Newspapers lecture notes COM 130
- 2. Newspapers in America 2018 The estimated total U.S. daily newspaper circulation (print and digital combined) in 2017 was 31 million for weekday and 34 million for Sunday, down 11% and 10%, respectively, from the previous year. Gauging digital audience for the entire newspaper industry is difficult since many daily newspapers do not receive enough traffic to their websites to be measured In the fourth quarter of 2017, about 11.5 million monthly unique visitors (across all devices) read the top 50 newspapers. Many U.S. cities have “alt-weekly” papers – weekly newspapers, distributed for free, with a heavy focus on arts and culture. Circulation for the top 20 U.S. alt- weekly papers is 55,000, a 10% decline from 2016. Digital advertising accounted for 31% of newspaper advertising revenue in 2017.The portion stood at 29% in 2016 and 17% in 2011.
- 3. Market leaders 1,180,460 597,955 438,015 433,114 431,076 313,156 319,802 264,479 240,237 240,216 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 The Wall Street Journal The New York Times Chicago Tribune New York Post Los Angeles Times The Washington Post Newsday Star Tribune New York Daily News Tampa Bay Times Averagecirculation Note: United States; as of September 2017; excluding commuter papers Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 84. Source(s): Cision; ID 184682 36 Leading daily newspapers in the United States as of September 2017, by circulation Leading newspapers in the U.S. 2017, by circulation
- 4. Newspapers today About 39,210 people worked as reporters, editors, photographers, or video editors in the newspaper industry in 2017, down 15% from 2014 and 45% from 2004. 01 About a third of large U.S. newspapers have suffered layoffs since 2017 02 Newspaper newsroom employees dropped by 45% in a decade, from about 71,000 workers in 2008 to 39,000 in 2017. 03 Gannett Co. Inc., Tribune Company, and E.W. Scripps Co., which own more than 100 newspapers and 70 television stations, in 2014 or 2015 spun off their print properties into separate companies. 04 Social media sites have surpassed print newspapers as a news source for Americans: One-in-five U.S. adults say they get news via social media in 2018 05
- 5. Readers 5% 24% 23% 34% 14% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% Gen Z (18-20) Millennials (21-34) Gen X (35-49) Boomers (50-69) Greatest Generation (70+) Share Note: United States; 2016; 18 years and older Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 94. Source(s): Nielsen; Nielsen Scarborough; ID 548467 47 Distribution of monthly newspaper reach in the United States in 2016, by age Newspaper reach in the U.S. 2016, by age
- 6. Note the Declines:Circulation, ReadersAd$ See the chart of declining industry revenue 01 See the chart for declining number of employees in the newspaper business 02 See the decline in circulation 03 See the decline in time spent reading the newspaper 04
- 7. U.S. industry overview 33.59 33.3 32.89 32.11 31.29 30.47 29.63 28.74 27.86 27 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020* RevenueinbillionU.S.dollars Note: United States; 2011 to 2014 Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 64. Source(s): PwC; VentureBeat; ID 242659 14 Newspaper publishing industry revenue in the United States from 2011 to 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars) Newspaper publishing revenue in the U.S. 2011-2020
- 8. U.S. industry overview 36.7% 32.9% 32.88% 25% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 2013 2014 2015 2017 Numberofemployees Note: United States; 2013 to 2017; see supplementary notes Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 70. Source(s): RTDNA; ID 878578 20 Number of employees for local newspapers in the United States from 2013 to 2017 (in thousands) Local newspaper employment from 2013 to 2017
- 9. U.S. industry overview 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 Circulationinthousands Year Note: United States; 1985 to 2017 Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 72. Source(s): Editor & Publisher; AAM; Pew Research Center; ID 183422 22 Paid circulation of daily newspapers in the United States from 1985 to 2017 (in thousands) Paid circulation of daily newspapers in the U.S. 1985-2017
- 10. Readers 25 23 21 21 19 17 15 14 12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017* 2018* Timeinminutes Note: United States; 2010 to 2015 Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 92. Source(s): Zenith; Various sources (Media Dynamics); ID 186934 45 Daily time spent reading newspapers per capita in the United States from 2010 to 2018 (in minutes) U.S. media use: time spent reading newspapers 2010-2018
- 11. History of Newspapers Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press 1 Pennsylvania Gazette (1729) • Operated by Benjamin Franklin • Run with subsidies from political parties as well as advertising 2 New-YorkWeekly Journal (1733) • Owner arrested for seditious libel • Jury ruled in his favor, as long as stories were true • Decision provided foundation for First Amendment 3
- 12. ColonialAmerica 1-There were few papers. 1 2-The publishers were printers and postmasters 2 3-News was not timely 3 4-Colonial governments opposed the free press. 4
- 13. The FirstU.S. Newspaper The first newspaper—1690 PublickOccurrences both Foreigh and Domestick---publishedONE ISSUE. It contained a story about the King of France and an affair with his son’s wife. Puritan officials shut it down. Fast forward 14 years and a man in Boston (JohnCampbell) tried again. Not successful because it was never profitable—probably because he reprinted European news. Then Ben Franklin’s older brother James began publishing the New England Curant …and was jailed because he did not get permission to publish. Ben took over, made it a success and went on to launch several papers and one of our first magazines
- 14. Two general types of colonial newspapers Political Partisan press Pushed the plan of a political group Commercial Served business leaders Readership primarily confined to educated or wealthy men As we went to war with England for independence, there were many newspapers and they did NOT engage in objective reporting!We call this era the POLITICAL PRESS because newspapers took sides politically.
- 15. Colonial Newspapers Mature In 1776, the Pennsylvania Evening Post published the Declaration of Independence. After the war ended, newspapers continued this non- objective siding with political points of view---this time they argued about the powers of the federal government.---Federalist or anti-federalist. The Constitution does not mention rights of a free press, but the first amendment to the Bill of rights guarantees a free press. So newspapers grew—in this secure environment (the amendment was ratified in 1791).
- 16. More and More Newspapers By 1783, we had daily newspapers. By 1800, most large cities had a paper. In 1820, we have the first of over 40 newspapers written and edited and published for African Americans 1828. The Cherokee Phoenix—written in Cherokee and in English began publication.When the Cherokees were pushed out of the South and sent to Oklahoma, they started another paper called the Cherokee Advocate that was published until 1906--- and it was revived in the 1970s and today publishes monthly.
- 17. Why Newspapers Flourished For papers to survive, you needed educated readers, a way to produce that was cheap and fast, and you needed a mass audience. In 1830, a company built a steam powered press that could crank out 4,000 copies in an hour.We got our first state-wide public schools in the 1830s. Plus, we got all those immigrants! nearly one millionGermans arrived in the 1850s; about 4.5 million Irish arrived in America between 1820 and 1930
- 18. U.S. industry overview 20,201 5,477 19,265 10,470 2,591 20,082 10,888 15,138 8,298 2,280 22,231 11,882 9,114 7,843 2,231 22,724 11,124 10,789 6,777 2,607 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Michigan Chronicle Chicago Defender Philadelphia Tribune New York Amsterdam News New Pittsburgh Courier Circulation 2014 2015 2016 2017 Note: United States; 2014 to 2017; average Monday to Friday circulation; for the period ending Sept. 30 of each year Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 75. Source(s): Pew Research Center; AAM; ID 734531 25 African American newspapers average paid circulation in the United States from 2014 to 2017 African American daily newspaper circulation in the U.S. 2014-2017
- 19. The Penny Press Era Newspapers Become Mass Media: Penny papers Made possible by technology Sold on the street NewYork Sun a 22-year-old Benjamin Day launched the NewYork Sun . He sold his paper for a penny and his mix of news was different—no boring political stuff—but thrilling sex, violence and human interest (with a tad of local news). It was successful and it launched what became known as the Penny Press. NewYork Morning Herald Independent paper for middle- and working-class readers
- 20. How did the Penny Press change newspapers? Advertisers came on board—so the source of $$ was not just what the reader paid. How newspapers reached the reader—these were now sold on the street (rather than through the mail), so we have those criers on the street hawking newspapers. The definition of “news” changed. People were hired to go find news—and reporters were assigned to “beats”---the info was aimed at the rising middle class rather than the upper class. Associated Press Founded by six NewYork newspapers in 1848 First major news wire service
- 21. What new inventions changed newspapers again? The telegraph.The mix of news changed again.We have the invention of the “inverted pyramid”—the most important news is told first because the wire service often failed (like dropped cell conversations) so the important items were told first The camera. The CivilWar (1860-1865) became our first photographed war—and this war was covered by the telegraph so info was timely.
- 22. TheAge ofYellowJournalism: Overly dramatic stories William Randolf Hearst—at age 24, took over the San Francisco Examiner and then bought a paper in NewYork and started a circulation war with Pulitzer. Both men published sensational info---what we call “Yellow Journalism” and it sold a lot of papers but not our proudest moment in journalism history. Joseph Pulitzer (in St Louis) makes the St. Louis Post Dispatch a big paper by stressing accuracy…. and he buys the NewYorkWorld and takes the circulation from 15,000 to 250,000. He also used the paper to help the lower classes and see the public good in crusades against unsanitary living conditions.
- 23. What info is news? The common elements that characterize newsworthy stories are: 1. Timeliness: To be news, news must be fresh, immediate, and current. 2. Proximity: The closer a news event is to your home, the more important you perceive it to be. In addition to geographical proximity, a news story might have psychological proximity, which occurs when you identify with the story topic (health, college, jobs) regardless of the story’s geographical origin. 3. Prominence: The more important a person is, the more valuable he or she is as a news source. Even infamous criminals have news value, hence the frequent media coverage of their past lives and recent exploits. 4. Consequence: Events that affect a great many people have built-in news value. 5. Human Interest: Stories arousing some emotion in the audience. They may be uplifting, bizarre, ironic, or dramatic.
- 24. Categories of News Hard News: fact-oriented journalism; it embodies the famous journalistic question set of who, what, where, when, why, and how. 01 Soft News: relies heavily on the human interest news value, stories that appeal to people’s curiosity, sympathy, skepticism, or amazement. 02 Investigative Reports: unearth significant information about matters of public importance through the use of non-routine information-gathering methods. 03
- 25. “Objectivity” in Modern Journalism • Distanced itself from yellow journalism • Focused on documenting major events • More affluent readership • Lowered the price to a penny to attract middle-class readers Ochs and the NewYork Times • Distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns Objective journalism • Answers who, what, where, when (sometimes why and how) at top • Less significant details at bottom • Has come under increasing scrutiny Inverted- pyramid style
- 26. Interpretive Journalism Embraced by broadcast news Aims to explain key issues and events, and place them in a broader context Walter Lippmann ranked press responsibilities • Supply facts for the record • Give analysis • Advocate plans
- 27. Citizen Journalism Also known as citizen media or community journalism Activist amateurs who use the Internet and blogs to disseminate news and information Many news organizations are trying to corral citizen journalists to make up for journalists lost to downsizing. Journalism is a vital, yet dangerous profession. 1,189 reporters killed in the line of duty from 1992 to mid-2016
- 28. HowTV affected Newspapers Newspapers define news differently from TV 1 Newspapers offered something to audience that they cannot get from TV. In local metro daily newspapers, citizens were far more likely to learn about things such as taxes, education, zoning commissions and the activities of government than they would in most other media. 2 In 1980s USA Today began publication •Used color and designed vending boxes to look like TVs •Mimicked broadcast news in the use of brief news items 3 Online journalism redefines news again. •Replaced the morning newspaper •Speeds up the news cycle •Nontraditional sources shape stories 4
- 29. Market leaders 2,800 1,389 1,000 720 390.5 350 300 250 220 160 150 150 140 133 105 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 The New York Times (United States) The Wall Street Journal (United States) Washington Post (United States) Financial Times (United Kingdom) Bild (Germany) The Economist (United Kingdom) The Guardian (United Kingdom) Aftonbladet (Sweden) Times of London (United Kingdom) Le Monde (France) Verdens Gang (Norway) Folha de São Paulo (Brazil) Mediapart (France) Gazeta Wyborcza (Poland) LA Times (United States) Number of subscribers in thousands Note: Worldwide; Q3 2017 to Q1 2018 Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 89. Source(s): FIPP; Various sources (CeleraOne); ID 785919 41 Number of digital only subscribers to selected newspapers worldwide as of 1st quarter 2018 (in 1,000s) Number of solely digital newspaper subscribers worldwide 2018
- 30. Market leaders 25.53 25.17 24.29 18.05 14.07 11.74 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 The New York Times Washington Post Daily Mail The Guardian The Indian Express Daily Mirror Total Facebook interactions in millions Note: Worldwide; January 2017; likes, comments, shares and reactions on artiles published during January 2017 Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 87. Source(s): NewsWhip; ID 377496 39 Biggest English-language newspapers on Facebook in January 2017, ranked by total Facebook interactions (in millions) Facebook user engagement of leading English-language newspapers 2017
- 31. References Campbell, Martin, and Fabos. (2014). Media & Culture: Mass Communication in a DigitalAge. 10th edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Media Use in the U. S. (2018). Study ID10950. Stitsta Dossier. Trends and Facts on Newspapers: State of the Media. (2018) Pew Research. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/newspapers/