Module 1 intro
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- Earthquakes are caused by the theory of plate tectonics. They frequently occur at plate boundaries. The focus is the point of rupture underground, while the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus. - Seismology is the study of earthquakes, seismologists study earthquakes, and seismographs are used to measure and record seismic waves. There are different types of seismic waves. - Volcanoes form from accumulations of erupted materials from vents in the Earth's surface. They consist of a vent, crater, and volcanic cone built up of layers of lava, ash, and rock. The main types are composite, shield, and cinder cones.
Module 1 intro
- 1. RECAP
- 3. •Name and describe the theory that explains earthquakes?
- 8. •Name and describe the different types of seismic waves.
- 9. • Differentiate Intensity from Magnitude. • What scales are used to measure both?
- 15. Volcanoes • mountain or hill formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more openings (called volcanic vents) in the earth's surface.
- 17. What’s inside a volcano? • Magma Chamber- molten rock that feeds a volcano • What is the difference between magma and lava?
- 18. What are the parts of a Volcano? 1. VENT- the vent is the opening from which lava flows. Dust, ash, and rock particles can also be thrown out of the vent.
- 19. 2. Crater- the top of the volcano. It is a funnel shaped pit. It is formed when the material explodes out of the vent
- 20. 3. Volcanic cone- is the pile of lava, dust, ashes, and rock around the vent. It can be found in different shapes.
- 22. Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for Composite Cone The volcano is built up of alternate layers of LAVA and ASH. They can explode with great violence. Mt St Helens - USA Conelet Dyke Crater Ash layer Lava Layer Flank eruption Lava Flow Crust Pyroclastic Flow
- 23. Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for Shield ( Basic) Cone Shield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava. They produce lots of lava but they tent not to erupt violently. Mauna Loa Hawaii -USA 250 miles 10,000m Composite volcano to scale Layers of Lava Lava Flow
- 24. Tom Abbott, Biddulph High School and made available through www.sln.org.uk/geography and only for Ash and Cinder Cone Paracutin - Mexico Layers of Ash and Cinder Volcanic Bombs Pipe The volcano is built up of layers of ASH. When it erupts it is normally with great explosive force. 3,000m
- 26. Materials from Erupting Volcanoes • Steam / Water Vapor • CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, HCl, CH4, NH4Cl • Lava • Dust and Ash • Hardened Lava = Cinders • Bombs
- 28. In the Philippines • 46 known volcanoes – 13 are considered active
- 29. Philippine Volcanoes • Taal • Mayon • Makiling • Bulusan • Canlaon / Kanlaon • Hibok-Hibok • Apo • Banahaw
- 31. Past Volcanism on Mercury Abundance of surface craters No craters more that 50 km in diameter Evidence of lava-filled craters Volcanic rock samples predate Earth Rock samples dated @ >3000 million years ago
- 32. Volcanic Activity on Venus 80% of the planet’s surface shows volcanic activity Several million volcanoes have been detected Venus is (debatably) volcanically extinct Many volcanoes are several hundred km across, and thousands of km high
- 33. NASA Photo: A Volcano on Venus
- 34. Martian Volcanoes Mars is almost volcanically extinct; this is debatable Martian volcanoes are probably all shield-cone types Mars has at least 3 volcanoes larger than those on Earth Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system: Olympus Mons
- 35. Olympus Mons: A Shield Volcano on Mars Earth’s Largest Volcano: Mauna Loa 9 km high 120 km across Olympus Mons: 24 km high 550 km across x 3 =
- 36. Volcanoes on Io: A moon of Jupiter The most volcanically active place in the solar system At least 8 active volcanoes have been mapped Plumes extend ≈ 280 km above Io’s surface Molten rock spews out faster than the speed of sound The size of Io is ≈ Earth’s moon
- 37. Io: One of Jupiter’s Moons
- 38. Io: Images from Galileo’s Mission (“Raw” images) (Digitally remastered)
- 39. Volcanoes on Other Moons of Jupiter: Europa and Ganymede have “Cryovolcanism!”
- 40. Triton: The seventh (and largest) of Neptune’s Moons also features “Ice Volcanoes!”
- 41. ?