francoli; his right was in the direction of Pla, and he had a post at Picamoxons, the point at which Reding must debouche upon the plain of Valls, if he went either by the valley of Montblanch or the Col de Lilla. At this point Souham’s orders were to give him battle; though some apprehension was entertained that he might pass by the Col de Cabra, with the view of cutting off the French from Barcelona. No such thought had ever entered Reding’s mind 20 . The narrowness of the passes and the badness of the road made the night march slower than had been calculated; at five in the morning, however, the vanguard under Castro and half the centre had passed Valls, leaving the enemy’s camp-fires on the left. They were proceeding silently and in the best order, and no advanced post of the enemy had yet been discovered, when, as the General was passing a little bridge, a volley of musketry opened upon him within pistol shot. This unexpected attack occasioned a momentary disorder: measures, however, were immediately taken to prevent the enemy from cutting off that half of the army which had not yet come up; the troops took their station with alacrity and precision; the artillery on both sides began to play: the French descended from the heights of Valls in several columns; they were met by the Spaniards, and
attacked so vigorously, that notwithstanding the advantage of the ground, they were driven back. All the information which Reding had previously obtained concerning the enemy agreed in affirming that they had no artillery. It was therefore not without surprise that he had found two batteries open upon him. They had been silenced, however; the Spaniards had behaved even to his wish, and a manifest advantage had been gained. But when the French had been driven to the heights, reinforcements arrived which enabled them to make a stand, and Reding perceived by their smoke-signals and their rockets, that they were communicating with a fresh body of troops. It was now noon; his own men had been marching all night, and having been several hours in action, they began to feel exhausted. He therefore concentrated them, sent off the whole of the baggage, and determined to continue his retreat, as soon as they should have taken food or rest. The position which he had chosen was a good one, behind the bridge of Goy, on the right bank of the Francoli, and covered by that river. But time for rest was not allowed them. Pino’s division had now come up, and St. Cyr himself had arrived. That General, who was desirous of gaining such a victory as should give the French the utmost confidence in what was called their moral superiority, forbade his artillery to fire; though the opportunity for firing with advantage was such, that the commandant feigned not to understand the order, and when after a third discharge it was repeated to him in the most formal manner, expressed the unwillingness with which he obeyed. That of the Spaniards was well served; and when, having crossed the river and ascended the height, the French proceeded with the bayonet to the attack, they
St. Cyr, 125. Cabañes, c. 15. St. Cyr, 117, 126. The French received at Reus. advanced under a fire of musketry which could not have been more regular at a review. The right wing of the Spaniards was threatened, but the main attack was made upon the left, and this the enemy succeeded in breaking between four and five in the evening, about an hour after the action had been renewed. The Spaniards then began to retreat in good order for the next half hour, ... but then as usual fear and insubordination prevailed as soon as hope was lost. Reding himself, when it was no longer possible to perform the part of a general, was distinguished for his personal bravery. A body of French dragoons surrounded him and some of his staff: two of his aide- de-camps were killed, and he himself received five sabre wounds from a French Colonel, with whom he was personally engaged. The cavalry rendered little service in covering the retreat; but the infantry of the right and centre, and part of the left, retired through the vineyards, where the horse could not pursue them. The other part of the broken wing took to the mountains, and made their way to Tortosa. The French estimated their own loss in this action at about a thousand men, that of the Spaniards at four; ... the Spaniards supposed it to be about two thousand on either side. In fact the evening was so far advanced, that they suffered comparatively little in their flight. Reding reached Tarragona that night; ... that city was only three leagues from the scene of action, and thither the greater part of the dispersed troops found their way before morning, some corps in good order, others in small parties. Some made for Reus, and from thence to Cambrils and Col de Balaguer. The artillery and baggage fell into the enemy’s hands. On the following day Souham entered Reus, a rich commercial city, second only in size and
Arrangement concerning the wounded. St. Cyr, 127–8. Alarm at Tortosa. importance to Barcelona. The inhabitants had not, as had every where till now been done, forsaken it; on the contrary the municipality went out to receive the conquerors, and agreed to raise a contribution for the use of the army. Their wealth may explain a conduct which, in the then state of public feeling, surprised the French 21 themselves. This supply came at a time when the paymaster had not a single sous in the chest. Resources of every kind were also found here, and here were some thousand of sick or wounded Spaniards in the hospital, whom St. Cyr sent to Tarragona. This measure led to a negotiation with Reding, by which it was agreed that in future whatever patients might be found in the hospitals should not be regarded as prisoners, but allowed to remain where they were, and to rejoin their respective armies upon their recovery. The enemy now occupied Villaseca and the port of Salon, and thus cut off Tarragona from all communication by land with the rest of Spain. They profited by their success with their wonted alacrity; and yet they might have improved it farther, and gained a far more important advantage than the victory itself, had they been aware of the alarm which prevailed at Tortosa, and of the condition in which that fortress had been left. The Governor and the Junta sent for General Doyle, who, as far as personal influence and example could go, possessed in an extraordinary degree the talent of exciting activity and creating confidence. He found the fortifications in such a state that they could not have resisted a coup- de-main; and the city so ill provided, that if the works could have resisted an enemy, it must presently have been reduced by famine. Provisions were now collected by requisition from the neighbourhood,
Lazan separates his army from Reding’s command. receipts being given for the amount (for the public money had been constantly ordered to Tarragona), and the citizens were called out to work upon the ramparts; so that the place was put in a state for resisting any sudden attack. There were but two roads by which artillery could be brought against it: one was defended by the fort at Col de Balaguer; but from that post the troops at this important crisis were deserting for want of provisions. By General Doyle’s exertions it was immediately stored, and the other road, through Falcat, which, there had been no attempt to guard, was occupied according to his directions by 600 Somatenes. This was a position which could well be maintained by a small force, and this timely occupation prevented the advance of a French detachment which had been ordered thither. The Tortosans were soon encouraged by the arrival of the Marques de Lazan, who brought his army there when they might better have kept the field. The want of cordiality between this General and Reding had been sufficiently manifested to be known even by the enemy; and Lazan now formally announced, that having previously been appointed second in the Aragonese army by the Cortes of that kingdom, he had upon the loss of his brother succeeded to the command in chief; and considering himself as independent of the commander in Catalonia, should thenceforth look upon the protection of Aragon as his proper business: but he would do whatever he could consistently with this object, for covering Catalonia on that side. Reding represented this to the war-minister as an act by which Lazan crippled the Catalan army, and exposed his own troops to certain destruction, without the possibility of effecting any service; and instructions were accordingly dispatched from Seville that he should obey Reding’s orders. The same spirit
1809. May. Mortality in Tarragona. 1809. March. of provincialism was prevailing in Valencia; a corps of 6000 men from that kingdom was stationed at Morela, with orders to remain there, though neither this place not that part of the country were threatened, but because that position covers Valencia on the side of Aragon. There was neither unity in counsel nor in command; ... each of these three provinces had its own army, acting upon its own views, and of course all acting without effect. And yet St. Cyr had mistaken the character of the Spaniards when he supposed that the battle of Valls would convince them of their moral inferiority to the conquerors. Far from it; it had even raised the spirit of the Catalans; and the Central Junta spake of it in their proclamations as one of those defeats in which ill fortune brought with it no dishonour, but rather hope and confidence. It proved to the Spanish army far more disastrous in its consequences than in itself; they were crowded into Tarragona, and the French commander, by sending thither several thousand sick and wounded from the hospitals at Reus, increased or perhaps occasioned an infectious disease which broke out among them, and was aggravated by the uncleanliness arising from want of linen, the neglect of those precautions, and the destitution of all those means without which armies cannot be kept in health. We reconcile ourselves to the slaughter of a battle or a siege, because such destruction is the business of war, and the men engaged in it take their chance bravely for the evils which they are inflicting upon others; ... but there is somewhat at which the heart revolts in making a league with pestilence or famine, however much the system of war may require and justify it. St. Cyr knew that disease was doing his work in Tarragona; officers as well as men were dying
St. Cyr, 133. St. Cyr removes to the plain of Vicq. in such numbers, that if he could have kept them thus shut up within the seat of the contagion, more would perish in a month than he could have hoped to destroy in four pitched battles. He determined therefore to remain in the plain of Tarragona as long as his army could be supplied with a quarter of a ration. But the Spaniards were not idle. The Somatenes were once more in force and in activity; and the left of the Catalan army, which had not been engaged in the defeat, harassed the enemy on their right and in the rear. When Reding had formed his unfortunate plan of operation, 10,000 Miquelets and Somatenes, under Wimpffen, had been sent beyond the Llobregat to take advantage of any insurrection that might be attempted in Barcelona. These irregular troops, when they had no longer to depend upon the combinations of the Commander-in-chief, but were left to themselves to carry on their own kind of warfare in their own way, began again to acquire that superiority which such warfare assured them; Chabran’s division, harassed by repeated assaults, fell back successively from Igualada upon Llacuna, S. Quinto, and Villa Franca; and the Spaniards in that quarter, full of hope as ever, resumed the blockade of Barcelona. For a time they cut off St. Cyr’s communication with that city, and their position excited no trifling uneasiness in Duhesme and Lechi, who well knew the disposition of the inhabitants. But the English squadron, the sight of which always afforded hope to the Barcelonans, was compelled by a heavy gale to stand out to sea: and Chabran’s division, recovering the ground and the reputation which it had lost, once more broke up the irregular blockade. St. Cyr meantime maintained his position as long as it was possible to feed his army
St. Cyr, 134, 145–7. there; he then determined upon moving it into the little plain of Vicq, where he expected to find corn, and to remain till the harvest should be ripe in the environs of Gerona, where he foresaw that in the course of the siege his army must be established. The battle of Valls had not given that army the confidence which their General was so desirous they should possess; there was in fact an impression upon them which they had never felt in any other service; they knew that they were not the objects of mere military hostility, in which there is neither enmity nor ill will between man and man, but that they had the hatred and the curses of the whole country. Their removal now they looked upon as a retreat, and they knew what were the dangers of a retrograde movement in Catalonia. St. Cyr better understood how little able Reding was to take advantage of such a movement at that time; and for the purpose of showing his men that he could defy the Spaniards, while at the same time he was careful not to wound the feelings of a General whom he respected, he sent an officer to Tarragona with a flag of truce, and a letter stating that, as circumstances rendered it necessary for him to draw nearer the French frontier, he should depart from Valls the following day at noon, and if General Reding would send a detachment thither at that time, the hospital which had been formed in that town, and which it was of such consequence for him to preserve, considering the number of his sick, should be consigned to him as it stood. It was well furnished from the houses which the inhabitants of Valls had abandoned on the entrance of the enemy. The French commander left only a very few wounded men, who were not in a state to bear removal; because he doubted whether Reding would be able to make the Spaniards observe the agreement which had been
St. Cyr, 138. Vicq deserted by its inhabitants. concluded upon that subject. As far, however, as opportunity was given, it was properly performed. This done, after having remained something more than three weeks in the plain of Tarragona, the French retreated toward the Llobregat. Chabot’s division occupied at this time Montblanch, for the double purpose of rendering it more difficult for Reding to communicate with Wimpffen, and of preventing the latter from holding any communication with Lerida. A brisk firing in a quarter where no alarm was looked for, occasioned this General to send out a reconnoissance. It was in time to save a detachment of 600 horse and foot, with two pieces of cannon, which Marshal Mortier had sent from Fraga to communicate with St. Cyr’s army, and bring him back intelligence of the state of things from Catalonia. A smaller party would have had no chance of succeeding in this service; and if this had been four- and-twenty hours later, it would have been cut off. They were fortunate enough to find a division of their countrymen here, but only half their object was accomplished; for though the army delayed its movements two days in the hope of facilitating their return, and escorted them to some distance, the attempt was found to be so hopeless, that they were fain to continue with St. Cyr. The troops in Tarragona were not in a condition to harass the French on their retreat; but the retreat was most important to them. They obtained room to distribute their sick, and the progress of the contagion was stopped as soon as its main cause was thus removed. Some affairs took place beyond the Llobregat with Wimpffen’s division, which dispersed, as it became irregular troops to do, when they were not acting at advantage. When the enemy reached
St. Cyr, 156. Arrest of the persons in office at Barcelona for refusing the oath. Vicq, they found that that city had not been infected by the ill example of Reus; the Bishop, five or six old men, and the sick who were unable to remove, were the only inhabitants of that populous city who remained. The others, with a spirit worthy of their country and their cause, upon the unexpected approach of the invaders abandoned all that they could not carry with them in their instant removal, and went to seek shelter where they could; many of them actually lived among the mountains during the whole three months that the French continued there, though at the time of their flight the weather was severe, and the snow daily falling. There had been no time to destroy the provisions, much less to remove them; if St. Cyr had not succeeded in effectually concealing his intention of quartering the troops there, this would have been done, and his army could then have derived no advantage from their change of position. As it was, they found corn enough to last till the harvest, lard for a month, and wine for a fortnight: but the change of diet, air, and climate (for they had moved into a higher region), and the want of wine as soon as the stock was exhausted, produced disease among the soldiers; and it was well for them that neither Reding nor his army was in a state to resume offensive operations; so that they were enabled to rest. St. Cyr himself remained some three weeks in Barcelona. From the depôts of the Spaniards, which, in the course of this successful campaign had fallen into his hands, he had supplied the garrison of that city with grain, pulse, and salt for three months’ consumption: but there was not enough ammunition for a fortnight’s siege. Of being formally besieged indeed there was not now even the remotest danger;
1809. April. St. Cyr, 142–4. but from within there was sufficient cause for inquietude. The honourable feeling of nationality, for which the Catalans are eminently distinguished, was in no part of the principality stronger than in its capital. At this very time Barcelona had two tercios of Miquelets in the field, raised among its inhabitants, and paid and clothed by them. The individuals of those regiments, having no uniform by which they could be recognised, used to enter the city fearlessly whenever it suited them, for the purpose of visiting their friends, raising recruits, and receiving money or clothing: nor was it in Duhesme’s power, with all the vigilance, and it may be added, all the villany of his police, to detect a single person in this practice; so unanimous were the Barcelonans in their detestation of the intrusive government, and so well was the secret kept. That police was continually reporting to Duhesme and Lechi, and these again to the Commander-in-chief, the existence of conspiracies which they had discovered; but the members of the police were men of such character, that St. Cyr suspected these schemes to be suggested by their agents, if they were not mere fabrications, brought forward for the most nefarious motives. Now, however, that he was on the spot, he allowed Duhesme to exact an oath of allegiance to the Intruder from all the public functionaries, and from the Spanish soldiers who had been disarmed after the treacherous seizure of the place. Sunday was the day chosen for this act of oppression. They were summoned to the house of the Royal Audience, which was surrounded with horse and foot, and 3000 troops were drawn up on the esplanade and the sea-wall; the display and the actual force being necessary to keep down the indignation of a generous and most injured people. Every member of the Audience
Prisoners sent to France. St. Cyr, 151, 158. Barcelona relieved by sea. Reding dies of his wounds. refused thus to disgrace himself and betray his country; only one of the Relatores took the oath, and only three of the numerous persons employed in the inferior departments. The French were not more successful in tempting the military. Persuasions and promises availed as little as the threat of immediate imprisonment. The Contador Asaguerre told Duhesme, that if all Spain were to acknowledge Joseph, he would expatriate himself. The French executed their threat. Nine-and-twenty of these honourable Spaniards were sent prisoners, some to Monjuic, others to the citadel. The people, undeterred by their strong escort, followed them as in procession, cheering them as they went, and promising that their families should be well provided for during their imprisonment. Many others were put under arrest in their own houses, and the whole of the military were, by St. Cyr’s orders, marched with the prisoners of war, under convoy of Lechi’s division, as far as the Fluvia, where Reille received and sent them into France: and by Lechi’s return the commander-in-chief received the first intelligence from that country which had reached him since he crossed the Fluvia himself, ... five months before. His last remaining anxiety was for the provisionment of Barcelona; and that was removed soon afterward by the arrival of a squadron from Toulon, which had the rare good fortune to reach its destined port and return in safety. The place was thus amply supplied with military stores as well as provisions, and the siege of Gerona then became the only object of the French. The dispatch in which Reding informed the Central Junta of his defeat at Valls, was marked equally by his habitual despondency and his magnanimity as to every thing which regarded himself. He rendered the
fullest justice both to the policy and humanity of St. Cyr’s conduct as opposed to that of Duhesme and Lechi, and expressed an apprehension that it had produced some effect upon the public mind. Some ground for this had been afforded by what had happened at Igualada and at Reus; but the evil extended no farther. He had no reliance upon the Somatenes, he said, nor upon the enthusiasm which they displayed; order was wanting among them, and where order ended confusion began. He complained that he could obtain no intelligence of the enemy’s numbers, whereas they were well informed of every thing that related to his army; and he gave as a reason for having taken the field, the opinions of those whom he had consulted, and the popular cry. He made no mention of his own wounds; and when the government published such parts of his dispatch as were intended for publication, they noticed, as it became them, his silence upon this point. The wounds, though many, were not thought dangerous, and they appeared for a time to be going on well; but the symptoms changed, and in the course of a month they proved mortal. He fell in a foreign land, and in the service of a foreign state; but the cause in which Theodore Reding fell was the same for which his brother Aloys had fought amid their native mountains; and it was the cause of his own countrymen as well as of the Spaniards; the cause of all good men every where. The motives for which ordinary wars have been undertaken are so mean and transitory, and come so little to the heart of man, that after a few years have elapsed all interest concerning them is exhausted; and even nationality does not prevent us from feeling, that they, whose lives have been expended in such contests, have died rather in the exercise of their profession than of their duty. But the
Peasants of the Vallés. struggle of Spain against Buonaparte is of the same eternal and unfading interest as the wars of Greece against Xerxes: at whatever distance of time its records shall be perused, they will excite in every generous mind the same indignant and ennobling sympathy. Not, therefore, in an ungrateful service did Reding lay down his life, for with those records his name will be perpetuated: Switzerland will remember him with pride, as one of the most honourable, though not most fortunate of her sons, and Spain with respectful gratitude, as a soldier not unworthy of her service in its best day, and true to it in its worst. Right as this General was in his opinion, that the co-operation of an irregular force was not to be relied on in a plan of regular operations, he estimated the effects of a popular resistance below its real importance, nor did he fairly appreciate the Catalan spirit. A fine example of it was shown immediately after his death by the peasants in the Vallés. Their country lies in the line between Vicq and Barcelona, and the peasants taking arms to impede the communication occupied the heights near the Church of Canovellas, about a mile from Granollers, which is the capital of that district. The district is so strong, that the invaders were desirous of opening the communication by persuasion rather than by force; and therefore communicated to these insurgents in due form, that the French commanders ordered their troops to make war upon soldiers only, not upon peasants; that if they would lay down their arms, and retire every man to his house, no injury should be done them; but otherwise there was a division of the enemy in their front, and another was coming in their rear. A written answer was returned, in the name of the peasants of the Vallés. “They held it a great
honour,” they said, “to form a part, though but a small one, of the Spanish nation; and they had seen what their requital had been for receiving and entertaining the French troops, when their government had commanded them so to do; their peaceful habitations had been invaded, their property plundered, their houses burnt, their women violated, their brethren murdered in cold blood, and above all, the religion of their fathers outraged and profaned. Nothing remained for them but to repel force by force; and as they could not by themselves defend their open villages, they had taken to the mountains as to a strong hold: from thence they would defend their valleys, and oppose to the enemy the most obstinate resistance, as long as the government enjoined them to consider as enemies the subjects of Napoleon. The Spanish general in Catalonia was the person whose instructions they were to obey. For themselves, emulating as they did the courage and constancy of all Spain, they would never depart from those principles which the whole nation maintained. General St. Cyr and his companions might have the dreadful glory of seeing nothing but ruins in all that country; ... they might pass in triumph over the bodies of those whom they had sacrificed; but neither they nor their masters should ever say that the people of the Vallés had submitted their necks to a yoke which the whole nation had justly rejected.” The Spaniards are a nation upon whom deeper impression would be made by a circumstance of this kind than by the defeat of one of their armies; and the success with which these peasants harassed the French, and cut off some of their artillery and baggage, raised the spirits of the Catalans more than the battle of Valls had depressed them.
Blake appointed to the command. Movements of the Aragonese. Upon Reding’s death the command devolved upon the Marques de Coupigny, till Blake was nominated as his successor, and with more extensive powers, being appointed Commander-in-chief in Catalonia, Valencia, and Aragon. This General, after leaving Romana, had been sent to serve under Reding, and was in Tortosa at the time of Reding’s decease, where Lazan, obeying without hesitation the Central Junta’s instructions, resigned to him the charge of his division, and continued with it, to serve under him. The Aragonese had not been disheartened by the loss of their capital; they had regarded the former siege with a happier, but not with a prouder feeling, for of all examples, that of dignified suffering makes the deepest impression upon a generous and high-minded nation. The lordship of Molina de Aragon was surrounded with points which were occupied by the enemy. Nevertheless, the people, cut off as they were from support, took arms, trusting in themselves and the strength of their country: for want of better weapons some of them used slings, as the Somatenes also had done with good effect; and they made wooden artillery, so light, that a single man could carry one of these pieces up the heights, and yet strong enough to bear from fifteen to twenty rounds. The French endeavoured to surprise them with a detachment of 1800 men, for the purpose of opening the communication with Madrid, which they had cut off; but part of this body was itself surprised in Iruecha, and put to flight with some loss. The Molinese were about to pursue their success against another party in Alcolea, when they learned that General Suchet, who had now the command in Aragon, had passed the Puerto de Daroca, and was entering the lordship on its open side, with some 4000 foot and 600 horse. In the course of two hours
1809. May. Monzon recovered by the Spaniards. the cavalry would reach Molina. The Junta gave instant orders for removing the ammunition, the town was deserted by all its inhabitants, and the men in arms retired with the Junta to the mountains five leagues distant. The efforts of the French to arrest the Junta or any of its members were in vain; the proclamations which they issued to intimidate or to delude the people were of no effect; and after remaining five days in Molina, they returned with no other advantage from this expedition than that of carrying away all the flocks and herds they could find. There was no part of Spain in which the French had imagined themselves to be so secure as in Aragon, after the fall of Zaragoza. During that siege the army of Aragon had proved completely inefficient, and the Catalans were too hardly pressed themselves to make any efforts in behalf of their neighbours. In reliance upon this, some troops had been withdrawn to march into Germany; and that larger detachment under Mortier had been called off towards the Douro, which was to co-operate with Marshal Soult. Advantage was taken of this when Blake’s appointment to the command had raised the spirits of the soldiers and of the people, ... both being alike ready to impute their ill success to any cause except the true one, and to expect better fortune with every new commander. Blake brought with him a good name, for though always unfortunate, the Spaniards had never suffered any disgrace under his guidance; and the Roman government never demeaned itself with more generosity toward an unsuccessful general than the Central Junta. The first effect of the impulse which his arrival communicated was on the side of Lerida. As soon as Mortier had withdrawn from the neighbourhood of that city, the garrison, in conformity
Capture of a French detachment. May 16. to Blake’s instructions, was on the alert. A French detachment occupied Barbastro and the places near, with other points on the right of the Cinca; on the left of that river they were in possession of Monzon; and from thence, as from a strong hold, they tyrannized over the country, levying contributions without mercy. The town of Albalda having refused to answer one of these oppressive demands, a detachment of 1400 was sent to make what was called an example of that place for its disobedience. The governor of Lerida, D. Josef Casimiro de Lavalle, who was apprised of this movement, stationed 700 of his garrison at Tamarite, under Colonels Perena and Baget, with some Aragonese and Catalan Somatenes, who succeeded in routing the enemy; the greater part retreated to Barbastro, and in consequence of this movement and defeat, about 200 only remained in Monzon. The inhabitants rose against them, though they had only seven muskets; knives and bludgeons supplied the place of other weapons; they recovered the Castle, and drove the invaders out. Monzon, though in these days a place of little strength, was nevertheless a fortress of importance in that country, and in a war where every advantage, however trifling, raised the spirits of a people whom no disasters, however severe, could depress. The French therefore being determined to retake it, and punish the people, came in considerable force, horse and foot, down the right bank of the Cinca to Pomar, where they crossed by the ford and the ferry. Perena, who had hastened to Monzon upon its recapture, was there to receive them with his battalion and with a tercio of Miquelets; and they were repulsed in their attack. They obtained reinforcements, and repeated it on the morrow, and forced their way into the streets;
Blake moves upon Alcañiz. but Baget with his detachment came in all speed from Fonz, and arrived opportunely enough to assist in driving them out a second time, with considerable loss. They called to their assistance the 2000 men that were left in Barbastro, but meantime the Cinca had risen so as to be no longer fordable; and while they were thus cut off from succour, the Spaniards at Monzon were in communication with Lerida. Perceiving now their danger, they made for Albalete, hoping to cross at Fraga by the bridge; their intention had been foreseen, and a detachment from the garrison of Lerida, weak as it was, was dispatched to secure that point. Thus anticipated in that direction, and being now not more than 1000 men, with about forty horse, they fled toward Fonz and Estadilla, to cross the river in the mountains, above its junction with the Eseva. They were closely pursued by Perena and Baget; their commander was drowned in attempting the passage, eight companies were made prisoners, the whole detachment which had crossed the Cinca was thus cut off, and the French in consequence withdrew from Barbastro. The prisoners were marched to Tarragona, where the Catalans, after so many reverses, were in no slight degree elated by seeing them. More however from humanity than from a motive of ostentation, proposals for exchanging them were immediately made to St. Cyr, and accepted by him. The French suffered another check, less mortifying indeed and less important, but one which impeded their movements, in the destruction of their flying bridge upon the Ebro. This, which was large enough to carry some hundreds at a time, they had removed from the river where it approaches Caspe, to the part near Alborge, where it was surprised and burnt by a
May 16. detachment from Mequinenza. Blake meantime was not less successful in his own operations. Part of his troops were stationed at Morelia, to oppose the French division which occupied Alcañiz and its district, and to cover that part of Catalonia and Valencia which there borders upon Aragon: others formed a cordon along the Algas, to guard the difficult country by which they might have threatened Tortosa, or interrupted the communication between that place and Mequinenza. With the approbation of the Junta Blake formed a plan for driving the enemy from this part of the country; for which purpose it was necessary to collect these troops, and strengthen them with a small detachment from the garrison of Tortosa. The French division was that which Junot had commanded at the siege of Zaragoza, and was now under General Laval; it consisted of from 6000 to 7000 men and 500 horse, having lost about half its number during the siege. Laval’s head-quarters were at Alcañiz, where the greater part of the division was stationed; but he was at this time in the field with 2000 or 3000 men, for the purpose of driving away the Spaniards, who were observing him too closely, and continually harassing his posts. D. Pedro Roca was to conduct the troops from Morella to the place appointed for their junction, Lazan those from the Algas. Both had orders to avoid any action with the enemy till the junction should have been effected. But it so happened that Laval took up his quarters in the village of Beceyte on the day when Lazan had to arrive there, and the Spanish general rightly concluded that his instructions were not intended to prevent him from seizing any decided advantage which might present itself. He stationed some light troops in points that commanded the
May 18. The French withdraw. defiles through which the French must pass, and killed or wounded about an hundred of the enemy, with the loss of only five or six men on his own part. On the following day the junction was effected at Monroyo, great difficulty having been overcome in bringing the artillery through such a country. Having reached the Ermita at Fornoles, the vanguard under D. Pedro Texada was sent forward to interpose between Alcañiz and Val de Algorfa, which was the usual position of the enemy’s van. Two columns, under D. Martin Gonzalez da Menchaca and D. Joseph Cucalo, had preceded them to occupy the villages of Castelseras and Torrecilla. The remainder of Blake’s little army, consisting of three columns of infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery, began their march by night along the only road from Morella to Alcañiz, from which place they were five or six hours distant. Upon reaching Val de Algorfa, it was seen that the enemy were protected by the walls of the inclosures, and by a chapel, where they had formed a parapet. They were some 500 or 600 in number, and being dislodged from thence by the artillery, retreated toward Alcañiz; but when they had advanced about half a league, they came upon Texada’s detachment, and being thus between two fires, dispersed with as much alacrity as a body of Spaniards could have done. By this time Menchaca and Cucalo were approaching the city from the left, and the French, who were sallying forth against Texada, seeing themselves threatened on that side also, began to retreat hastily in the direction of Samper. There, and at La Puebla and Hijar, they collected their troops, withdrawing them from Caspe and Calanda. The people of Alcañiz, priests, women, young and old, went out to meet their deliverers, carrying
Suchet comes against him. May 21. refreshments for the soldiers, and blessing them with prayers and tears. Blake himself was affected at the sight, and said, that if the tyrant of the world, as he called Buonaparte, could have seen the emotions of that multitude, and heard their shouts for their King, their country, and their religion, he would perhaps have begun to doubt the possibility of raising for his brother in Spain a party, not of persons attached to his cause, but even of those who would be resigned to his usurpation. Upon the approach of a Spanish detachment the enemy withdrew from Samper to the Puebla de Hijar, and being there reinforced from Zaragoza, advanced towards Alcañiz, to revenge themselves for their late reverses. They were now 10,000 foot, with 800 horse and twelve pieces of artillery. Suchet commanded in person. Blake was informed of their approach, and drew up his army to meet them on the plain of Alcañiz, before that city. The plain is surrounded with heights. About two musket shot from the city is a range of hills, accessible for cavalry, and on all sides sloping gently to the plain. The road to Zaragoza crosses there. Here he stationed the main body of his forces, their wings being supported by two batteries, which, with others in the centre, completely flanked the whole line. The weak side of this position was on the right, where the plain was lowest, and there were trees enough to afford cover to the enemy; but the heights terminated here, and upon their loftiest part, where a chapel commanded the road from Caspe, he stationed 2000 men, under Camp-marshal D. Juan Carlos Areizaga. The vanguard, under Texada, was placed on an eminence in front of the position; some light troops, among the olive-yards on the left, to prevent the French from turning them on that side;
May 23. Defeat of the French before Alcañiz. and the cavalry, under D. Miguel Ibarrola, in front of all, upon the Zaragoza road. At six in the morning the enemy appeared: the advanced parties retired before them, and the cavalry and the vanguard fell back before superior numbers, as they had been instructed; the infantry to the chapel on the right, the horse, with two pieces of flying artillery, to the protection of their batteries. The chapel, as Blake had anticipated, was the main point of attack; the enemy presented themselves in front of this post and on the right, and occupied all the immediate heights. After a brisk fire on both sides, a column of about a thousand grenadiers attempted to take this position with the bayonet: they were broken presently, and the light troops of the Spaniards in their turn attacked the French on the heights, who kept their ground. In the hope of relieving this post, which he saw would be again attempted in force, Blake directed Menchaca to make an attack upon the enemy’s centre; but the French were strong enough to attend to this and renew their efforts against Areizaga. The second effort, however, was not more successful than the first. The Spanish cavalry had been ordered from the Zaragoza to the Caspe road, to assist in supporting this point: and as they came out from the trees, a discharge from the French infantry wounded their commander Ibarrola; they were attacked with a superior troop of horse, and fell back to the position. The enemy, now abandoning their first plan of winning the chapel, turned upon Menchaca, who found himself suddenly assailed by very superior numbers; he fell back in good order to the position, but one light battalion found it necessary to retire upon Areizaga’s post. Encouraged by this, the French made a desperate attack upon the centre of the
Spanish line: it was saved by the artillery: they approached almost to the cannon’s mouth, but were mown down by a fire of grape; and those who turned one of the batteries fell by the fire of the troops. Defeated in this attempt also, they withdrew to the heights on which they had first been seen, and after an action of seven hours, both armies remained looking at each other. The rich plain of Alcañiz was between them; and Blake said in his dispatch that the sight of it might have warmed the heart of the coldest Spaniard, and animated him to defend the beautiful country which God had given him. It would have been rash in him to have attacked the enemy when they had the advantage of the ground; to have thus decidedly repulsed them was no inconsiderable advantage in the state of his army, some corps of which had never before been in action. The French retreated under cover of the night, and took up a strong position behind the Huerba near Zaragoza. They left 500 dead on the field, and their total loss was estimated at 22 2000; that of the Spaniards did not amount to 400. Among the officers whom Blake particularly commended for their conduct Lazan was one, who was at his side during the whole day; Loigorri, the commandant of the artillery, was also deservedly noticed, and Areizaga, upon whom the brunt of the action had fallen; to the two latter he frankly declared that the victory was owing. He returned thanks to his army; and noticing that a few wretched men had fled from the field, said their names should be struck off the roll, that the Spanish army might no longer be disgraced by them. The Central Junta, in consequence of this success, nominated him Captain General of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Murcia, as well as
Anniversary at Valencia. General-in-chief of the united army of those provinces, and conferred upon him the Encomienda of the Peso Real in Valencia. The officers whom he recommended were promoted also, Areizaga to the rank of Lieutenant-General. The day on which the battle of Alcañiz was fought was celebrated at Valencia as the anniversary of their insurrection against the intrusive government. The ceremonies were characteristic of the times and of the people. The festivities, as usual in Catholic countries, began on the eve of the holiday; the city was illuminated on the preceding night, the portraits of Ferdinand and his ally the King of Great Britain were exhibited under the flags of the allied kingdoms; and the Valencians displayed their national humour in caricatures of Murat, Buonaparte, and Joseph. In the morning, the civil authorities, the new-raised levies, and the city volunteers, went in procession to the Plaza of the Cathedral, where a statue of Ferdinand had been erected upon a Grecian column. The statue was concealed behind a silk curtain, so disposed as to fall in tent-hangings and disclose it, when the Captain General, D. Joseph Caro, asked the people in their own dialect if they wished to see their King? At the same moment the music struck up, the bells were rung, the guns fired, and the shouts of the multitude were heard prevailing over all. They then proceeded to the Cathedral, where the banners of the volunteers were blessed by the Archbishop at the high altar, and afterwards delivered to them at the feet of the statue. The display was in French taste, but it was sanctified by Spanish feeling. The Valencians were reminded of their defeats as well as of their triumphs; they were told that many of their countrymen who had assisted in driving Moncey from their gates had fallen in the
Celebration of King St. Ferdinand’s day. field of Tudela, or lay buried under the ruins of Zaragoza. A week after the ceremony Blake reviewed his army at Caspe, on St. Ferdinand’s day, which of all festivals in the year the Spaniards then regarded with most feeling. The Romanists, instead of birthdays, keep the festival of the saint from whom they take their names; this therefore was especially sacred to a people who, measuring the virtues of their captive King by their own loyalty, believed him to be all that they desired, and all that he ought to have been. They were told by their government that King St. Ferdinand, who had united in himself all the virtues of a man, all the talents of a hero, and all the qualities of a monarch, looked down from the heights of Heaven with complacent eyes upon the defenders and avengers of one who, as he inherited his throne and name, so also did he imitate and adore his virtues. An annual service on this day was appointed to be held in all cathedral and collegiate churches for evermore in remembrance of the sacred war against the usurper; and the day following was to be kept as a perpetual anniversary for the souls of all who fell in it. Blake’s army had now been increased to 14,000 men: their late conduct had filled him with what might have seemed a well-founded hope; and their appearance and discipline were now so satisfactory, that as they filed before him, he said, a few more such days as that of Alcañiz would open for them the way to France. There were indeed at that time evident marks that the French were dispirited: they had been weakened by the withdrawal of Mortier’s division; and having in this last action for the first time been beaten by a Spanish force, not superior to them in number, and when the advantage of cavalry was on their side,
1809. June. Executions in Barcelona. May. 16. it was believed that they were preparing to retire from Zaragoza. Blake was informed that their papers and baggage were already without the city, ready to be removed; and that they had actually begun their march toward Navarre, but returned in consequence of receiving dispatches on the way. The news of Buonaparte’s failure at Essling arrived at this time; and when Blake communicated it to the troops in general orders, he observed that it had taken place on the day when they had defeated another of his armies at Alcañiz. While the hopes of the Spaniards in this quarter had thus been raised by their own success, by the events in Germany, and by the news from Portugal, circumstances occurred at Barcelona to heighten their indignation against the oppressors of their country, and exasperate the desire of vengeance. In conformity to a scheme concerted with the inhabitants of that city, Coupigny had sent a body of troops, who were to be admitted in the night, while the attention of the garrison should be called off by the cannonade of a Spanish frigate upon one of the batteries. The ship performed its part, and the troops approached the gates; but no movement was made to favour them. The French had obtained sufficient intelligence to put them upon their guard, and render it impracticable, and several persons were in consequence arrested. One of these, by name Pou, a doctor of laws in the university of Cervera, being asked upon his trial before the military tribunal whether he had not distributed fifty muskets, replied yes, and that he would do so again if he had an opportunity, as they were for the defence of his religion, his King, and his country. They told him this could not be, for religion forbade the shedding of
Blake advances toward Zaragoza. blood, the King desired no such proceedings, and the country abhorred them: he replied, that as they neither professed the Catholic religion, nor acknowledged Ferdinand for King of Spain, nor belonged to that country, it was to be expected that he and they should differ in opinion. They asked him to whom the muskets had been distributed: his answer was, to good and loyal Spaniards, whose names he would never disclose. A young tradesman, who was tried before the same tribunal for endeavouring to purchase ammunition for the same purpose, threw back the appellation of traitor upon Duhesme, saying, “Your Excellency is the traitor, who, under the cloak of friendship, took possession of our fortresses: I only bought part of what you plundered from us.” This person, with two others, was hanged, at the same time that Pou and the Prefect of S. Cayetano were strangled, the Prefect administering the last offices of religion at the place of execution to his fellow-sufferers. These executions occasioned a strong feeling among the Catalans, and it was heightened by a decree of Duhesme’s against the clergy, who were at the head, he said, of all the conspiracies for assassinating the French, and who made their churches and convents so many places of meeting for the conspirators. All such buildings therefore were ordered to be closed at six in the evening, and not opened till half after five in the morning. If any person were found in a church or belfry between those hours, or in a convent if he did not belong to it, he was immediately to be delivered over to a military commission as a conspirator; and a secret agent of the police was to be appointed, who was to watch every church and convent, and be paid at its expense.
Suchet attacks the Spaniards. The indignation of the Spaniards made them more eager in their hopes and expectations of deliverance; and the Valencians more especially expressed their confidence of fresh victories, because of the appearance and temper of the troops who marched from their city to join the army under Blake. That general’s head-quarters were at Samper de Calanda, part of his troops being stationed at Hijar and Puebla de Hijar. Having received intelligence that a French corps, which was estimated at a third part of the force under Suchet, had been detached to Carineña, and was committing its usual excesses in the surrounding country, he formed a plan for cutting off this corps, and then advancing upon Zaragoza, in the hope of effecting the deliverance of that city, an exploit which, if it were achieved, would of all possible successes produce the greatest impression upon the public mind, not in Spain alone, but throughout Europe. With this view he directed Areizaga to take post with his division at Botorrita, while he with the rest of the army proceeded to Villanueva de la Huerva. The artillery was to move behind Longares, where it was expected that the enemy would pass on their retreat to Zaragoza as soon as they knew the Spaniards were in motion. When Areizaga reached Botorrita, he learned that the greater part of the French had retired to their main body, about 1500 only remaining at Puebla de Muel, and these moved off so quickly towards the Xalon, that it was not possible to cut them off, ... only a convoy which they would have escorted to Zaragoza was taken by the Spanish advance. As this corps had not fallen back upon the main body, which it might easily have done, but had passed on toward Alagon, Blake was confirmed in his opinion
June 14. Blake retreats to Belchite. that the French did not mean to defend Zaragoza if it should be attacked. Nevertheless, reflecting that the country in his rear was entirely open, and considering the general situation of the Spanish armies, the importance of preserving his own, which was in so promising a state, and the complicated and hazardous movements of a retreat, in which he knew how little it could be trusted, he deemed it by no means advisable to bring on a general action, and therefore did not alter Areizaga’s position, looking upon Botorrita as a strong post, where, in case of any reserve, the enemy might be detained. When he joined Areizaga there, the troops had begun to skirmish; this had been brought on by that general’s making a reconnoissance in considerable strength; and Blake was so well satisfied with the behaviour of his troops, that he endeavoured to surround the enemy, but they retired in time. Early on the following morning Suchet drew out his whole force from Zaragoza to attack him. The firing began at the advanced posts by five in the morning, and went on increasing till the same hour in the afternoon, when the French resolved to break the Spanish line, supposing that the men were weary and the ammunition spent. Blake’s advanced guard was at Maria, where the road from Zaragoza to Madrid crosses the cordillera: the ground between him and the city consisted of hills and vales, ridge behind ridge. His cavalry was stationed in the high road, the rest of the line was formed by the infantry and artillery. The Spaniards, fighting and retreating in good order, fell back successively from one of these heights to another, but when they reached the fourth, their cavalry had been worsted. Blake then thought it necessary to fall back on Botorrita, which he did with as much order as the
June 16. Flight of the Spaniards. nature of the ground would permit. A few guns were spiked and abandoned; not from necessity, but because it was more advantageous to fire them to the last than bring them off. The two armies were near, and in sight of each other, when night closed. Blake expected to be attacked the next day; but as the enemy manifested no such intention, he rightly concluded that they were manœuvring either with a view to surround him, or to threaten his rear. Accordingly he ascertained that 3000 French were posted at Torrecilla. About two hours before nightfall a brisk fire was opened upon his left, with the intent of making him change his position, in which case his rear would have been exposed to this detachment. But the attack was repulsed, as was a second which the enemy made upon the centre a little before midnight. The Spanish general then retreated to Belchite in perfect order, which he did without being molested. The next day the enemy came again in sight, and Blake, who had hitherto had no reason to distrust his troops, took a position in full expectation of being attacked on the morrow, and in good hope of repelling the enemy as completely as he had done before Alcañiz. Belchite, once the capital of a petty Moorish sovereignty, stands upon the slope of some bending hills, which almost surround it: toward Zaragoza the country is level, covered with gardens and olive-yards. The position which Blake had taken was singularly advantageous; his right was completely safe from the enemy’s cavalry, and protected by a chapel, with a number of outbuildings and two large sheep-folds, which were all pierced for musketry: to attack the centre, the enemy’s horse must be exposed to a tremendous cross fire, and the left had their retreat
June 18. Blake offers his resignation, which is not accepted. upon the strong post which was occupied by the other wing. Blake’s arrangement was so made, that if the enemy, as he expected, should make a great effort on his left, three columns might be brought to attack them on that side; and if unsuccessful, they could have fallen back upon the centre and the right flank, being meantime assailable only in front, and protected the while by their artillery, which also had its retreat secure to the same strong post. He had harangued his troops, and they made a thousand protestations that they would do their duty. The attack was made, as he had expected, on the left; four or five shot were fired on both sides, and the French threw a few shells, which wounded four or five men. But upon one shell falling into the middle of a regiment, the men were seized with a sudden panic and fled; the panic instantly spread, ... a second and a third regiment ran away without firing a gun, and in a few minutes the generals were left with none but a few officers in the midst of the position. With all their efforts they could not rally more than two hundred men, and nothing was left for them but to make for the nearest strong place, leaving artillery, baggage, and every thing to the enemy. The defeat was in all its circumstances so thoroughly disgraceful, ... so disheartening and hopeless in its consequences, that Blake almost sunk under it. He told the government that he was incapable of entering into details, but considered it due to the nation that a judicial inquiry should be instituted into the conduct of a general under whose command an army of from 13,000 to 14,000 effective men had been utterly routed and dispersed. “He knew that he had not been culpable,” he said, “but after so many proofs of his unhappy fortune, he wished not to
be employed any longer in command. As a Spaniard and a soldier he was still ready to serve his country in an inferior station, and he requested only that some portion of his present pay might be continued for the support of his family, or a part of the Encomienda which had recently been conferred upon him, but which it was not fitting that so useless a person should retain. The government, however, neither accepted his proffered resignation, nor instituted any inquiry. The former would have been unjust towards a brave and honourable officer whose conduct was unimpeachable, and his character above suspicion; the latter must have been altogether nugatory. The panic had been instantaneous and general, and it was impossible to punish a whole army. All that could be done was to publish the whole details, in no degree attempting to disguise or palliate the injury and disgrace which had been brought on the nation: to declare that the commander-in-chief and the generals had done their duty, and retained the full confidence of the country, and to brand the fugitives in a body, as men who were the opprobrium of the Spanish name, and had rendered themselves objects of execration to their countrymen. The men who in their panic had thus lost all use of reason, as well as all sense of honour and of duty, were not likely, when they found themselves in safety, and recovered their senses, to be affected by this denunciation. A religion which is contented to accept the slightest degree of attrition, and keeps short reckonings with conscience, had taught them to be upon easy terms with themselves; ... moreover the moral disease was so endemic, that it had ceased to be disgraceful: the greater part of these men had behaved well at Alcañiz and in the subsequent
Commencemen t of the guerillas. Porlier. The Empecinado. operations; and no doubt expected to be more fortunate on a better occasion, for a report was raised that the French had received so great a reinforcement at the moment of commencing the action as to render resistance hopeless; and though this was indignantly contradicted by Blake, the men found an excuse for themselves in believing it. The disgrace was deeply felt by the government, and by the general whose hopes were blasted by it in the blossom; but the Spaniards were in no degree disheartened, not even those upon whom it brought immediate danger; and when the French, in the course of a few days, attempted to carry Mequinenza by a coup de main, they were beaten off with considerable loss. At this time also that system of warfare began which soon extended throughout Spain, and occasioned greater losses to the French than they suffered in all their pitched battles. The first adventurers who attracted notice by collecting stragglers from their own dispersed armies, deserters from the enemy, and men who, made desperate by the ruin of their private affairs in the general wreck, were ready for any service in which they could at the same time gratify their just vengeance and find subsistence, were Juan Diaz Porlier in Asturias, and Juan Martin Diaz in Old Castille, the latter better known by his appellation of the 23 Empecinado. A lawyer, by name Gil, commenced the same course in the Pyrenean valleys of Navarre and Aragon. After a short career of some two months he disappeared, and Egoaguerra, who renewed the attempt, withdrew from that wilder way of life to engage in Doyle’s battalion. The third adventurer who at this time raised the spirits of the Pyrenean provinces, and for a while gave employment to the French in Navarre, was that
1809. May. Renovales in the valley of Roncal. He defeats a French detachment. May 21. 1809. June. D. Mariano de Renovales by whom the Convent of S. Joseph had been so gallantly defended at the last siege of Zaragoza. Having been made prisoner when the city surrendered, he had effected his escape on the way to France, and collected in the valleys of Roncal and Anso a body of men and officers, who, like himself, believed that the scandalous manner in which the terms of capitulation had been violated by the French released them from any obligation of observing it. They had probably agreed to rendezvous in these valleys as many of them as could escape, and his intention was to form them into a body, and rejoin the army. But when it was known that they were collecting there, and that the mountaineers, confiding in their presence, refused obedience to the intrusive government, 600 men were ordered from the garrison of Pamplona to enter the valleys at six points, and reduce them to subjection. Men who, like Renovales and his officers, had served at Zaragoza, were neither to be lightly surprised nor easily taken. They were upon the alert, the mountaineers were ready for their assailants, and of the column which advanced against the little town of Anso not a man escaped. The four columns which entered by Navasques, Uztarroz, Salvatierra, and Fago, effected their junction; but the movements of the Spaniards were concerted and executed with as much precision; and after two days’ fighting the French were driven to the foot of a high rock called Undari, where all that survived, seventy-eight in number, with their commander, the chef de bataillon, Puisalis, were taken prisoners: the sixth column was not engaged, forty men having deserted from it before they entered the valleys; the others thought it imprudent to proceed, and thus they were preserved
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Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks

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  • 5. Microengineering MEMS and Interfacing A Practical Guide 1st Edition Danny Banks Digital Instant Download Author(s): Danny Banks ISBN(s): 9781420015416, 1420015419 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 8.65 MB Year: 2006 Language: english
  • 6. DK3182_half 1/18/06 11:31 AM Page 1 Microengineering,MEMS, andInterfacing APracticalGuide Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 7. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books Founding Editor L. L. Faulkner Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1. Spring Designer’s Handbook, Harold Carlson 2. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L. Ryan 3. Lubrication Fundamentals, J. George Wills 4. Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A. Himmelman 5. Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G. Boothroyd and C. Poli 6. Centrifugal Pump Clinic, Igor J. Karassik 7. Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L. Ryan 8. Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Components; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller 9. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr. 10. Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel 11. Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di Giovanni 12. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design, Alexander Blake 13. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John H. Bickford 14. Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N. Siddall 15. Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson 16. Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Lewis H. Bell 17. Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding Gear Noise, J. Derek Smith 18. Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Applications Handbook, American Chain Association 19. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer 20. Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander 21. Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and Calculations, John D. Constance 22. CAD/CAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S. Knox 23. Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N. Siddall DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 1 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 8. 24. Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W. Heilich III and Eugene E. Shube 25. Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, Ronald L. Huston and Chris E. Passerello 26. Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, Brayton Lincoln, Kenneth J. Gomes, and James F. Braden 27. Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W. S. Robertson 28. Principles of Automated Drafting, Daniel L. Ryan 29. Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J. Martini 30. Engineering Documentation for CAD/CAM Applications, Charles S. Knox 31. Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications, Jerome C. Lange 32. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Techniques, Lyndon O. Barton 33. CAD/CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity Measurement, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia 34. Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V. Ganapathy 35. Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, John A. Burgess 36. Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy Applications, Jasbir Singh 37. Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H. Kirchhoff 38. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L. Ryan 39. Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Application, Michael J. Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas 40. Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, U.S. Gauge Division, edited by Philip W. Harland 41. Fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: Fundamentals and Basic Technology, R. P. Donovan 42. Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake 43. CAD/CAM Dictionary, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia 44. Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S. Haviland 45. Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Jon R. Mancuso 46. Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski 47. BASIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer, V. Ganapathy 48. Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics, Jerome C. Lange 49. Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E. Adams 50. Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C. Orthwein 51. Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L. Trietley 52. Metallurgical Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, edited by Lawrence E. Murr, Karl P. Staudhammer, and Marc A. Meyers 53. Magnesium Products Design, Robert S. Busk 54. How to Integrate CAD/CAM Systems: Management and Technology, William D. Engelke DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 2 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 9. 55. Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design software for the IBM PC and compatibles, disk included, Preben W. Jensen 56. Solid-State AC Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylvester Campbell 57. Fundamentals of Robotics, David D. Ardayfio 58. Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D. Erickson 59. Developing Three-Dimensional CAD Software with the IBM PC, C. Stan Wei 60. Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S. Knox, with contributions by Thomas C. Boos, Ross S. Culverhouse, and Paul F. Muchnicki 61. Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V. Dukkipati and Joseph R. Amyot 62. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, P. K. Mallick 63. Photoelectric Sensors and Controls: Selection and Application, Scott M. Juds 64. Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R. Champion, Jr. and J. Michael Ensminger 65. Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger 66. Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for Engineers, Jeffrey M. Steele 67. Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Principles and Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S. Tse and Ivan E. Morse 68. Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Igor J. Karassik 69. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Alexander Blake 70. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H. Bickford 71. High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H. Hablanian 72. Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske 73. Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter 74. Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski 75. Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors, Preben W. Jensen 76. Handbook of Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht 77. Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited by Marc A. Meyers, Lawrence E. Murr, and Karl P. Staudhammer 78. Industrial Refrigeration: Principles, Design and Applications, P. C. Koelet 79. Applied Combustion, Eugene L. Keating 80. Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J. Bartz 81. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified and Graphical Techniques, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lyndon O. Barton 82. Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer, James W. Murdock 83. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, P. K. Mallick DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 3 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 10. 84. Numerical Methods for Engineering Applications, Edward R. Champion, Jr. 85. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Earl Logan, Jr. 86. Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 87. Steam Plant Calculations Manual: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, V. Ganapathy 88. Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lewis H. Bell and Douglas H. Bell 89. Finite Elements: Their Design and Performance, Richard H. MacNeal 90. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lawrence E. Nielsen and Robert F. Landel 91. Mechanical Wear Prediction and Prevention, Raymond G. Bayer 92. Mechanical Power Transmission Components, edited by David W. South and Jon R. Mancuso 93. Handbook of Turbomachinery, edited by Earl Logan, Jr. 94. Engineering Documentation Control Practices and Procedures, Ray E. Monahan 95. Refractory Linings Thermomechanical Design and Applications, Charles A. Schacht 96. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Applications and Techniques for Use in Design, Manufacturing, and Inspection, James D. Meadows 97. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H. Bickford 98. Shaft Alignment Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John Piotrowski 99. Computer-Aided Design of Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures, edited by Suong Van Hoa 100. Friction Science and Technology, Peter J. Blau 101. Introduction to Plastics and Composites: Mechanical Properties and Engineering Applications, Edward Miller 102. Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design, Alexander Blake 103. Pump Characteristics and Applications, Michael W. Volk 104. Optical Principles and Technology for Engineers, James E. Stewart 105. Optimizing the Shape of Mechanical Elements and Structures, A. A. Seireg and Jorge Rodriguez 106. Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, Vladimír Stejskal and Michael Valásek 107. Shaft Seals for Dynamic Applications, Les Horve 108. Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, edited by Thomas A. Cruse 109. Mechanical Fastening, Joining, and Assembly, James A. Speck 110. Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, edited by Chunill Hah 111. High-Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marsbed H. Hablanian 112. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Workbook and Answerbook, James D. Meadows DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 4 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 11. 113. Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications, edited by G. T. Murray 114. Handbook of Thermoplastic Piping System Design, Thomas Sixsmith and Reinhard Hanselka 115. Practical Guide to Finite Elements: A Solid Mechanics Approach, Steven M. Lepi 116. Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics, edited by Vijay K. Garg 117. Fluid Sealing Technology, Heinz K. Muller and Bernard S. Nau 118. Friction and Lubrication in Mechanical Design, A. A. Seireg 119. Influence Functions and Matrices, Yuri A. Melnikov 120. Mechanical Analysis of Electronic Packaging Systems, Stephen A. McKeown 121. Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jon R. Mancuso 122. Thermodynamics: Processes and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr. 123. Gear Noise and Vibration, J. Derek Smith 124. Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering Applications, John J. Bloomer 125. Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, edited by George E. Totten 126. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, T. Kuppan 127. Designing for Product Sound Quality, Richard H. Lyon 128. Probability Applications in Mechanical Design, Franklin E. Fisher and Joy R. Fisher 129. Nickel Alloys, edited by Ulrich Heubner 130. Rotating Machinery Vibration: Problem Analysis and Troubleshooting, Maurice L. Adams, Jr. 131. Formulas for Dynamic Analysis, Ronald L. Huston and C. Q. Liu 132. Handbook of Machinery Dynamics, Lynn L. Faulkner and Earl Logan, Jr. 133. Rapid Prototyping Technology: Selection and Application, Kenneth G. Cooper 134. Reciprocating Machinery Dynamics: Design and Analysis, Abdulla S. Rangwala 135. Maintenance Excellence: Optimizing Equipment Life-Cycle Decisions, edited by John D. Campbell and Andrew K. S. Jardine 136. Practical Guide to Industrial Boiler Systems, Ralph L. Vandagriff 137. Lubrication Fundamentals: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, D. M. Pirro and A. A. Wessol 138. Mechanical Life Cycle Handbook: Good Environmental Design and Manufacturing, edited by Mahendra S. Hundal 139. Micromachining of Engineering Materials, edited by Joseph McGeough 140. Control Strategies for Dynamic Systems: Design and Implementation, John H. Lumkes, Jr. 141. Practical Guide to Pressure Vessel Manufacturing, Sunil Pullarcot 142. Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, edited by Peter J. Shull 143. Diesel Engine Engineering: Thermodynamics, Dynamics, Design, and Control, Andrei Makartchouk 144. Handbook of Machine Tool Analysis, Ioan D. Marinescu, Constantin Ispas, and Dan Boboc DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 5 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 12. 145. Implementing Concurrent Engineering in Small Companies, Susan Carlson Skalak 146. Practical Guide to the Packaging of Electronics: Thermal and Mechanical Design and Analysis, Ali Jamnia 147. Bearing Design in Machinery: Engineering Tribology and Lubrication, Avraham Harnoy 148. Mechanical Reliability Improvement: Probability and Statistics for Experimental Testing, R. E. Little 149. Industrial Boilers and Heat Recovery Steam Generators: Design, Applications, and Calculations, V. Ganapathy 150. The CAD Guidebook: A Basic Manual for Understanding and Improving Computer-Aided Design, Stephen J. Schoonmaker 151. Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics, Randall F. Barron 152. Mechanical Properties of Engineered Materials, Wolé Soboyejo 153. Reliability Verification, Testing, and Analysis in Engineering Design, Gary S. Wasserman 154. Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids: Third Edition, I. G. Currie 155. Intermediate Heat Transfer, Kau-Fui Vincent Wong 156. HVAC Water Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Herbert W. Stanford III 157. Gear Noise and Vibration: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, J. Derek Smith 158. Handbook of Turbomachinery: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Earl Logan, Jr. and Ramendra Roy 159. Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, Integrity, and Repair, George A. Antaki 160. Turbomachinery: Design and Theory, Rama S. R. Gorla and Aijaz Ahmed Khan 161. Target Costing: Market-Driven Product Design, M. Bradford Clifton, Henry M. B. Bird, Robert E. Albano, and Wesley P. Townsend 162. Fluidized Bed Combustion, Simeon N. Oka 163. Theory of Dimensioning: An Introduction to Parameterizing Geometric Models, Vijay Srinivasan 164. Handbook of Mechanical Alloy Design, edited by George E. Totten, Lin Xie, and Kiyoshi Funatani 165. Structural Analysis of Polymeric Composite Materials, Mark E. Tuttle 166. Modeling and Simulation for Material Selection and Mechanical Design, edited by George E. Totten, Lin Xie, and Kiyoshi Funatani 167. Handbook of Pneumatic Conveying Engineering, David Mills, Mark G. Jones, and Vijay K. Agarwal 168. Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, Second Edition, William C. Orthwein 169. Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication: Second Edition, Bernard J. Hamrock, Steven R. Schmid, and Bo O. Jacobson 170. Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies, edited by Karl J. Puttlitz and Kathleen A. Stalter 171. Vehicle Stability, Dean Karnopp 172. Mechanical Wear Fundamentals and Testing: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Raymond G. Bayer 173. Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics, E. Shashi Menon DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 6 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 13. 174. Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification, Marcio L. de Souza-Santos 175. Mechanical Tolerance Stackup and Analysis, Bryan R. Fischer 176. Engineering Design for Wear, Raymond G. Bayer 177. Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 178. Refractories Handbook, edited by Charles A. Schacht 179. Practical Engineering Failure Analysis, Hani M. Tawancy, Anwar Ul-Hamid, and Nureddin M. Abbas 180. Mechanical Alloying and Milling, C. Suryanarayana 181. Mechanical Vibration: Analysis, Uncertainties, and Control, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Haym Benaroya 182. Design of Automatic Machinery, Stephen J. Derby 183. Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Arun Shukla 184. Practical Guide to Designed Experiments, Paul D. Funkenbusch 185. Gigacycle Fatigue in Mechanical Practive, Claude Bathias and Paul C. Paris 186. Selection of Engineering Materials and Adhesives, Lawrence W. Fisher 187. Boundary Methods: Elements, Contours, and Nodes, Subrata Mukherjee and Yu Xie Mukherjee 188. Rotordynamics, Agnieszka (Agnes) Muszńyska 189. Pump Characteristics and Applications: Second Edition, Michael W. Volk 190. Reliability Engineering: Probability Models and Maintenance Methods, Joel A. Nachlas 191. Industrial Heating: Principles, Techniques, Materials, Applications, and Design, Yeshvant V. Deshmukh 192. Micro Electro Mechanical System Design, James J. Allen 193. Probability Models in Engineering and Science, Haym Benaroya and Seon Han 194. Damage Mechanics, George Z. Voyiadjis and Peter I. Kattan 195. Standard Handbook of Chains: Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling, Second Edition, American Chain Association and John L. Wright, Technical Consultant 196. Standards for Engineering Design and Manufacturing, Wasim Ahmed Khan and Abdul Raouf S.I. 197. Maintenance, Replacement, and Reliability: Theory and Applications, Andrew K. S. Jardine and Albert H. C. Tsang 198. Finite Element Method: Applications in Solids, Structures, and Heat Transfer, Michael R. Gosz 199. Microengineering, MEMS, and Interfacing: A Practical Guide, Danny Banks DK3182_series.qxd 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 7 Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
  • 14. DK3182_title 1/19/06 8:35 AM Page 1 Microengineering,MEMS, andInterfacing APracticalGuide DannyBanks Monisys Ltd. Birmingham, England A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Boca Raton London New York Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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  • 16. Battle of Valls. Feb. 25. St. Cyr, who was at this time with Pino’s division at Pla, had ordered Souham never to lose sight of Reding’s movements. That General occupied Valls; he had entered it on a market day, and supplied his hungry troops with the corn brought thither from Aragon and the plain of Urgel, as if there had been no enemy to fear! His advanced guard was to the north of that town, having its left upon the Francoli; his right was in the direction of Pla, and he had a post at Picamoxons, the point at which Reding must debouche upon the plain of Valls, if he went either by the valley of Montblanch or the Col de Lilla. At this point Souham’s orders were to give him battle; though some apprehension was entertained that he might pass by the Col de Cabra, with the view of cutting off the French from Barcelona. No such thought had ever entered Reding’s mind 20 . The narrowness of the passes and the badness of the road made the night march slower than had been calculated; at five in the morning, however, the vanguard under Castro and half the centre had passed Valls, leaving the enemy’s camp-fires on the left. They were proceeding silently and in the best order, and no advanced post of the enemy had yet been discovered, when, as the General was passing a little bridge, a volley of musketry opened upon him within pistol shot. This unexpected attack occasioned a momentary disorder: measures, however, were immediately taken to prevent the enemy from cutting off that half of the army which had not yet come up; the troops took their station with alacrity and precision; the artillery on both sides began to play: the French descended from the heights of Valls in several columns; they were met by the Spaniards, and
  • 17. attacked so vigorously, that notwithstanding the advantage of the ground, they were driven back. All the information which Reding had previously obtained concerning the enemy agreed in affirming that they had no artillery. It was therefore not without surprise that he had found two batteries open upon him. They had been silenced, however; the Spaniards had behaved even to his wish, and a manifest advantage had been gained. But when the French had been driven to the heights, reinforcements arrived which enabled them to make a stand, and Reding perceived by their smoke-signals and their rockets, that they were communicating with a fresh body of troops. It was now noon; his own men had been marching all night, and having been several hours in action, they began to feel exhausted. He therefore concentrated them, sent off the whole of the baggage, and determined to continue his retreat, as soon as they should have taken food or rest. The position which he had chosen was a good one, behind the bridge of Goy, on the right bank of the Francoli, and covered by that river. But time for rest was not allowed them. Pino’s division had now come up, and St. Cyr himself had arrived. That General, who was desirous of gaining such a victory as should give the French the utmost confidence in what was called their moral superiority, forbade his artillery to fire; though the opportunity for firing with advantage was such, that the commandant feigned not to understand the order, and when after a third discharge it was repeated to him in the most formal manner, expressed the unwillingness with which he obeyed. That of the Spaniards was well served; and when, having crossed the river and ascended the height, the French proceeded with the bayonet to the attack, they
  • 18. St. Cyr, 125. Cabañes, c. 15. St. Cyr, 117, 126. The French received at Reus. advanced under a fire of musketry which could not have been more regular at a review. The right wing of the Spaniards was threatened, but the main attack was made upon the left, and this the enemy succeeded in breaking between four and five in the evening, about an hour after the action had been renewed. The Spaniards then began to retreat in good order for the next half hour, ... but then as usual fear and insubordination prevailed as soon as hope was lost. Reding himself, when it was no longer possible to perform the part of a general, was distinguished for his personal bravery. A body of French dragoons surrounded him and some of his staff: two of his aide- de-camps were killed, and he himself received five sabre wounds from a French Colonel, with whom he was personally engaged. The cavalry rendered little service in covering the retreat; but the infantry of the right and centre, and part of the left, retired through the vineyards, where the horse could not pursue them. The other part of the broken wing took to the mountains, and made their way to Tortosa. The French estimated their own loss in this action at about a thousand men, that of the Spaniards at four; ... the Spaniards supposed it to be about two thousand on either side. In fact the evening was so far advanced, that they suffered comparatively little in their flight. Reding reached Tarragona that night; ... that city was only three leagues from the scene of action, and thither the greater part of the dispersed troops found their way before morning, some corps in good order, others in small parties. Some made for Reus, and from thence to Cambrils and Col de Balaguer. The artillery and baggage fell into the enemy’s hands. On the following day Souham entered Reus, a rich commercial city, second only in size and
  • 19. Arrangement concerning the wounded. St. Cyr, 127–8. Alarm at Tortosa. importance to Barcelona. The inhabitants had not, as had every where till now been done, forsaken it; on the contrary the municipality went out to receive the conquerors, and agreed to raise a contribution for the use of the army. Their wealth may explain a conduct which, in the then state of public feeling, surprised the French 21 themselves. This supply came at a time when the paymaster had not a single sous in the chest. Resources of every kind were also found here, and here were some thousand of sick or wounded Spaniards in the hospital, whom St. Cyr sent to Tarragona. This measure led to a negotiation with Reding, by which it was agreed that in future whatever patients might be found in the hospitals should not be regarded as prisoners, but allowed to remain where they were, and to rejoin their respective armies upon their recovery. The enemy now occupied Villaseca and the port of Salon, and thus cut off Tarragona from all communication by land with the rest of Spain. They profited by their success with their wonted alacrity; and yet they might have improved it farther, and gained a far more important advantage than the victory itself, had they been aware of the alarm which prevailed at Tortosa, and of the condition in which that fortress had been left. The Governor and the Junta sent for General Doyle, who, as far as personal influence and example could go, possessed in an extraordinary degree the talent of exciting activity and creating confidence. He found the fortifications in such a state that they could not have resisted a coup- de-main; and the city so ill provided, that if the works could have resisted an enemy, it must presently have been reduced by famine. Provisions were now collected by requisition from the neighbourhood,
  • 20. Lazan separates his army from Reding’s command. receipts being given for the amount (for the public money had been constantly ordered to Tarragona), and the citizens were called out to work upon the ramparts; so that the place was put in a state for resisting any sudden attack. There were but two roads by which artillery could be brought against it: one was defended by the fort at Col de Balaguer; but from that post the troops at this important crisis were deserting for want of provisions. By General Doyle’s exertions it was immediately stored, and the other road, through Falcat, which, there had been no attempt to guard, was occupied according to his directions by 600 Somatenes. This was a position which could well be maintained by a small force, and this timely occupation prevented the advance of a French detachment which had been ordered thither. The Tortosans were soon encouraged by the arrival of the Marques de Lazan, who brought his army there when they might better have kept the field. The want of cordiality between this General and Reding had been sufficiently manifested to be known even by the enemy; and Lazan now formally announced, that having previously been appointed second in the Aragonese army by the Cortes of that kingdom, he had upon the loss of his brother succeeded to the command in chief; and considering himself as independent of the commander in Catalonia, should thenceforth look upon the protection of Aragon as his proper business: but he would do whatever he could consistently with this object, for covering Catalonia on that side. Reding represented this to the war-minister as an act by which Lazan crippled the Catalan army, and exposed his own troops to certain destruction, without the possibility of effecting any service; and instructions were accordingly dispatched from Seville that he should obey Reding’s orders. The same spirit
  • 21. 1809. May. Mortality in Tarragona. 1809. March. of provincialism was prevailing in Valencia; a corps of 6000 men from that kingdom was stationed at Morela, with orders to remain there, though neither this place not that part of the country were threatened, but because that position covers Valencia on the side of Aragon. There was neither unity in counsel nor in command; ... each of these three provinces had its own army, acting upon its own views, and of course all acting without effect. And yet St. Cyr had mistaken the character of the Spaniards when he supposed that the battle of Valls would convince them of their moral inferiority to the conquerors. Far from it; it had even raised the spirit of the Catalans; and the Central Junta spake of it in their proclamations as one of those defeats in which ill fortune brought with it no dishonour, but rather hope and confidence. It proved to the Spanish army far more disastrous in its consequences than in itself; they were crowded into Tarragona, and the French commander, by sending thither several thousand sick and wounded from the hospitals at Reus, increased or perhaps occasioned an infectious disease which broke out among them, and was aggravated by the uncleanliness arising from want of linen, the neglect of those precautions, and the destitution of all those means without which armies cannot be kept in health. We reconcile ourselves to the slaughter of a battle or a siege, because such destruction is the business of war, and the men engaged in it take their chance bravely for the evils which they are inflicting upon others; ... but there is somewhat at which the heart revolts in making a league with pestilence or famine, however much the system of war may require and justify it. St. Cyr knew that disease was doing his work in Tarragona; officers as well as men were dying
  • 22. St. Cyr, 133. St. Cyr removes to the plain of Vicq. in such numbers, that if he could have kept them thus shut up within the seat of the contagion, more would perish in a month than he could have hoped to destroy in four pitched battles. He determined therefore to remain in the plain of Tarragona as long as his army could be supplied with a quarter of a ration. But the Spaniards were not idle. The Somatenes were once more in force and in activity; and the left of the Catalan army, which had not been engaged in the defeat, harassed the enemy on their right and in the rear. When Reding had formed his unfortunate plan of operation, 10,000 Miquelets and Somatenes, under Wimpffen, had been sent beyond the Llobregat to take advantage of any insurrection that might be attempted in Barcelona. These irregular troops, when they had no longer to depend upon the combinations of the Commander-in-chief, but were left to themselves to carry on their own kind of warfare in their own way, began again to acquire that superiority which such warfare assured them; Chabran’s division, harassed by repeated assaults, fell back successively from Igualada upon Llacuna, S. Quinto, and Villa Franca; and the Spaniards in that quarter, full of hope as ever, resumed the blockade of Barcelona. For a time they cut off St. Cyr’s communication with that city, and their position excited no trifling uneasiness in Duhesme and Lechi, who well knew the disposition of the inhabitants. But the English squadron, the sight of which always afforded hope to the Barcelonans, was compelled by a heavy gale to stand out to sea: and Chabran’s division, recovering the ground and the reputation which it had lost, once more broke up the irregular blockade. St. Cyr meantime maintained his position as long as it was possible to feed his army
  • 23. St. Cyr, 134, 145–7. there; he then determined upon moving it into the little plain of Vicq, where he expected to find corn, and to remain till the harvest should be ripe in the environs of Gerona, where he foresaw that in the course of the siege his army must be established. The battle of Valls had not given that army the confidence which their General was so desirous they should possess; there was in fact an impression upon them which they had never felt in any other service; they knew that they were not the objects of mere military hostility, in which there is neither enmity nor ill will between man and man, but that they had the hatred and the curses of the whole country. Their removal now they looked upon as a retreat, and they knew what were the dangers of a retrograde movement in Catalonia. St. Cyr better understood how little able Reding was to take advantage of such a movement at that time; and for the purpose of showing his men that he could defy the Spaniards, while at the same time he was careful not to wound the feelings of a General whom he respected, he sent an officer to Tarragona with a flag of truce, and a letter stating that, as circumstances rendered it necessary for him to draw nearer the French frontier, he should depart from Valls the following day at noon, and if General Reding would send a detachment thither at that time, the hospital which had been formed in that town, and which it was of such consequence for him to preserve, considering the number of his sick, should be consigned to him as it stood. It was well furnished from the houses which the inhabitants of Valls had abandoned on the entrance of the enemy. The French commander left only a very few wounded men, who were not in a state to bear removal; because he doubted whether Reding would be able to make the Spaniards observe the agreement which had been
  • 24. St. Cyr, 138. Vicq deserted by its inhabitants. concluded upon that subject. As far, however, as opportunity was given, it was properly performed. This done, after having remained something more than three weeks in the plain of Tarragona, the French retreated toward the Llobregat. Chabot’s division occupied at this time Montblanch, for the double purpose of rendering it more difficult for Reding to communicate with Wimpffen, and of preventing the latter from holding any communication with Lerida. A brisk firing in a quarter where no alarm was looked for, occasioned this General to send out a reconnoissance. It was in time to save a detachment of 600 horse and foot, with two pieces of cannon, which Marshal Mortier had sent from Fraga to communicate with St. Cyr’s army, and bring him back intelligence of the state of things from Catalonia. A smaller party would have had no chance of succeeding in this service; and if this had been four- and-twenty hours later, it would have been cut off. They were fortunate enough to find a division of their countrymen here, but only half their object was accomplished; for though the army delayed its movements two days in the hope of facilitating their return, and escorted them to some distance, the attempt was found to be so hopeless, that they were fain to continue with St. Cyr. The troops in Tarragona were not in a condition to harass the French on their retreat; but the retreat was most important to them. They obtained room to distribute their sick, and the progress of the contagion was stopped as soon as its main cause was thus removed. Some affairs took place beyond the Llobregat with Wimpffen’s division, which dispersed, as it became irregular troops to do, when they were not acting at advantage. When the enemy reached
  • 25. St. Cyr, 156. Arrest of the persons in office at Barcelona for refusing the oath. Vicq, they found that that city had not been infected by the ill example of Reus; the Bishop, five or six old men, and the sick who were unable to remove, were the only inhabitants of that populous city who remained. The others, with a spirit worthy of their country and their cause, upon the unexpected approach of the invaders abandoned all that they could not carry with them in their instant removal, and went to seek shelter where they could; many of them actually lived among the mountains during the whole three months that the French continued there, though at the time of their flight the weather was severe, and the snow daily falling. There had been no time to destroy the provisions, much less to remove them; if St. Cyr had not succeeded in effectually concealing his intention of quartering the troops there, this would have been done, and his army could then have derived no advantage from their change of position. As it was, they found corn enough to last till the harvest, lard for a month, and wine for a fortnight: but the change of diet, air, and climate (for they had moved into a higher region), and the want of wine as soon as the stock was exhausted, produced disease among the soldiers; and it was well for them that neither Reding nor his army was in a state to resume offensive operations; so that they were enabled to rest. St. Cyr himself remained some three weeks in Barcelona. From the depôts of the Spaniards, which, in the course of this successful campaign had fallen into his hands, he had supplied the garrison of that city with grain, pulse, and salt for three months’ consumption: but there was not enough ammunition for a fortnight’s siege. Of being formally besieged indeed there was not now even the remotest danger;
  • 26. 1809. April. St. Cyr, 142–4. but from within there was sufficient cause for inquietude. The honourable feeling of nationality, for which the Catalans are eminently distinguished, was in no part of the principality stronger than in its capital. At this very time Barcelona had two tercios of Miquelets in the field, raised among its inhabitants, and paid and clothed by them. The individuals of those regiments, having no uniform by which they could be recognised, used to enter the city fearlessly whenever it suited them, for the purpose of visiting their friends, raising recruits, and receiving money or clothing: nor was it in Duhesme’s power, with all the vigilance, and it may be added, all the villany of his police, to detect a single person in this practice; so unanimous were the Barcelonans in their detestation of the intrusive government, and so well was the secret kept. That police was continually reporting to Duhesme and Lechi, and these again to the Commander-in-chief, the existence of conspiracies which they had discovered; but the members of the police were men of such character, that St. Cyr suspected these schemes to be suggested by their agents, if they were not mere fabrications, brought forward for the most nefarious motives. Now, however, that he was on the spot, he allowed Duhesme to exact an oath of allegiance to the Intruder from all the public functionaries, and from the Spanish soldiers who had been disarmed after the treacherous seizure of the place. Sunday was the day chosen for this act of oppression. They were summoned to the house of the Royal Audience, which was surrounded with horse and foot, and 3000 troops were drawn up on the esplanade and the sea-wall; the display and the actual force being necessary to keep down the indignation of a generous and most injured people. Every member of the Audience
  • 27. Prisoners sent to France. St. Cyr, 151, 158. Barcelona relieved by sea. Reding dies of his wounds. refused thus to disgrace himself and betray his country; only one of the Relatores took the oath, and only three of the numerous persons employed in the inferior departments. The French were not more successful in tempting the military. Persuasions and promises availed as little as the threat of immediate imprisonment. The Contador Asaguerre told Duhesme, that if all Spain were to acknowledge Joseph, he would expatriate himself. The French executed their threat. Nine-and-twenty of these honourable Spaniards were sent prisoners, some to Monjuic, others to the citadel. The people, undeterred by their strong escort, followed them as in procession, cheering them as they went, and promising that their families should be well provided for during their imprisonment. Many others were put under arrest in their own houses, and the whole of the military were, by St. Cyr’s orders, marched with the prisoners of war, under convoy of Lechi’s division, as far as the Fluvia, where Reille received and sent them into France: and by Lechi’s return the commander-in-chief received the first intelligence from that country which had reached him since he crossed the Fluvia himself, ... five months before. His last remaining anxiety was for the provisionment of Barcelona; and that was removed soon afterward by the arrival of a squadron from Toulon, which had the rare good fortune to reach its destined port and return in safety. The place was thus amply supplied with military stores as well as provisions, and the siege of Gerona then became the only object of the French. The dispatch in which Reding informed the Central Junta of his defeat at Valls, was marked equally by his habitual despondency and his magnanimity as to every thing which regarded himself. He rendered the
  • 28. fullest justice both to the policy and humanity of St. Cyr’s conduct as opposed to that of Duhesme and Lechi, and expressed an apprehension that it had produced some effect upon the public mind. Some ground for this had been afforded by what had happened at Igualada and at Reus; but the evil extended no farther. He had no reliance upon the Somatenes, he said, nor upon the enthusiasm which they displayed; order was wanting among them, and where order ended confusion began. He complained that he could obtain no intelligence of the enemy’s numbers, whereas they were well informed of every thing that related to his army; and he gave as a reason for having taken the field, the opinions of those whom he had consulted, and the popular cry. He made no mention of his own wounds; and when the government published such parts of his dispatch as were intended for publication, they noticed, as it became them, his silence upon this point. The wounds, though many, were not thought dangerous, and they appeared for a time to be going on well; but the symptoms changed, and in the course of a month they proved mortal. He fell in a foreign land, and in the service of a foreign state; but the cause in which Theodore Reding fell was the same for which his brother Aloys had fought amid their native mountains; and it was the cause of his own countrymen as well as of the Spaniards; the cause of all good men every where. The motives for which ordinary wars have been undertaken are so mean and transitory, and come so little to the heart of man, that after a few years have elapsed all interest concerning them is exhausted; and even nationality does not prevent us from feeling, that they, whose lives have been expended in such contests, have died rather in the exercise of their profession than of their duty. But the
  • 29. Peasants of the Vallés. struggle of Spain against Buonaparte is of the same eternal and unfading interest as the wars of Greece against Xerxes: at whatever distance of time its records shall be perused, they will excite in every generous mind the same indignant and ennobling sympathy. Not, therefore, in an ungrateful service did Reding lay down his life, for with those records his name will be perpetuated: Switzerland will remember him with pride, as one of the most honourable, though not most fortunate of her sons, and Spain with respectful gratitude, as a soldier not unworthy of her service in its best day, and true to it in its worst. Right as this General was in his opinion, that the co-operation of an irregular force was not to be relied on in a plan of regular operations, he estimated the effects of a popular resistance below its real importance, nor did he fairly appreciate the Catalan spirit. A fine example of it was shown immediately after his death by the peasants in the Vallés. Their country lies in the line between Vicq and Barcelona, and the peasants taking arms to impede the communication occupied the heights near the Church of Canovellas, about a mile from Granollers, which is the capital of that district. The district is so strong, that the invaders were desirous of opening the communication by persuasion rather than by force; and therefore communicated to these insurgents in due form, that the French commanders ordered their troops to make war upon soldiers only, not upon peasants; that if they would lay down their arms, and retire every man to his house, no injury should be done them; but otherwise there was a division of the enemy in their front, and another was coming in their rear. A written answer was returned, in the name of the peasants of the Vallés. “They held it a great
  • 30. honour,” they said, “to form a part, though but a small one, of the Spanish nation; and they had seen what their requital had been for receiving and entertaining the French troops, when their government had commanded them so to do; their peaceful habitations had been invaded, their property plundered, their houses burnt, their women violated, their brethren murdered in cold blood, and above all, the religion of their fathers outraged and profaned. Nothing remained for them but to repel force by force; and as they could not by themselves defend their open villages, they had taken to the mountains as to a strong hold: from thence they would defend their valleys, and oppose to the enemy the most obstinate resistance, as long as the government enjoined them to consider as enemies the subjects of Napoleon. The Spanish general in Catalonia was the person whose instructions they were to obey. For themselves, emulating as they did the courage and constancy of all Spain, they would never depart from those principles which the whole nation maintained. General St. Cyr and his companions might have the dreadful glory of seeing nothing but ruins in all that country; ... they might pass in triumph over the bodies of those whom they had sacrificed; but neither they nor their masters should ever say that the people of the Vallés had submitted their necks to a yoke which the whole nation had justly rejected.” The Spaniards are a nation upon whom deeper impression would be made by a circumstance of this kind than by the defeat of one of their armies; and the success with which these peasants harassed the French, and cut off some of their artillery and baggage, raised the spirits of the Catalans more than the battle of Valls had depressed them.
  • 31. Blake appointed to the command. Movements of the Aragonese. Upon Reding’s death the command devolved upon the Marques de Coupigny, till Blake was nominated as his successor, and with more extensive powers, being appointed Commander-in-chief in Catalonia, Valencia, and Aragon. This General, after leaving Romana, had been sent to serve under Reding, and was in Tortosa at the time of Reding’s decease, where Lazan, obeying without hesitation the Central Junta’s instructions, resigned to him the charge of his division, and continued with it, to serve under him. The Aragonese had not been disheartened by the loss of their capital; they had regarded the former siege with a happier, but not with a prouder feeling, for of all examples, that of dignified suffering makes the deepest impression upon a generous and high-minded nation. The lordship of Molina de Aragon was surrounded with points which were occupied by the enemy. Nevertheless, the people, cut off as they were from support, took arms, trusting in themselves and the strength of their country: for want of better weapons some of them used slings, as the Somatenes also had done with good effect; and they made wooden artillery, so light, that a single man could carry one of these pieces up the heights, and yet strong enough to bear from fifteen to twenty rounds. The French endeavoured to surprise them with a detachment of 1800 men, for the purpose of opening the communication with Madrid, which they had cut off; but part of this body was itself surprised in Iruecha, and put to flight with some loss. The Molinese were about to pursue their success against another party in Alcolea, when they learned that General Suchet, who had now the command in Aragon, had passed the Puerto de Daroca, and was entering the lordship on its open side, with some 4000 foot and 600 horse. In the course of two hours
  • 32. 1809. May. Monzon recovered by the Spaniards. the cavalry would reach Molina. The Junta gave instant orders for removing the ammunition, the town was deserted by all its inhabitants, and the men in arms retired with the Junta to the mountains five leagues distant. The efforts of the French to arrest the Junta or any of its members were in vain; the proclamations which they issued to intimidate or to delude the people were of no effect; and after remaining five days in Molina, they returned with no other advantage from this expedition than that of carrying away all the flocks and herds they could find. There was no part of Spain in which the French had imagined themselves to be so secure as in Aragon, after the fall of Zaragoza. During that siege the army of Aragon had proved completely inefficient, and the Catalans were too hardly pressed themselves to make any efforts in behalf of their neighbours. In reliance upon this, some troops had been withdrawn to march into Germany; and that larger detachment under Mortier had been called off towards the Douro, which was to co-operate with Marshal Soult. Advantage was taken of this when Blake’s appointment to the command had raised the spirits of the soldiers and of the people, ... both being alike ready to impute their ill success to any cause except the true one, and to expect better fortune with every new commander. Blake brought with him a good name, for though always unfortunate, the Spaniards had never suffered any disgrace under his guidance; and the Roman government never demeaned itself with more generosity toward an unsuccessful general than the Central Junta. The first effect of the impulse which his arrival communicated was on the side of Lerida. As soon as Mortier had withdrawn from the neighbourhood of that city, the garrison, in conformity
  • 33. Capture of a French detachment. May 16. to Blake’s instructions, was on the alert. A French detachment occupied Barbastro and the places near, with other points on the right of the Cinca; on the left of that river they were in possession of Monzon; and from thence, as from a strong hold, they tyrannized over the country, levying contributions without mercy. The town of Albalda having refused to answer one of these oppressive demands, a detachment of 1400 was sent to make what was called an example of that place for its disobedience. The governor of Lerida, D. Josef Casimiro de Lavalle, who was apprised of this movement, stationed 700 of his garrison at Tamarite, under Colonels Perena and Baget, with some Aragonese and Catalan Somatenes, who succeeded in routing the enemy; the greater part retreated to Barbastro, and in consequence of this movement and defeat, about 200 only remained in Monzon. The inhabitants rose against them, though they had only seven muskets; knives and bludgeons supplied the place of other weapons; they recovered the Castle, and drove the invaders out. Monzon, though in these days a place of little strength, was nevertheless a fortress of importance in that country, and in a war where every advantage, however trifling, raised the spirits of a people whom no disasters, however severe, could depress. The French therefore being determined to retake it, and punish the people, came in considerable force, horse and foot, down the right bank of the Cinca to Pomar, where they crossed by the ford and the ferry. Perena, who had hastened to Monzon upon its recapture, was there to receive them with his battalion and with a tercio of Miquelets; and they were repulsed in their attack. They obtained reinforcements, and repeated it on the morrow, and forced their way into the streets;
  • 34. Blake moves upon Alcañiz. but Baget with his detachment came in all speed from Fonz, and arrived opportunely enough to assist in driving them out a second time, with considerable loss. They called to their assistance the 2000 men that were left in Barbastro, but meantime the Cinca had risen so as to be no longer fordable; and while they were thus cut off from succour, the Spaniards at Monzon were in communication with Lerida. Perceiving now their danger, they made for Albalete, hoping to cross at Fraga by the bridge; their intention had been foreseen, and a detachment from the garrison of Lerida, weak as it was, was dispatched to secure that point. Thus anticipated in that direction, and being now not more than 1000 men, with about forty horse, they fled toward Fonz and Estadilla, to cross the river in the mountains, above its junction with the Eseva. They were closely pursued by Perena and Baget; their commander was drowned in attempting the passage, eight companies were made prisoners, the whole detachment which had crossed the Cinca was thus cut off, and the French in consequence withdrew from Barbastro. The prisoners were marched to Tarragona, where the Catalans, after so many reverses, were in no slight degree elated by seeing them. More however from humanity than from a motive of ostentation, proposals for exchanging them were immediately made to St. Cyr, and accepted by him. The French suffered another check, less mortifying indeed and less important, but one which impeded their movements, in the destruction of their flying bridge upon the Ebro. This, which was large enough to carry some hundreds at a time, they had removed from the river where it approaches Caspe, to the part near Alborge, where it was surprised and burnt by a
  • 35. May 16. detachment from Mequinenza. Blake meantime was not less successful in his own operations. Part of his troops were stationed at Morelia, to oppose the French division which occupied Alcañiz and its district, and to cover that part of Catalonia and Valencia which there borders upon Aragon: others formed a cordon along the Algas, to guard the difficult country by which they might have threatened Tortosa, or interrupted the communication between that place and Mequinenza. With the approbation of the Junta Blake formed a plan for driving the enemy from this part of the country; for which purpose it was necessary to collect these troops, and strengthen them with a small detachment from the garrison of Tortosa. The French division was that which Junot had commanded at the siege of Zaragoza, and was now under General Laval; it consisted of from 6000 to 7000 men and 500 horse, having lost about half its number during the siege. Laval’s head-quarters were at Alcañiz, where the greater part of the division was stationed; but he was at this time in the field with 2000 or 3000 men, for the purpose of driving away the Spaniards, who were observing him too closely, and continually harassing his posts. D. Pedro Roca was to conduct the troops from Morella to the place appointed for their junction, Lazan those from the Algas. Both had orders to avoid any action with the enemy till the junction should have been effected. But it so happened that Laval took up his quarters in the village of Beceyte on the day when Lazan had to arrive there, and the Spanish general rightly concluded that his instructions were not intended to prevent him from seizing any decided advantage which might present itself. He stationed some light troops in points that commanded the
  • 36. May 18. The French withdraw. defiles through which the French must pass, and killed or wounded about an hundred of the enemy, with the loss of only five or six men on his own part. On the following day the junction was effected at Monroyo, great difficulty having been overcome in bringing the artillery through such a country. Having reached the Ermita at Fornoles, the vanguard under D. Pedro Texada was sent forward to interpose between Alcañiz and Val de Algorfa, which was the usual position of the enemy’s van. Two columns, under D. Martin Gonzalez da Menchaca and D. Joseph Cucalo, had preceded them to occupy the villages of Castelseras and Torrecilla. The remainder of Blake’s little army, consisting of three columns of infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery, began their march by night along the only road from Morella to Alcañiz, from which place they were five or six hours distant. Upon reaching Val de Algorfa, it was seen that the enemy were protected by the walls of the inclosures, and by a chapel, where they had formed a parapet. They were some 500 or 600 in number, and being dislodged from thence by the artillery, retreated toward Alcañiz; but when they had advanced about half a league, they came upon Texada’s detachment, and being thus between two fires, dispersed with as much alacrity as a body of Spaniards could have done. By this time Menchaca and Cucalo were approaching the city from the left, and the French, who were sallying forth against Texada, seeing themselves threatened on that side also, began to retreat hastily in the direction of Samper. There, and at La Puebla and Hijar, they collected their troops, withdrawing them from Caspe and Calanda. The people of Alcañiz, priests, women, young and old, went out to meet their deliverers, carrying
  • 37. Suchet comes against him. May 21. refreshments for the soldiers, and blessing them with prayers and tears. Blake himself was affected at the sight, and said, that if the tyrant of the world, as he called Buonaparte, could have seen the emotions of that multitude, and heard their shouts for their King, their country, and their religion, he would perhaps have begun to doubt the possibility of raising for his brother in Spain a party, not of persons attached to his cause, but even of those who would be resigned to his usurpation. Upon the approach of a Spanish detachment the enemy withdrew from Samper to the Puebla de Hijar, and being there reinforced from Zaragoza, advanced towards Alcañiz, to revenge themselves for their late reverses. They were now 10,000 foot, with 800 horse and twelve pieces of artillery. Suchet commanded in person. Blake was informed of their approach, and drew up his army to meet them on the plain of Alcañiz, before that city. The plain is surrounded with heights. About two musket shot from the city is a range of hills, accessible for cavalry, and on all sides sloping gently to the plain. The road to Zaragoza crosses there. Here he stationed the main body of his forces, their wings being supported by two batteries, which, with others in the centre, completely flanked the whole line. The weak side of this position was on the right, where the plain was lowest, and there were trees enough to afford cover to the enemy; but the heights terminated here, and upon their loftiest part, where a chapel commanded the road from Caspe, he stationed 2000 men, under Camp-marshal D. Juan Carlos Areizaga. The vanguard, under Texada, was placed on an eminence in front of the position; some light troops, among the olive-yards on the left, to prevent the French from turning them on that side;
  • 38. May 23. Defeat of the French before Alcañiz. and the cavalry, under D. Miguel Ibarrola, in front of all, upon the Zaragoza road. At six in the morning the enemy appeared: the advanced parties retired before them, and the cavalry and the vanguard fell back before superior numbers, as they had been instructed; the infantry to the chapel on the right, the horse, with two pieces of flying artillery, to the protection of their batteries. The chapel, as Blake had anticipated, was the main point of attack; the enemy presented themselves in front of this post and on the right, and occupied all the immediate heights. After a brisk fire on both sides, a column of about a thousand grenadiers attempted to take this position with the bayonet: they were broken presently, and the light troops of the Spaniards in their turn attacked the French on the heights, who kept their ground. In the hope of relieving this post, which he saw would be again attempted in force, Blake directed Menchaca to make an attack upon the enemy’s centre; but the French were strong enough to attend to this and renew their efforts against Areizaga. The second effort, however, was not more successful than the first. The Spanish cavalry had been ordered from the Zaragoza to the Caspe road, to assist in supporting this point: and as they came out from the trees, a discharge from the French infantry wounded their commander Ibarrola; they were attacked with a superior troop of horse, and fell back to the position. The enemy, now abandoning their first plan of winning the chapel, turned upon Menchaca, who found himself suddenly assailed by very superior numbers; he fell back in good order to the position, but one light battalion found it necessary to retire upon Areizaga’s post. Encouraged by this, the French made a desperate attack upon the centre of the
  • 39. Spanish line: it was saved by the artillery: they approached almost to the cannon’s mouth, but were mown down by a fire of grape; and those who turned one of the batteries fell by the fire of the troops. Defeated in this attempt also, they withdrew to the heights on which they had first been seen, and after an action of seven hours, both armies remained looking at each other. The rich plain of Alcañiz was between them; and Blake said in his dispatch that the sight of it might have warmed the heart of the coldest Spaniard, and animated him to defend the beautiful country which God had given him. It would have been rash in him to have attacked the enemy when they had the advantage of the ground; to have thus decidedly repulsed them was no inconsiderable advantage in the state of his army, some corps of which had never before been in action. The French retreated under cover of the night, and took up a strong position behind the Huerba near Zaragoza. They left 500 dead on the field, and their total loss was estimated at 22 2000; that of the Spaniards did not amount to 400. Among the officers whom Blake particularly commended for their conduct Lazan was one, who was at his side during the whole day; Loigorri, the commandant of the artillery, was also deservedly noticed, and Areizaga, upon whom the brunt of the action had fallen; to the two latter he frankly declared that the victory was owing. He returned thanks to his army; and noticing that a few wretched men had fled from the field, said their names should be struck off the roll, that the Spanish army might no longer be disgraced by them. The Central Junta, in consequence of this success, nominated him Captain General of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Murcia, as well as
  • 40. Anniversary at Valencia. General-in-chief of the united army of those provinces, and conferred upon him the Encomienda of the Peso Real in Valencia. The officers whom he recommended were promoted also, Areizaga to the rank of Lieutenant-General. The day on which the battle of Alcañiz was fought was celebrated at Valencia as the anniversary of their insurrection against the intrusive government. The ceremonies were characteristic of the times and of the people. The festivities, as usual in Catholic countries, began on the eve of the holiday; the city was illuminated on the preceding night, the portraits of Ferdinand and his ally the King of Great Britain were exhibited under the flags of the allied kingdoms; and the Valencians displayed their national humour in caricatures of Murat, Buonaparte, and Joseph. In the morning, the civil authorities, the new-raised levies, and the city volunteers, went in procession to the Plaza of the Cathedral, where a statue of Ferdinand had been erected upon a Grecian column. The statue was concealed behind a silk curtain, so disposed as to fall in tent-hangings and disclose it, when the Captain General, D. Joseph Caro, asked the people in their own dialect if they wished to see their King? At the same moment the music struck up, the bells were rung, the guns fired, and the shouts of the multitude were heard prevailing over all. They then proceeded to the Cathedral, where the banners of the volunteers were blessed by the Archbishop at the high altar, and afterwards delivered to them at the feet of the statue. The display was in French taste, but it was sanctified by Spanish feeling. The Valencians were reminded of their defeats as well as of their triumphs; they were told that many of their countrymen who had assisted in driving Moncey from their gates had fallen in the
  • 41. Celebration of King St. Ferdinand’s day. field of Tudela, or lay buried under the ruins of Zaragoza. A week after the ceremony Blake reviewed his army at Caspe, on St. Ferdinand’s day, which of all festivals in the year the Spaniards then regarded with most feeling. The Romanists, instead of birthdays, keep the festival of the saint from whom they take their names; this therefore was especially sacred to a people who, measuring the virtues of their captive King by their own loyalty, believed him to be all that they desired, and all that he ought to have been. They were told by their government that King St. Ferdinand, who had united in himself all the virtues of a man, all the talents of a hero, and all the qualities of a monarch, looked down from the heights of Heaven with complacent eyes upon the defenders and avengers of one who, as he inherited his throne and name, so also did he imitate and adore his virtues. An annual service on this day was appointed to be held in all cathedral and collegiate churches for evermore in remembrance of the sacred war against the usurper; and the day following was to be kept as a perpetual anniversary for the souls of all who fell in it. Blake’s army had now been increased to 14,000 men: their late conduct had filled him with what might have seemed a well-founded hope; and their appearance and discipline were now so satisfactory, that as they filed before him, he said, a few more such days as that of Alcañiz would open for them the way to France. There were indeed at that time evident marks that the French were dispirited: they had been weakened by the withdrawal of Mortier’s division; and having in this last action for the first time been beaten by a Spanish force, not superior to them in number, and when the advantage of cavalry was on their side,
  • 42. 1809. June. Executions in Barcelona. May. 16. it was believed that they were preparing to retire from Zaragoza. Blake was informed that their papers and baggage were already without the city, ready to be removed; and that they had actually begun their march toward Navarre, but returned in consequence of receiving dispatches on the way. The news of Buonaparte’s failure at Essling arrived at this time; and when Blake communicated it to the troops in general orders, he observed that it had taken place on the day when they had defeated another of his armies at Alcañiz. While the hopes of the Spaniards in this quarter had thus been raised by their own success, by the events in Germany, and by the news from Portugal, circumstances occurred at Barcelona to heighten their indignation against the oppressors of their country, and exasperate the desire of vengeance. In conformity to a scheme concerted with the inhabitants of that city, Coupigny had sent a body of troops, who were to be admitted in the night, while the attention of the garrison should be called off by the cannonade of a Spanish frigate upon one of the batteries. The ship performed its part, and the troops approached the gates; but no movement was made to favour them. The French had obtained sufficient intelligence to put them upon their guard, and render it impracticable, and several persons were in consequence arrested. One of these, by name Pou, a doctor of laws in the university of Cervera, being asked upon his trial before the military tribunal whether he had not distributed fifty muskets, replied yes, and that he would do so again if he had an opportunity, as they were for the defence of his religion, his King, and his country. They told him this could not be, for religion forbade the shedding of
  • 43. Blake advances toward Zaragoza. blood, the King desired no such proceedings, and the country abhorred them: he replied, that as they neither professed the Catholic religion, nor acknowledged Ferdinand for King of Spain, nor belonged to that country, it was to be expected that he and they should differ in opinion. They asked him to whom the muskets had been distributed: his answer was, to good and loyal Spaniards, whose names he would never disclose. A young tradesman, who was tried before the same tribunal for endeavouring to purchase ammunition for the same purpose, threw back the appellation of traitor upon Duhesme, saying, “Your Excellency is the traitor, who, under the cloak of friendship, took possession of our fortresses: I only bought part of what you plundered from us.” This person, with two others, was hanged, at the same time that Pou and the Prefect of S. Cayetano were strangled, the Prefect administering the last offices of religion at the place of execution to his fellow-sufferers. These executions occasioned a strong feeling among the Catalans, and it was heightened by a decree of Duhesme’s against the clergy, who were at the head, he said, of all the conspiracies for assassinating the French, and who made their churches and convents so many places of meeting for the conspirators. All such buildings therefore were ordered to be closed at six in the evening, and not opened till half after five in the morning. If any person were found in a church or belfry between those hours, or in a convent if he did not belong to it, he was immediately to be delivered over to a military commission as a conspirator; and a secret agent of the police was to be appointed, who was to watch every church and convent, and be paid at its expense.
  • 44. Suchet attacks the Spaniards. The indignation of the Spaniards made them more eager in their hopes and expectations of deliverance; and the Valencians more especially expressed their confidence of fresh victories, because of the appearance and temper of the troops who marched from their city to join the army under Blake. That general’s head-quarters were at Samper de Calanda, part of his troops being stationed at Hijar and Puebla de Hijar. Having received intelligence that a French corps, which was estimated at a third part of the force under Suchet, had been detached to Carineña, and was committing its usual excesses in the surrounding country, he formed a plan for cutting off this corps, and then advancing upon Zaragoza, in the hope of effecting the deliverance of that city, an exploit which, if it were achieved, would of all possible successes produce the greatest impression upon the public mind, not in Spain alone, but throughout Europe. With this view he directed Areizaga to take post with his division at Botorrita, while he with the rest of the army proceeded to Villanueva de la Huerva. The artillery was to move behind Longares, where it was expected that the enemy would pass on their retreat to Zaragoza as soon as they knew the Spaniards were in motion. When Areizaga reached Botorrita, he learned that the greater part of the French had retired to their main body, about 1500 only remaining at Puebla de Muel, and these moved off so quickly towards the Xalon, that it was not possible to cut them off, ... only a convoy which they would have escorted to Zaragoza was taken by the Spanish advance. As this corps had not fallen back upon the main body, which it might easily have done, but had passed on toward Alagon, Blake was confirmed in his opinion
  • 45. June 14. Blake retreats to Belchite. that the French did not mean to defend Zaragoza if it should be attacked. Nevertheless, reflecting that the country in his rear was entirely open, and considering the general situation of the Spanish armies, the importance of preserving his own, which was in so promising a state, and the complicated and hazardous movements of a retreat, in which he knew how little it could be trusted, he deemed it by no means advisable to bring on a general action, and therefore did not alter Areizaga’s position, looking upon Botorrita as a strong post, where, in case of any reserve, the enemy might be detained. When he joined Areizaga there, the troops had begun to skirmish; this had been brought on by that general’s making a reconnoissance in considerable strength; and Blake was so well satisfied with the behaviour of his troops, that he endeavoured to surround the enemy, but they retired in time. Early on the following morning Suchet drew out his whole force from Zaragoza to attack him. The firing began at the advanced posts by five in the morning, and went on increasing till the same hour in the afternoon, when the French resolved to break the Spanish line, supposing that the men were weary and the ammunition spent. Blake’s advanced guard was at Maria, where the road from Zaragoza to Madrid crosses the cordillera: the ground between him and the city consisted of hills and vales, ridge behind ridge. His cavalry was stationed in the high road, the rest of the line was formed by the infantry and artillery. The Spaniards, fighting and retreating in good order, fell back successively from one of these heights to another, but when they reached the fourth, their cavalry had been worsted. Blake then thought it necessary to fall back on Botorrita, which he did with as much order as the
  • 46. June 16. Flight of the Spaniards. nature of the ground would permit. A few guns were spiked and abandoned; not from necessity, but because it was more advantageous to fire them to the last than bring them off. The two armies were near, and in sight of each other, when night closed. Blake expected to be attacked the next day; but as the enemy manifested no such intention, he rightly concluded that they were manœuvring either with a view to surround him, or to threaten his rear. Accordingly he ascertained that 3000 French were posted at Torrecilla. About two hours before nightfall a brisk fire was opened upon his left, with the intent of making him change his position, in which case his rear would have been exposed to this detachment. But the attack was repulsed, as was a second which the enemy made upon the centre a little before midnight. The Spanish general then retreated to Belchite in perfect order, which he did without being molested. The next day the enemy came again in sight, and Blake, who had hitherto had no reason to distrust his troops, took a position in full expectation of being attacked on the morrow, and in good hope of repelling the enemy as completely as he had done before Alcañiz. Belchite, once the capital of a petty Moorish sovereignty, stands upon the slope of some bending hills, which almost surround it: toward Zaragoza the country is level, covered with gardens and olive-yards. The position which Blake had taken was singularly advantageous; his right was completely safe from the enemy’s cavalry, and protected by a chapel, with a number of outbuildings and two large sheep-folds, which were all pierced for musketry: to attack the centre, the enemy’s horse must be exposed to a tremendous cross fire, and the left had their retreat
  • 47. June 18. Blake offers his resignation, which is not accepted. upon the strong post which was occupied by the other wing. Blake’s arrangement was so made, that if the enemy, as he expected, should make a great effort on his left, three columns might be brought to attack them on that side; and if unsuccessful, they could have fallen back upon the centre and the right flank, being meantime assailable only in front, and protected the while by their artillery, which also had its retreat secure to the same strong post. He had harangued his troops, and they made a thousand protestations that they would do their duty. The attack was made, as he had expected, on the left; four or five shot were fired on both sides, and the French threw a few shells, which wounded four or five men. But upon one shell falling into the middle of a regiment, the men were seized with a sudden panic and fled; the panic instantly spread, ... a second and a third regiment ran away without firing a gun, and in a few minutes the generals were left with none but a few officers in the midst of the position. With all their efforts they could not rally more than two hundred men, and nothing was left for them but to make for the nearest strong place, leaving artillery, baggage, and every thing to the enemy. The defeat was in all its circumstances so thoroughly disgraceful, ... so disheartening and hopeless in its consequences, that Blake almost sunk under it. He told the government that he was incapable of entering into details, but considered it due to the nation that a judicial inquiry should be instituted into the conduct of a general under whose command an army of from 13,000 to 14,000 effective men had been utterly routed and dispersed. “He knew that he had not been culpable,” he said, “but after so many proofs of his unhappy fortune, he wished not to
  • 48. be employed any longer in command. As a Spaniard and a soldier he was still ready to serve his country in an inferior station, and he requested only that some portion of his present pay might be continued for the support of his family, or a part of the Encomienda which had recently been conferred upon him, but which it was not fitting that so useless a person should retain. The government, however, neither accepted his proffered resignation, nor instituted any inquiry. The former would have been unjust towards a brave and honourable officer whose conduct was unimpeachable, and his character above suspicion; the latter must have been altogether nugatory. The panic had been instantaneous and general, and it was impossible to punish a whole army. All that could be done was to publish the whole details, in no degree attempting to disguise or palliate the injury and disgrace which had been brought on the nation: to declare that the commander-in-chief and the generals had done their duty, and retained the full confidence of the country, and to brand the fugitives in a body, as men who were the opprobrium of the Spanish name, and had rendered themselves objects of execration to their countrymen. The men who in their panic had thus lost all use of reason, as well as all sense of honour and of duty, were not likely, when they found themselves in safety, and recovered their senses, to be affected by this denunciation. A religion which is contented to accept the slightest degree of attrition, and keeps short reckonings with conscience, had taught them to be upon easy terms with themselves; ... moreover the moral disease was so endemic, that it had ceased to be disgraceful: the greater part of these men had behaved well at Alcañiz and in the subsequent
  • 49. Commencemen t of the guerillas. Porlier. The Empecinado. operations; and no doubt expected to be more fortunate on a better occasion, for a report was raised that the French had received so great a reinforcement at the moment of commencing the action as to render resistance hopeless; and though this was indignantly contradicted by Blake, the men found an excuse for themselves in believing it. The disgrace was deeply felt by the government, and by the general whose hopes were blasted by it in the blossom; but the Spaniards were in no degree disheartened, not even those upon whom it brought immediate danger; and when the French, in the course of a few days, attempted to carry Mequinenza by a coup de main, they were beaten off with considerable loss. At this time also that system of warfare began which soon extended throughout Spain, and occasioned greater losses to the French than they suffered in all their pitched battles. The first adventurers who attracted notice by collecting stragglers from their own dispersed armies, deserters from the enemy, and men who, made desperate by the ruin of their private affairs in the general wreck, were ready for any service in which they could at the same time gratify their just vengeance and find subsistence, were Juan Diaz Porlier in Asturias, and Juan Martin Diaz in Old Castille, the latter better known by his appellation of the 23 Empecinado. A lawyer, by name Gil, commenced the same course in the Pyrenean valleys of Navarre and Aragon. After a short career of some two months he disappeared, and Egoaguerra, who renewed the attempt, withdrew from that wilder way of life to engage in Doyle’s battalion. The third adventurer who at this time raised the spirits of the Pyrenean provinces, and for a while gave employment to the French in Navarre, was that
  • 50. 1809. May. Renovales in the valley of Roncal. He defeats a French detachment. May 21. 1809. June. D. Mariano de Renovales by whom the Convent of S. Joseph had been so gallantly defended at the last siege of Zaragoza. Having been made prisoner when the city surrendered, he had effected his escape on the way to France, and collected in the valleys of Roncal and Anso a body of men and officers, who, like himself, believed that the scandalous manner in which the terms of capitulation had been violated by the French released them from any obligation of observing it. They had probably agreed to rendezvous in these valleys as many of them as could escape, and his intention was to form them into a body, and rejoin the army. But when it was known that they were collecting there, and that the mountaineers, confiding in their presence, refused obedience to the intrusive government, 600 men were ordered from the garrison of Pamplona to enter the valleys at six points, and reduce them to subjection. Men who, like Renovales and his officers, had served at Zaragoza, were neither to be lightly surprised nor easily taken. They were upon the alert, the mountaineers were ready for their assailants, and of the column which advanced against the little town of Anso not a man escaped. The four columns which entered by Navasques, Uztarroz, Salvatierra, and Fago, effected their junction; but the movements of the Spaniards were concerted and executed with as much precision; and after two days’ fighting the French were driven to the foot of a high rock called Undari, where all that survived, seventy-eight in number, with their commander, the chef de bataillon, Puisalis, were taken prisoners: the sixth column was not engaged, forty men having deserted from it before they entered the valleys; the others thought it imprudent to proceed, and thus they were preserved
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