![History of
Radio
Edward Armstrong shows frequency modulated radio (FM) to his
buddy David Sarnoff. David is seduced byTV that is developing so he
declines the chance to fund FM development.Armstrong develops FM
radio transmitter and sells to others----in 1940 Sarnoff offer Armstrong
$1 million for the invention----Armstrong says, “No thanks!”
Federal Communication Commissions [FCC] is formed by President
Roosevelt, and Congress passes the CommunicationACT of 1934 to
regulate the communication industry.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radioweek3lecturenotescom130-181214220831/85/Radio-week-3-lecture-notes-com130-9-320.jpg)
Radio week 3 lecture notes com130
- 1. Radio:The First Mass Communication Each week, more Americans tune into AM/FM radio (93%) than watch television, or use smartphones, tablets or computers.
- 2. Radio in America Radio is America’s top weekly reach platform, according to Nielsen’s ratings data comparing adults 18+, AM/FM radio continues to reach more people each week than any other medium in the U.S. at 228.5 million consumers, There are ½ billion radio receivers in use—that’s 2 or 3 for every man, woman and child in America. There are 12,000 radio stations broadcasting in America. Americans spend an average of 3 hours and 18 minutes daily listening to radio. Broadcast radio’s weekly reach of 228.5 million also outpaces the 68.5 million for streaming audio, 35.7 million using satellite radio and 21.9 million consuming podcasts. AM/FM radio counts for 86% of the total time adults aged 25-54 spend listening to three main audio platforms. Adults listen to eight times more AM/FM radio than satellite radio and seventeen times more than internet audio streaming. Source:Where Radio Fits: Radio's Strengths in the Media Landscape", Arbitron, 2012
- 4. Radio in the World 75% of households in developing countries having access to a radio. There are about 44,000 radio stations worldwide. The Brazilian radio market is the second largest in the Americas, being one step behind the United States. According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) of 2009, radios are present in 88% of homes, 80% of cars in circulation, and in 36% of mobile telephones. Source:TheWorld Factbook, 2010. Central Intelligence Agency, USA
- 6. Development of Radio German physicist Henrich Hertz demonstrates (1887) that waves (he named them RADIO) existed. Today we measure electrical frequency in hertz (such as kilohertz and megahertz David Sarnoff envisions broadcasting: using technology to instantaneously reach a wide audience.That term was agricultural: scattering seeds over a wide area. Sarnoff wrote a memo to the American Marconi company in which he explained his vision for radio as a mass communication form providing entertainment and news. Marconi was not impressed because radio could not carry voice.
- 7. Development of Radio During WW1 (1819)the military takes over radio for strictly military purposes—takes ALL THE PATENTS and declares a moratorium on patent lawsuits.The military train 10,000 service personnel in the new technology by the end if the war. Government gets involved in the Radio Act of 1912, the first law for radio…a reaction to theTitanic disaster. This law established CALL LETTERS for radio broadcasters. Lee De Forest invents the vacuum tube in 1907 and transmits voice. Reginald Fessenden—made the first wireless voice transmission in 1906 using a special high-frequency generator he invented.
- 8. History of Radio Frank Conrad, an engineer ofWestinghouseCorp. starts broadcasting. Westinghouse forms a radio station KDKA, signs on in 1920—and it is still broadcasting today—oldest station in the country Then RCA forms---and the president is ……..David Sarnoff. He buys up the assets of the U. S. division of the Marconi Company. AT&T decides to sell time on radio…and advertising begins to support broadcasting. The first radio network was… AT&T in 1923—linked a Boston station to a NewYork station…..then National BroadcastingCompany NBC—a subsidiary of RCA, set up in 1926….CBS forms in 1927 ABC forms in the 1940s when the government forces RCA to sell one of its networks.
- 9. History of Radio Edward Armstrong shows frequency modulated radio (FM) to his buddy David Sarnoff. David is seduced byTV that is developing so he declines the chance to fund FM development.Armstrong develops FM radio transmitter and sells to others----in 1940 Sarnoff offer Armstrong $1 million for the invention----Armstrong says, “No thanks!” Federal Communication Commissions [FCC] is formed by President Roosevelt, and Congress passes the CommunicationACT of 1934 to regulate the communication industry.
- 10. History of Public Radio In 1945The FCC offers several FM frequencies for educational broadcasting. By 2003 there were 1,900 non- commercial radio stations. These noncommercial stations are served by National Public Radio (founded in 1970) and funded by Congress through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
- 11. The golden age of radio: 1930 – 1950s. Impact? Unifies the country by providing a common experience coast-to-coast. 01 Content? Soaps, serials, news, sports, music. 02 The biggest radio moment perhaps was Halloween 1938, when 23- year-old OrsonWells broadcast a program called “TheWar of the Worlds.” 03 The day after Pearl Harbor, 1941, 60 million Americans listened to President Roosevelt’s address to Congress, still the largest audience ever for any radio talk. 04
- 12. TV wrecks the golden age of radio TheTOP 40 is one of the most popular formats along with News/Talk format. Format: a consistent programming formula that creates a recognizable sound and personality for a station. Music format is the largest category. RADIO competed withTV by: turning to FM (much better sound) changing to format programming The invention of the transistor to make radio mobile
- 13. Radio survives TV Radio survives TV because: Radio is portable Radio is supplemental (you do something else was you listen) Radio is universal (try to find a place without radio!) Radio is selective (you decide which format you wan to hear) Web broadcasting almost dies in 2002 when Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel ruled that webcasters had to pay artist royalties.
- 14. Who owns Radio? Top 6 owners are Clear Channel Communications, Cumulus Media Inc., Disney, Emmis, Entercom Communications, and Viacom Clear Channel leads in radio broadcast station ownership Viacom owns Infinity Broadcasting, with 176 radio stations Cumulus Media Inc. reaches 70 of 287 possible markets on 250 stations in the United States. Cox Communications owns 74 radio stations EntercomCommunications owns and operates 91 radio stations in the United States. Emmis Communications Group owns and operates 23 radio stations in the United States Disney owns ABC network with 66 radio stations in the United States.
- 15. Streaming Radio:The Internet In early 2000s, Clear Channel Communications cut jobs at local radio stations across the U.S. In 2014, Clear Channel rebranded itself as iHeartMedia, a streaming radio network, in an effort to create a more friendly public image. 01 Listeners today are unlike radio’s first audiences in several ways. •Radio has become a secondary or background medium. •Peak listening time is during drive time rather than prime time. •Stations are more specialized. 02 Satellite radio •XM and Sirius merged to become Sirius XM Radio in 2008. •Accessible through satellite radios, mobile devices, and cars with a satellite band 03 HD Radio •Enables multicasting by AM and FM broadcasters and provides program data 04
- 16. Most PopularU.S. Radio Formats,Ages 12+
- 17. Rating Radio ARBITRON surveys the audience in 280 markets….and talks about Rating: the ratio of listeners to a particular station to all the people in the market Audience share: ratio of listeners to all the listeners in the market. The best radio time is DRIVETIME: 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 7 p.m.
- 18. Radio and Convergence • Broadcast radio stations now have an online presence. • Online-only radio stations like Pandora growing in popularity Internet radio • A popular way to listen to radio-style programs on a computer or portable music device Podcasting and portable listening