Tv lecture notes com 130 copy
- 1. Television LECTURE NOTES TV is still the #1 way Americans consume media
- 2. TVAudience inAmerica in 2018 1 Nielsen’s Q1 2018 Total Audience Report confirms Americans’ significant and consistent preference for television over all other media. 2 Adults 18+ spent nearly 39 hours weekly with their television sets, 3 Live TV was the primary contributor, with 29 hours and 19 minutes. 4 In 2018, adults 35+ spent nearly 45 hours weekly with their television sets, 5 in 2018 some 46 million U.S. households use a smart TV at least monthly. That marks a 16% increase from 2017 6 The average U.S. household owns 7.3 screens.
- 4. Origins of Television Cathode ray tube was invented (late 1800s) A Scanning disk (1880s) developed by Paul Nipkow separated pictures into pinpoints of light that could be transmitted as a series of electronic lines A Russian immigrant working forWestinghouseCorp in 1927, developed a circuit for transforming a visual image into an electronic signal. At the same time, a 24-year-old inventor in California, PhiloT. Farnsworth developed a similar system David Sarnoff of RCA built the first commercialTV station in 1932 with transmitting facilities in the Empire State Building. He introducedTV to the public at the 1939 World’s Fair in NewYork. Franklin Roosevelt because the first president to appear onTV when he opened that fair.
- 5. KeyTV Moments RCA sued Farnsworth over Zworykin’s iconoscope patent. • Lost and had to license patents from Farnsworth Analog standard adopted in 1941 Digital standard adopted in 2009 TV licensing freeze until 1952 RCA had the first successful color broadcast system in 1954 TV's early structure was modeled after radio.
- 6. Growth & Milestones 1945--only eight stations and 8,000 homes withTVs. 1955--100 stations and 35 millionTV households. Networks move to LosAngeles in the 1950s. 1952 the FCC established technical rules to minimize station interference and decided on 12VHF and 70 UHF channels. VHF (very high frequency) TV stations have lower numbers than UHF stations, include channels 12 and 13, and have signals that travel further than do UHF signals. In 1956 theAmpex Company solved the "storage" problem with the invention of video tape.
- 7. EarlyTV Early television programs often had single sponsors. Networks lacked creative control, so they made programs longer, which raised costs and forced advertisers out. Prime-time quiz shows were cheap to produce, but dropped by networks amid allegations of being fixed The quiz show scandals ended sponsors’ role in creating content and undermined Americans’ expectation of the democratic promise of television
- 8. TV’sGoldenAge The growth and experimentation period of the 1950s became known as TV's "golden age." Pioneering programs included variety shows, drama such as that from Studio One, and the adult western. 01 In 1960, NBC began broadcasting in color for about three hours a day. 02 In 1963 network news expanded from 15 to 30 minutes.TV journalism earned praise during the 1960s for its coverage of the assassinations of JFK, Martin Luther King, and Bobby Kennedy. 03 ThreeTV comedy formats •Sketch comedy •Situation comedy •Domestic comedy 04
- 9. PublicTV About 69 educational stations were on air by 1965. Two years later Congress passed the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, which set up the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Public television is funded by the government (through the CPB), viewer contributions, foundation grants, corporate contributions.
- 10. Defining Features ofTV 1-it is universal 2-it is the dominant medium for entertainment 3--it is an expensive business: a one-hour prime-time show can cost of $1.5 million. A 30- second prime time national ad can cost $123,000. 4-the audience is fragmenting--- TheTV audience consistently increases throughout the day, until about 11p.m. EasternTime when it falls off sharply. Audiences increasingly attracted to specialized channels and cable networks (cooking, religion, sci-fi, health, romance, shopping).
- 12. TVOwnership TheTelecommunications Act of 1996 allows an organization to own as many stations as it wishes, provided that their combined reach does not exceed 35 percent of the US population. All major networks were owned by conglomerates NBC is owned by General Electric ABC is owned byWalt Disney Company CBS is owned byViacom Fox is owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation WB is owned byTime-Warner UPN is owned byViacom TheTelecommunications Act of 1996 also introduced aTV program rating system and the V-chip.
- 14. CableTV 1950s Began in the 1950s to bring conventionalTV signals to isolated areas that could not otherwise receive the signals. 1960 Telstar launched in 1960 1960s Discovery of how to lock satellites in geosynchronous orbit in the mid 1980s the cableTV industry emerges when FCC lifted restrictions -- competes with the networks. 1992 CableTelevision Consumer Protection Act -resulted in an average 17 percent reduction in rates--also gave telephone companies the right to enter the cable business. 2002 CableTV marked a milestone in 2002 – first time cable networks attracted more prime-time viewers than did the seven network broadcasters.
- 15. CableServices Basic cable services Hundred-plus channels Local cable company pays each satellite-delivered service a per-subscriber fee. Premium cable services Premium channels such as HBO Pay-per-view (PPV) channels Video-on-demand (VOD) channels Then along came cable without wires: Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services Transmit a signal directly to a satellite dish at customers’ homes Reduced cable penetration Began scrambling signals to prevent free access to broadcasts Modern services include DirecTV and Dish
- 16. ProducingTV • Below-the-line • Above-the-line Two types of production costs • Film studios finance the deficit and hope to profit on syndication. Programs are funded through deficit financing. • Newsmagazines and reality shows Less expensive programs • Remain attractive investments and are acquiring cable channels Major programming corporations:Major broadcast networks • Multiple-system operators (MSOs) • Multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) • Video subscription services • Netflix, Comcast, and DirecTV are major players. Major cable and DBS companies
- 17. HowTV makes Money National spot advertisers (about 32 percent of revenues) sell products of regional interest (snow equipment, pools, farm implements, and so on). 1 Local advertisers (about 32 percent of revenues) are local businesses buying airtime to reach people in their immediate area. In 2018 local advertising spent $24.39 billion 2 The bigger a station’s audience (program rating) and market, the more advertisers pay for the airtime. 3
- 20. Most PopularShows in Nov 2018
- 21. ThirdScreen: TVConverged with the Internet • Refers to viewing content on computer screens • Used primarily as catch-up services Third screen • YouTube, iTunes, Hulu, Netflix Popular sites for viewing video • XfinityTV and HBO Go CableTV giants are also making programs available online.
- 22. FourthScreen Fourth-screen technology Smartphones, iPods, iPads, and mobile TV devices Forcing major changes in consumer viewing habits and media content creation Multifunctionality and portability mean viewers may no longer needTV sets