Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security
- 2. Internet Protocol (IP) : It is a network protocol operating at layer 3 (network) of the OSI model. It is a connectionless model, meaning there is no information regarding transaction state, which is used to route packets on a network. Additionally, there is no method in place to ensure that a packet is properly delivered to the destination. Your Browser and Server use TCP/IP Browsers and servers use TCP/IP to connect to the Internet. A browser uses TCP/IP to access a server. A server uses TCP/IP to send HTML back to a browser. Your E-Mail uses TCP/IP Your e-mail program uses TCP/IP to connect to the Internet for sending and receiving e-mails. Your Internet Address is TCP/IP Your Internet address "192.168.10.14" is a part of the standard TCP/IP protocol (and so is your domain name).
- 3. What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers on the Internet. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them. Inside TCP/IP Inside the TCP/IP standard there are several protocols for handling data communication: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication between applications UDP (User Datagram Protocol) simple communication between applications IP (Internet Protocol) communication between computers ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for errors and statistics
- 4. IP is Connection-Less IP is for communication between computers. IP is a "connection-less" communication protocol. IP does not occupy the communication line between two computers. IP reduces the need for network lines. Each line can be used for communication between many different computers at the same time. With IP, messages (or other data) are broken up into small independent "packets" and sent between computers via the Internet. IP is responsible for "routing" each packet to the correct destination.
- 5. TCP/IP TCP/IP is TCP and IP working together. TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your browser) and your network software. IP takes care of the communication with other computers. TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive. IP is responsible for sending the packets to the correct destination.
- 6. IP Addresses Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet. Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer. IP address is the identity of computer or website.
- 7. Domain Names A name is much easier to remember than a 12 digit number. Names used for TCP/IP addresses are called domain names. google.com is a domain name. When you address a web site, like http://www.google.com, the name is translated to a number by a Domain Name Server (DNS). All over the world, DNS servers are connected to the Internet. DNS servers are responsible for translating domain names into TCP/IP addresses. When a new domain name is registered together with a TCP/IP address, DNS servers all over the world are updated with this information. TCP - Transmission Control Protocol TCP is used for transmission of data from an application to the network. TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive.
- 8. IP - Internet Protocol IP takes care of the communication with other computers. IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTP is used for sending requests from a web client (a browser) to a web server, returning web content (web pages) from the server back to the client.
- 9. HTTPS - Secure HTTP HTTPS takes care of secure communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTPS typically handles credit card transactions and other sensitive data. SSL - Secure Sockets Layer The SSL protocol is used for encryption of data for secure data transmission. SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP is used for transmission of e-mails. MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions The MIME protocol lets SMTP transmit multimedia files including voice, audio, and binary data across TCP/IP networks.
- 10. IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol IMAP is used for storing and retrieving e-mails. POP - Post Office Protocol POP is used for downloading e-mails from an e-mail server to a personal computer. FTP - File Transfer Protocol FTP takes care of transmission of files between computers. NTP - Network Time Protocol NTP is used to synchronize the time (the clock) between computers.
- 11. DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network. SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP is used for administration of computer networks. LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LDAP is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses from the internet. ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP takes care of error-handling in the network.
- 12. ARP - Address Resolution Protocol ARP is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card based on the IP address. RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP is used by IP to find the IP address based on the hardware address of a computer network card. BOOTP - Boot Protocol BOOTP is used for booting (starting) computers from the network. PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol PPTP is used for setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks.
- 13. Common ports: Below is a list of some common ports and the respective services running on the ports. 20 FTP data (File Transfer Protocol) 21 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 22 SSH 23 Telnet 25 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 53 DNS (Domain Name Service) 68 DHCP (Dynamic host Configuration Protocol) 79 Finger 80 HTTP 110 POP3 (Post Office Protocol, version 3) 137 NetBIOS-ns 138 NetBIOS-dam 139 NetBIOS 143 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 161 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 194 IRC (Internet Relay Chat) 220 IMAP3 (Internet Message Access Protocol 3) 389 LDAP 443 SSL (Secure Socket Layer) 445 SMB (NetBIOS over TCP)
- 14. Your Email Program Does Your email program uses different TCP/IP protocols: It sends your emails using SMTP It can download your emails from an email server using POP It can connect to an email server using IMAP
- 15. THANK YOU