Microsoft Access 2010 is a database management system that allows users to store, organize, and retrieve information efficiently. It contains tables to organize data into fields and records, as well as forms, queries, and reports to enter, view, analyze, and output database information. The main components of Access 2010 include tables, forms, queries, and reports, which are used to manage data through functions like inputting, editing, locating, summarizing, and reporting information stored in the database.