Modulo n counter
- 2. WHAT IS MODULUS N COUNTER ? • COUNTERS ARE SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DEVICES THAT FOLLOW A PREDETERMINED SEQUENCE OF COUNTING STATES WHICH ARE TRIGGERED BY AN EXTERNAL CLOCK (CLK) SIGNAL • THE NUMBER OF STATES OR COUNTING SEQUENCES THROUGH WHICH A PARTICULAR COUNTER ADVANCES BEFORE RETURNING ONCE AGAIN BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL FIRST STATE IS CALLED THE MODULUS (MOD). IN OTHER WORDS, THE MODULUS (OR JUST MODULO) IS THE NUMBER OF STATES THE COUNTER COUNTS AND IS THE DIVIDING NUMBER OF THE COUNTER.
- 3. INTRODUCTION • COUNTERS WHICH ADVANCE THEIR SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS OR STATES WHEN ACTIVATED BY A CLOCK INPUT ARE SAID TO OPERATE IN A “COUNT- UP” MODE. LIKEWISE, COUNTERS WHICH DECREASE THEIR SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS OR STATES WHEN ACTIVATED BY A CLOCK INPUT ARE SAID TO OPERATE IN A “COUNT-DOWN” MODE. • COUNTERS THAT OPERATE IN BOTH THE UP AND DOWN MODES, ARE CALLED BIDIRECTIONAL COUNTERS. • COUNTERS ARE SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DEVICES THAT ARE ACTIVATED OR TRIGGERED BY AN EXTERNAL TIMING PULSE OR CLOCK SIGNAL.
- 4. Types Synchronous Asynchronous all the data bits change synchronously with the application of a clock signal independent of the input clock so the data bits change state at different times one after the other
- 5. DETERMINING THE MODULUS : • MOD COUNTERS ARE DEFINED BASED ON THE NUMBER OF STATES THAT THE COUNTER WILL SEQUENCE THROUGH BEFORE RETURNING BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL VALUE • FOR EXAMPLE, A 2-BIT COUNTER THAT COUNTS FROM 002 TO 112 IN BINARY,HAS A MODULUS VALUE OF 4 ( 00 → 01 → 10 → 11 , RETURN BACK TO 00 ) SO WOULD THEREFORE BE CALLED A MODULO-4,. NOTE ALSO THAT IT HAS TAKEN 4 CLOCK PULSES TO GET FROM 00 TO 11. • THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTPUT STATES (MAXIMUM MODULUS) FOR THE COUNTER IS: 2N • THEREFORE, A “MOD-N” COUNTER WILL REQUIRE “N” NUMBER OF FLIP-FLOPS CONNECTED TOGETHER TO COUNT A SINGLE DATA BIT WHILE PROVIDING 2N DIFFERENT OUTPUT STATES
- 6. • MODULUS OF A COUNTER INDICATES THE NUMBER OF STATES THROUGH WHICH COUNTER PASSES DURING ITS OPERATION. • 2-BIT COUNTER MOD 4 COUNTER • 3-BIT COUNTER MOD 8 COUNTER • MOD-N COUNTER IS ALSO CALLED AS MODULO COUNTER.
- 7. STEPS FOR MOD-N COUNTER • NUMBER OF STATES THROUGH COUNTER PASSES. • DECIDE NUMBER OF BITS FOR RIPPLE COUNTER. • STATE DIAGRAM • TRUTH TABLE FOR ANALYSIS • EXCITATION TABLE FOR DESIGN • K-MAP SIMPLIFICATION • LOGIC DIAGRAM
- 8. D - FLIP FLOP COUNTER : • THE OPERATION OF A D-TYPE FLIP-FLOP, IS VERY SIMPLE AS IT ONLY HAS A SINGLE DATA INPUT, CALLED “D”, AND AN ADDITIONAL CLOCK “CLK” INPUT. THIS ALLOWS A SINGLE DATA BIT (0 OR 1) TO BE STORED UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE CLOCK SIGNAL THUS MAKING THE D-TYPE FLIP-FLOP A SYNCHRONOUS DEVICE BECAUSE THE DATA ON THE INPUTS IS TRANSFERRED TO THE FLIP-FLOPS OUTPUT ONLY ON THE TRIGGERING EDGE OF THE CLOCK PULSE.
- 9. DIVIDE-BY-TWO COUNTER AND TIMING DIAGRAM
- 10. MOD 4 COUNTER EXAMPLE:
- 11. MOD 8 – COUNTER EXAMPLE :
- 15. APPLICATIONS : • FREQUENCY COUNTERS • DIGITAL CLOCK • DIGITAL CLOCK OPERATES ON PRINCIPLE OF COUNTER . THEY CONTAIN A CLOCK CRYSTAL WHICH CONTROLS THE CLOCK PULSES . THESE PULSES ARE GIVEN IN A PERIODIC MANNER WHICH IS THEN USED TO MAINTAIN TIME IN MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS . • TIME MEASUREMENT • A TO D CONVERTER • FREQUENCY DIVIDER CIRCUITS • DIGITAL TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR.
- 16. •Alarm clock. (Remember, when you sleep with an alarm clock besides your pillo •Set an AC timer. Counter again! •Set a timer for taking picture, of your group, in your camera. Counter again! •Flashing indicator lights of your vehicle. Counter again!