Operating Systems

gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
Mr. B.Karthiban
BSc (Hons) in Computing, Exe MSc in PM, PGDE (Reading)

gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
,g; ghlj;ijf; fw;w gpd;dh; ePq;fs;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,d;wpaikahik
gzpnray; Kiwik njhopw;gly;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,ilKfk;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpfs;
gzpnray; Kiwik tiffs;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; mD$yq;fs;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gad;ghl;Lr; nra;epuy;
nrYj;jpfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs;> Nfhg;Gfs;.
vd;gd gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPh;fs;.

gzpnray; Kiwikapd; mwpKfk;
fzpdp td;nghUs; (Hardware)> epiynghUs; (firmware)> nkd;nghUs; (Software) Mfpa gy;NtWgl;l
$Wfisf; nfhz;;ljhFk;.
jpl;lkhd tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lJk; njhl;Lzif; $baJkhd
fzpdpg; ghfq;fs; td;nghUl;fs; (Hardware) vdg;gLk;>
rhtpg;gyif> Rl;b (Mouse)> njhptpg;gp (Monitor)> td;tl;L
(Harddisk)> mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer) Mfpad td;nghUs;fshFk;.
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jd; (ROM) epWtp> fzpdpapd;
mbg;gilj; njhopw;ghLfSf;fhd (BOOT) mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Mfpad epiynghUs;fs; (FirmWare) vdg;gLk;. gaehuhy;
Kjypy; jpiuapy; fhzj;jf;f vOj;Juit my;yJ glTUit
tUtpisthfj; jUtd; epiynghUs;fshFk;.

fzpdpapd; Muk;gj; njhopw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw
• gaehpdhy; fzpdpapy; kpd; ,izg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; ikaKiw topahf;f myfpd; %yk; mbg;gil
cs;sPL> tUtpisT Kiwik (Basic Input Output System – BIOS) njhopw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• Kjypy; Power – On Self Test (Post) nra;epuy; Xl;lk; eilngWk;. ,jd; Muk;gg; gbKiwahf CMOS
(Complementary Mental Oxide Semiconducor) epidtfj;jpd; %ykhf midj;J td;nghUs;fSk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mit midj;Jk; rhpahf ,aq;Ffpd;wdth vd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• mLj;J fzpdp cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa Bootstrap Loader vDk;
epiynghUspw;fika (POST) nra;epuypdhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Boot sequence ,jdhy; njhlf;fr;
nrYj;jpapy; (Boot Drive) Master Boot Record (MBR) thrpf;fg;gLk;.
• ,Wjpahf Bootdrive ,Ys;s gzpnray; Kiwik jwpNghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; (RAM)
gpuNtrpf;Fk;.
• mjw;F mLj;jjhf fzpdpapd; Koikahd fl;Lg;ghl;il> gzpnray; Kiwik ngw;W> gaeh;
,ilKfj;ij (User Interface) mspf;Fk;.

fzpdpapd; Muk;gj; njhopw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw
,e;j Koikahd nrad;Kiw njhlf;Fjy; (Booting) vd miof;fg;gLk;. gzpnray; Kiwik>
fzpdpapd; jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; (gpujhd epidtfj;jpy;) gpuNtrpj;jy; vd;gjd;
nghUshFk;. fzpdpapd; %ykhf Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fspd; jpul;Nl
nkd;nghUs; (Software) vdg;gLk;. nkd;nghUs;fs; gy tifg;gLk;. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;lyhk;.

Kiwik nkd;nghUs;fs; (System Software)
Kiwik nkd;nghUs;fs; gpujhdkhf %d;W tifg;gLk;.
gzpnray; Kiwik (Operating System)
gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (Utility Software)
nkhopngah;g;gpfs; (Language Translators)

gzpnray; Kiwik (Operating System)
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s Vida nkd;nghUs;fs;> td;nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kfhiknra;J gaeh;
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;j trjpnra;J nfhLg;gNj gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gpujhd njhopyhFk;. Kiwik
nkd;nghUs;> gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; Mfpad td;nghUs;fSld; gilNghd;W ,ize;J njhopw;gLk;
tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (Utility Software)
fzpdpapy; epWtg;glLs;s Vida nkd;nghUs;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> ,iaghf;fy;> mt;tr;
nraw;ghLfSf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd nkd;nghUs;fisj; njhpTnra;jy;> fzpdpiag; guhjkhpj;jy; Mfpa
eltbf;iffSf;nfd Mf;fg;gl;litNa ,e;j nkd;nghUs;fshFk;.
mt;thwhd rpy nkd;nghUs;fs; tUkhW:
1) er;Repuy; vjph; nkd;nghUs;fs; (Antivirus Software) – er;Repuy; njhw;WfspypUe;J fzpdpiag;
ghJfhj;jy;.
2) tl;L tbtikj;jy; (Disk Formating) – Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpatw;iw ,lg; nghUj;jkhd
Kiwapy; tl;bidj; (Disk) jahh; nra;jy;

nkhopngah;g;gpfs; (Language Translators)
fzpdpr; nra;epuy;fs; (nkd;nghUs;fs;)> mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;gpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,it
kdpj nkhopfSf;F neUf;fkhd cah;kl;l nkhopfisg; (High Level Language) gad;gLj;jpNa
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwf; fzpdpahy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba nkhopahd (Machine Language) 1> 0
Mfpatw;wpy; nkhopngah;g;gNj nkhopngah;g;gpfspd; njhopyhFk;. xUq;FNrh;g;gpfs; (Assembler)>
njhFg;gpfs; (Compiler)> nghUs;Nfhlypfs; (Interpreter) Mfpad ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;

gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; (Application Software)
gzpnray; Kiwikapy; kl;Lk; nraw;gLk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; gaeh; fzpdp rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfis
(Mtzj; jahhpg;G> fzpjr; nra;iffs; juT Nrfhpj;jy;> juTfis epiug;gLj;jy;> fzpdp
tpisahl;Lfs; Nghd;w) Nkw;nfhs;s cjTk;.
cjhuzk; :- nrhy;Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; (Word Processing)> tphpjhs; (Spread Sheets)> juTj;jsk; (Database)>
fzpdp tpisahlLfs; (Computer Gamers)> ,izaj; Njlw; nghwpfs; (Web Engines).

gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,d;wpaikahik
gaeh; kw;Wk; fzpdp td;nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;Wfpilapyhd
njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;JtNj gzpnray; Kiwik nkd;nghUshFk;.
,jd;%yk; gy;NtW gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fisf; fzpdpapy;
epWTjy;> njhopw;glr; nra;aj; Njitahd fl;lisfis
toq;Fjy; cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Input Devices) tUtpisTr;
rhjdq;fs; (Output Devices)> kw;Wk; fzpdp epidtfk;
(Computer Memory)> Kiwtop (Process)> Nfhg;Gf;fs; (Files)>
fhg;G (Security)> tiyaikg;G (Network) Mfpatw;iw
Kfhiknra;jy;> fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s Vida
nkd;nghUs;fis ,af;Fjy; Nghd;w gzpfs; nra;ag;gLk;.
,jpypUe;J> fzpdpapd; Koikahd ,af;fj;ijg; gzpnray;
KiwikNa ,iaGgLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gzpnray; Kiwikfs;

tpd;Nlh]; (Windows) gzpnray; Kiwikfs;
ikf;Nuhnrhg;w; (Microsoft) epWtdj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpd;Nlh]; (Windoas) gzpnray;
Kiwik> gjpg;Ghpik nfhz;lJk; gzk; nrYj;jp ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;baJkhd Kiwik
nkd;nghUshFk;. cyfpy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd ,e;jg; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gy;NtW gjpg;Gfisg;
(Versions) ngwf; $bajhfTs;sJ. cjhuzk; : Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.
,itjtpuf; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfs;> tiuG ,yf;fkhf;fp (Tablet) tiff; fzpdpfs; Mfpatw;iwj;
njhopw;glr; nra;a Windows Mobile vDk; gzpnray; Kiwik mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
Nritf; fzpdpfspd; (Server) njhopw;ghl;bw;nfd Nritg; gzpnray; Kiwikahf Windows Server
vDk; gzpnray; KiwikAk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mac gzpnray; Kiwik
Apple epWtdj;jhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Mac OS
vdg;gLk; gzpnray; Kiwik Apple Macintosh
fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J gjpg;G
chpkj;Jld; $ba gzk; nrYj;jpf; nfhs;tdT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Kiwik nkdnghUshFk;;.
,e;jg; gzpnray; Kiwikia Apple
epWtdj;jpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfspy; kl;LNk
epWt KbAk;.
Ubuntu gzpnray; Kiwik
Linux gzpnray; Kiwikia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Ubuntu gzpnray; Kiwik
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,ytrkhfg;
ngwf;$ba trjpAs;sJ. MfNt> ,jid ,ytr
jpwe;j nkd;nghUs; (free and Open Source Software)
vdTk; miog;gh;.
http//www.Ubuntu.com/download vDk; tiyf;
flg;gplj;jpypue;J ,e;j gzpnray; Kiwikia
,ytrkhfg; gjptpwf;fk; nra;aKbAk;.

Android gzpnray; Kiwik
Google epWtdj;jpd; %ykhf Android gzpnray;
Kiwik jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ifalf;fr;
rhjdq;fSf;nfd (Mobile Devices) tpNrlkhfj;
jahhpf;fg;gl;l gzpnray; Kiwiknad Android
fisf; Fwpg;gp;lyhk;. ,J ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLk;
gzpnray; KiwikahFk;.
Hanthana Linux gzpnry; Kiwik
,J Linux gzpnray; Kiwikia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jid
www.hanthana.org ,ypUe;J ,ytrkhf gjptpwf;fk;
nra;a KbAk;.

gzpnray; Kiwikfspd; tifg;gLj;jy;
fzpdpiaj; njhlf;fpajpypUe;J epWj;Jk;tiu fzpdpapd; td;$Wfis cr;rstpy; gad;gLj;jp
gaeUf;Fj; Njitahd gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fisj; njhopw;glr;nra;aj; Njitahd #oiyf;
fl;bnaOg;GjNy gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gpujhdkhd gzpahFk;. gzpnray; Kiwikfspd;
njhopw;ghl;Lf;fika mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1) jdpg; gad;ghL (Single user)
2) gy; gad;ghL (Multi user)
3) gy; nfhs;gzp (Multi tasking)
4) epfo; Neuk; (Real time)

jdpg; gad;ghl;Lg; gzpnray; Kiwik
xU jlitaoy; xU gaeUf;F kl;Lk; Nritia
toq;Fk; gzpnray; KiwikNa ,JthFk;.
cjhuzk; :- MS DOS gzpnray; Kiwik
gy; gad;ghl;L gzpnray; Kiwik
xU jlitapy; xd;Wf;F Nkwgl;l gaeh;fshy;
fzpdpapy; njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba
gzpnray; KiwikNa ,JthFk;. Mainframe
Nghd;w xNu jlitapy; gy;NtW egh;fSf;nfdr;
nraw;glf;$ba nraw;glf;$ba fzpdpfspy;
,t;thwhd gzpnray; Kiwik epWtg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :- Linux, Windows Server.

gy; nfhs;gzp gzpnray; Kiwik
xU jlitaoy; gy nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf;
$ba gzpnray; KiwikNa ,JthFk;.
,jd;%yk; jdpg; gaehuhy; xU jlitapy; gy
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk; :- Windows 7, Windows 8, windows 10,
Ubuntu, Mac Os
epfo;Neu gzpnray; Kiwik
,J cs;sPl;il toq;fpaJk; jhkjkpd;wp
Jyq;fis toq;f;f$ba gzpnray;
KiwikahFk;.. jd;dpaf;ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jpfisf;
nfhz;l ,ae;jpuq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jg;
gzpnray; Kiwik gad;gLj;jg;gLk;;
cjhuzk; :- Airline Reservation System, ATM

gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpfs;
gzpnray; Kiwik xU nkd;nghUshFk;. ,jdhy; td;nghUs;fSk; gpw nkd;nghUs;fSk; Kfhik
nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd;%yk; Vida nkd;nghUs;fSf;fhd Nritfs; toq;fg;gLk;. fzpdpg; gzpnray;
Kiwik %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpujhd njhopy;fs; ,uz;L tUkhW.
fzpdp KiwikapYs;s td;nghUs;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
gaeh; el;G ,ilKfj;ij toq;Fjy;

fzpdp Kiwikapd; td;nghUs;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
fzpdpapy;> gzpnray; Kiwik %ykhfTk; gpd;tUk; Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs; %ykhfTk;
fzpdpapd; td;$Wfs; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;.
Kiwtop Kfhik (Process Management)
epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
rhjd Kfhik (Device Management)
Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)
fhg;G Kfhik (Security Management)
tiyaikg;G Kfhik (Network Management)
fzpdpapy; ,e;jr; nraw;ghLfs; eilngWk; tpjk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;fpilahd njhlh;G Mfpad gpd;tUk;
thpg;glj;jy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kiwtop Kfhikj;Jtk; (Process Management)
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ehk; gy;NtW gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjk; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;Js;sPh;fs;.
cjhuzkhf Mtznkhd;iw mr;Rg;nghwp %yk; mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ njhlh;ghf mwpe;jpUg;gPh;fs;.
Mtzj;ij mr;rply; xU njhopw;ghnld vkf;F Njhd;wpa NghjpYk; fzpdpapy; ,e;j njhopw;ghL gy
myFfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Nl epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. gzpnray; Kiwikapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd
myFj; njhopw;ghLfs; Kiwtop vd miof;fg;gLk;.
;.
fzpdpapy; nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fzpdp
nkd;nghUs;fs; my;yJ epfo;r;rp epuy;fspd;
gFjpfis Kiwtopfs; vd vspikahff; $wyhk;.
fzpdpapd; vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfSk; xd;W my;yJ
gy gbKiwfspD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Kiwtop Kfhikj;Jtk; (Process Management)
Kiwtopf;Fj; Njitahd tifapy; ika Kiwtop myfpdhy; Neuk; xJf;fg;gly;> epidtfj;ij xJf;fpf;
nfhs;sy;, chap Kiwtopf;fhd cs;sply;> tUtpisT myif Ntwhf;fpf;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w ts
Kfhikj;Jtq;fs; gzpnray; Kiwapd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
mt;thNw vy;yhr; nrad;KiwfisAk; chpa tifapy; xOq;FgLj;jp eltbf;if vLg;gNj gzpnray;
Kiwikapd; njhopw;ghlhFk;. cjhuzkhff; fbjnkhd;iw mr;rpLk;NghJ ,ileLtpy; rhtpg;gyifiag;
gad;gLj;jp VNjDnkhd;iw cs;spLtijf; fUj;jpw;. nfhs;Nthk;. ,jd; NghJ Kjypy; fzpdpahy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba fUkk; vJntadj; jPg;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,uz;L nraw;ghLfSk; xNu jlitapy; eilngWtJ Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; fzpdpapy; ,e;j ,uz;L
nraw;ghLfSk; ,uz;L re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mt;thNw mr;rplg;gLk; Mtznkhd;wpy; VjhtJ
nrhy;nyhd;iwj; jl;lr;Rr; nra;jhy; ahJ epfOk;? ehk; mr;rplYf;fhd fl;lisia toq;fpa gpd;dh; me;j
Mtzj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpUj;jq;fs; mr;Rg;nghwp %yk; mr;rplg;gLkh? mt;thW mr;rplg;glhJ vdNt>
,jpypUe;J fzpdp %ykhd nraw;ghLfs;> Fwpj;j xOq;Fkiwapy; Kfhik nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd
mwpaKbfpwJ.

epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
fzpdp nraw;gLk;NghJ epidtfj;jpy; (gpujhdkhf jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfkhd Kjd;ik epidtfk;)
mNdf nraw;ghLfs; eilngWtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. cs;slf;fg;Lk; midj;Jj; juTfSk; ika
Kiwtop myfpw;F mDg;gg;gLk; tiu Ngzp itj;jpUf;fg;gly;> Kiwtopahf;fg;gl;l juTfis mjhtJ
jfty;fis tUtpisT myfpw;F mDg;gg;gLk; tiu NgZjy; Mfpad epidtfj;jpNy eilngWk;.
vdNt> epidtfj;ij epak Kiwapy; Kfhik
nra;jy; fzpdpapd; rPuhd nraw;ghl;bw;F kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Kiwtopahf;fj;jpd;NghJ
epidtfj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba rpf;fy;fisj; jtph;j;J
Kiwtopg;gLj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd ,lj;ij
epidtfj;jpy; xJf;fpf; nfhLj;jy;> me;j
Kiwtopia ,Wjpapy; epidtfj;jpypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
Nghd;w eltbf;iffis epidtf Kfhikia
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
epidtf Kfhikf;nfd gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; ifahsg;Glk;. mjhtJ gzpnray;
Kiwik gpujhd epidtfk; (jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk;) kw;Wk; Jiz epidtfk; Nghd;w ,uz;L
tifahd epidtfq;fis Kfhik nra;fpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; epidtpw; nfhs;s NtzLk;.
fbjnkhd;iwg; gjpg;Gr; nra;tjw;nfd fl;lis toq;fpa gpd;dj; mf;fbjj;jpy; VNjdnkhd;iw
,ilr;nrUfy; nra;tJ gw;wf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f. ,q;F fbjnkhd;W mr;Rg;nghwpapy; mr;rp;glg;gLkNghJ
vk;khy; mf;fbjj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fs; mr;Rg;nghwp %yk; mr;rplg;gLtjpy;iy. fzpdpapy;
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; cs;s tplaq;fs; kl;LNk mr;rplg;gLk;. mjd; gpd;dh; vk;khy;
cs;splg;gLk; tplaq;fs; mr;Rg;nghwpadhy; mr;rplg;glhJ.

rhjd Kfhikj;Jtk; (Device Management)
fzpdp Kiwikapy; mNdf tl;lg;Gwr; rhjdq;fs; (Peripheral Devices) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
ePq;fs; mwptPh;fs;. ,e;j midj;J rhjdq;fisAk; gzpnray; KiwikNa fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. rhjd
Kfhikf;nfd td;$Wg; gFjpfshd rhjdf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpfs; (Device Controllers)> nkd;nghUs; gFjpfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jntdr; nrYj;jpr; nra;epuy;fs; (Device drivers) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

rhjd Kfhikj;Jtk; (Device Management)
cjhuzkhf cq;fshy; nfhs;tdT nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l mr;Rg;nghwp cq;fssJ fzpdpAld;
rhpahfj; njhopw;gLtjw;F mjw;Fhpa rhjdr; nrYj;jp (Device driver) gzpnray; Kiwikapy;
chpathW epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;iynadpy; mr;Rg;nghwpapypUe;J mr;rpliy Nkw;nfhs;s
Kbfpd;w NghjpYk; mjpypYs;s jd;dpaf;fkhf ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; mr;rpliy Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w
Nkyjpf trjpfisg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy cUthFk;.
jw;rkak; mNdf rhjdq;fs; nghUj;jpaTlNdNa
,aq;ff;$baitahf (Plug and Play) jahhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fJld;
mjw;Fhpa nrYj;jr; nra;epuy;fs; (Device Driver)
jd;dpaf;fkhfNt gzpnray; Kiwikapy; epWtg;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. ,jdhy; nrYj;jpf; nray;epuy;fisg; Gwk;ghf
epWt Ntz;ba rpf;fy; vOtjpy;iy.

Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)
fzpdpapy; juTfisr; Nrkpj;Jitf;ff; Nfhg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mtw;iwr; rPuhf Kfhik
nra;tjw;F Nfhg;G ciwfs; (Fllders) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd Nfhg;Gfis Kfhik nra;tJk;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; gzpahFk;.
Gjpa Nfhg;Gfisj; jahhhpj;jYk; mtw;iw chpathW Nrkpj;jYk;.
Njitaw;w Nfhg;Gfis mopj;jy;
Njitf;Nfw;g Nfhg;G ciwfis cUthf;FjYk; Njitaw;w Nfhg;g
ciwfis mopj;jYk;;
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F kPs; ngahply;
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfpad ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fis khw;Wjy;
Njitahd re;jh;gq;fspy; Njitahd Nfhg;Gfisj; jpwj;jy;
gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; Nfhg;G Kfhikf;nfdg; gpd;tUk; gzpfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)
Nfhg;G Kfhikapd;NghJ gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %yk; Nfhg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs;> Nfhg;gpidf; ifahSjy;>
Nfhg;gpDs; Eiotjw;fhd mDkjp> Nfhg;G Kiwik Mfpad njhlh;ghd tplaq;fs; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.

fhg;G Kfhik
(Security Management)
fzpdpf;Fg; gy;NtW mr;RWj;jy;fs; Vw;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf fzpdp er;Repuy; Nghd;wd
%yk; fzpdpapd; nkd;nghUs;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd;
kPJ gy;NtW ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; fzpdpapy; mDkjpapd;wpg; gpuNtrpj;J
fzpdpj; jfty;fis mopj;jy; Nghd;w gy
gpur;rpidfSf;F fzpdp Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
epiy cs;sJ. ,t;thwhd ghjpg;GfspypUe;J
fzpdpia gzpnray; Kiwik ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
,jd; nghUl;L fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwik
%yk; gy;NtW Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
tiyaikg;G Kfhik
(Network Management)
mNefkhd gzpnray; Kiwikfs; tiyaikj;jw;
nraw;ghLfSf;F mDruidahf tpsq;Fk;.
tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s fzpdpfs;> mr;Rg;nghwp
Nghd;w td;nghUs;fSk; Nfhg;GfshfTs;s
nkd;nghUs;fs; Nghd;w tsq;fSk; fk;gpfspd;wp
,izf;fg;gl;Lg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba trjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
tiyaikg;gpDs; njhiytpy; cs;s
fzpdpnahd;iw mZfj;jf;f Mw;wiy gzpnray;
Kiwik toq;Fk;. ,jw;nfd vspikahd
njhlh;ghly; kw;Wk; gy;Y}lf tifj; njhlh;ghly;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd trjpia fzpdp tiyaikg;G
toq;Fk;. jw;NghJ fzpdp tiyaikg;igg;
gad;gLj;jj; njhiytpYs;NshUld; njhlh;ghly;
cr;rstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kfpy;
fzpg;G (Cloud computing) vdg;gLk;.

gaeh; el;G ,ilKfj;ij toq;Fjy;
gaeUld; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s ,ilKfk; mtrpakhFk;. gzpnray; Kiwik %ykhf
Njitahd nraw;ghLfis ,yFthfTk; vspikahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd fl;lisfis
toq;Fjy; mwpTWj;jy;fis tow;Fjy; Mfpatw;iw gaeh; el;G ,ilKfk; Mw;WfpwJ. ,e;j
,ilKfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; Njitwhd vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfisAk; rpf;fypd;wp ,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifahd ,ilKfq;fs; cs;sd.
fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfk;
(CLI – Command Line Interfaces)
tiutpay; gaeh; ,ilKfk;
(GUI – Graphical User Interfaces)

fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwik
(CLI – Command Line Interfaces)
Muk;g fhyq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rfy fzpdpg; gzpnray; KiwikfspYk; fl;lisf; Nfhl;L
,ilKfNk fhzg;gl;lJ. chap fl;lisfs; mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;spLtjw;nfd epidTj;
J}z;b (Prompt) fhzg;gl;lJ. Njitahd midj;Jf; fl;lisfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,e;j
epidTj; J}z;bapy; cs;spl Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. NkYk;> ,q;F chpa fl;lisfs;> njhlhpay;
(Syntax) Mfpatw;iw rhpahff; iff;nfhs;tJk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

tiutpay; gaeh; ,ilKfq;fs; nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwik
(GUI – Graphical User Interfaces)
rhsuk; - W indows
glTU - I cons
gl;bfs; - M enus
Rl;lhd; - P ointer
jw;rkak; gad;ghl;bYs;s vy;yhf; fzpfpfspYk; tiutpay; Kiwapyhd ,ilKfq;fNs cs;sd.
gaehpdhy; ,yFthff; Rl;biag; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ tpuy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Njitahd
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba trjp ,tw;wpy; cs;sJ. ,jd;%ykhf kpf ,yFthf gzp
nray;Kiwikiag; gad;gLj;jp njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. tiutpay; gaeh;
,ilKfj;Jld; $ba gzpnray; Kiwikapy; (Operating Systems with Graphical User Interfaces (GUI))
ehd;F gpujhd $Wfs; %ykhf gaeUf;fhf trjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ,it RWf;fkhf WIMP vd
miof;fg;gLk; mf;$Wfs; tUkhW.

gzpnray; Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs;.
fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; gzpnray; Kiwik gy;NtW topfspy; cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij ePq;fs;
jw;NghJ mwpe;Js;sPh;fs;. fzpdpapd; rPuhd ,af;fk; kw;Wk; fzpdpf;F Vw;glf;$ba mr;RWj;jy;fisj;
jLj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;nfd gy;NtW gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; gzpnray; Kiwikaapy; cs;sd. Kd;dh;
nghJthf gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; jdpj;jdpahf nfhs;tdTnra;J epWtNtz;ba ,Ue;jNghJk; ,d;W
gy gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; gzpnray; KiwikaDs;NsNa cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd;.

nkd;nghUs;fs; Nfhg;GfisnaLj;jYk; td;tl;LfspypUe;J kPSl;lw;
gpujpnaLj;jy;
tl;Lj; ghPl;rpg;ghd; tl;Lfspy; FiwghLfs; cs;s ,lq;fis ,dq;fhZk;
nkd;nghUs;.
tl;L Jz;lhf;fy; Tl;by; RahjPdkhd rpwpa gpuNjrq;fis ,izj;J nghpa
gpuNjrj;ij cUthf;fp tlbid xOq;fikj;jy;
Nfhg;Gfs; / juTfisr; Ruf;Fjy; mjpf nfhs;sTila Nfhg;Gf;fisr; RUf;fp Fiwe;j
nfhs;ssTilajhf khw;Wjy;
Nfhs;gzp Kfhik (Task Manager) ,jd; %ykhff; fzpdpapy; nraw;gLk; nra;epuy;fs;>
Kiwtopfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Fjy; fzpdpapd;
toikahd epiyikfis fhl;Ljy;.
Kiwik tOf;fisf; fz;lwpAk; fUtp ,jd; %yk; fzpdpapy; my;yJ fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy;
cs;s nkd;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; td;nghUs;fspYs;s
FiwghLfs; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;.
er;R epuy; vjph;g;G nkd;nghUs;fs me;epa nkd;nghUs;fis ,dq;fhzy;> mtw;iw mfw;wjy;
Mfpad %yk; fzpdpiag; ghJfhj;jy;.

juTfs; my;yJ Nfhitfisg;
gbnaLj;jy; / ntl;bnahl;Ljy;
FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fg; NgZtjw;F Clip board cjTk;
juT xUq;fpizg;G nkd;nghUs; ,jd; %yjhf Kjd;ik Njf;fj;jpypUe;J ,yf;fj; Njf;fj;jpd;
jfTj;jd;ikia NgZjy;
tl;Lg; gphptply; nkd;nghUs; ,jd; %ykhf jdpahd nrYj;jpia gy jUf;fr; nrYj;jpfshf gphpf;Fk;
trjp nra;jy;
fzpdpr; nraw;ghL gad;gLjjg;glhj epiyapy; fzpdpiag; ghJfhg;gjw;nfd Screen Saver gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s nkd;nghUs;fspd; tptuq;fs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila td;nghUs;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis
toq;Fjy; System Profiles ,d; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfspd; njhlh;Gilikiag; gFj;jha;jy;> juT khw;wPl;ilr; Nrhjpj;jy; tiyg; gad;ghlL
nkd;nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
,q;F vk;khy; gpd;tUk; gad;glL nra;epuy;fs; rpy gw;wp kl;Lk; fUj;jpw; nfs;sg;gLk;.
tl;Lg; gphptply; - Disk Partitioning
tl;L tbtikj;jy; - Disk Formatting
Jz;lhf;fy; - Defragmentation

tl;Lg; gphptply; (Partitioning)
ngJthf fzpdpapy; ngsjpf hPjpahf xU td;tl;L klLNk fhzg;gLk;. vdpDk;> mJ jUf;f
hPjpahf ghfq;fshf Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW td;tl;il Njitf;Nfw;g ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J
Ntwhf;Fjy; td;tl;Lg; gphptply; (Partitioning) vdg;gLk;.
miktbtg;gLj;Jk; (Configure) Kjw; re;jh;g;gj;jpNyNa ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw>
VNjDk; fhuzj;jpdhy; Nkyjpf td;tl;Lf;fis fzpdpapy; Nrh;f;Fk;NghNjh my;yJ Vw;fdNt
cs;s td;tl;il mfw;wpg; Gjpa td;tl;ik ,Lk;NghNjh me;j td;tl;il gphptply;
nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
NkYk;> Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s gphptpliy khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gbd;> me;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; gphptpliy
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vt;thnwdpDk; gphptply; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s
td;tl;by; kPz;Lk; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ chap
td;tl;bYs;s midj;Jj; juTfSk; mopq;JtpLk;. MfNt>
,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Njitahd juTfspd; kPSl;;lw; gpujpia
(Backup) nghw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fPNoAs;s thpg;glq;fspy; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhs;s Kd;dUk;
gphptply; Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dUk; td;tl;bd; Njw;jk;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gphptplypd; mtrpak;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fSd;nfd td;tl;L $Wfshfg; gphptplg;gLk;. gpujhd fhuzq;fs; rpy tUkhW.
fzpdpapy; Njf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fis ntt;Ntwhfr; Nrkpj;jy;. (cjhuzkhf nkd;nghUs;fs; xU gphptpYk;
juTfs; ,d;DnjhU gphptpYk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;).
fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikfs; gytw;iw epWTjy; (cjhuzkhf xNu fzpdpapy; Windoas> Ubuntu
Mfpad gzpnray; Kiwikfis epWTjy;)
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jpnra;jy; (cjhuzkhf rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gzpnray;
Kiwikapd; gzpf;nfd td;tl;bd; Nkyjpf gphpT Njitg;gLk;).
td;tl;by; $Wfshfg; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NgJ mtw;wpd; $Wfis jdpj;jdpahd nrYj;jpfsff;
fhzyhk;. Windows #oypy; ,e;jf; $Wfs; xt;nthd;Wk; C vOj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J ngahplg;gLk;. Kjyhk;
nrYj;jp C nrYj;jp vdg;gLk;. ,uz;lhtJ nrYj;jp D nrYj;jp vd ngahplg;;;gLk;.
Linux #oypy; td;tl;bd; $Wfs;> ,yf;f gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L> rpkpl;L epidtfk; Mfpad midj;Jk;
Nfhg;G ciwapdy; (Linux ,y; ,it bnuf;lh; vd miof;fg;gLk;). gpujpaPL nra;ag;gLk;. Linux #oypy;
C,D vd;w ngah;fspy; nrYj;jpfisf; fhztpayhJ.

tl;L tbtikj;jy; (Disk Formatting)
td;tl;by; gphptpliy Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ khj;jpuNk mjpy; juTfsir; Nrkpf;f KbAk;. me;jf; $Wfs;
midj;Jk; jdpj;jdpahf vk;khy; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tbtikj;jy; %ykhf td;tl;L> nefpo;tl;L Mfpatw;wpy; mjw;fhpa Kiwikia gad;gLj;jp Nfhg;Gj;
juTfis Nrkpf;f Vw;wthW khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; re;ijapy; mNdf jw;fhypf epidtfw;fs; Kd;dNu tbtikf;fg;gl;l (Pre- Formatted_
epiyapy; cs;sjhy; mtw;iw Neubahfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
Njitf;Nfw;g td;tl;ilNah nefpo;tl;ilNa kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
tbtikj;jYf;F cl;gLj;;jpg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd;NghJ
tl;bYs;s midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; mope;JtpLk; vd;gij
Qhgfj;jy; itj;jpUg;gJ mtrpajhFk;. MfNt> tl;bYs;s
Kf;fpakd Nfhg;Gfis tbtikf;f Kd;dh; mtw;wpd; kPSl;lw;
gpujpfis (Backup) vLj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
gphptply;> tbtikj;jy; Mfpad %ykhf nrYj;jpfs; juTfis
,Ltjw;F Vw;wthW khw;wg;Lk;.
vdpDk;> fzpdpapy; Kjw;jlitahf gzpnray; Kiwikia
epWTk;NghJ gphptply;> tbtikj;jy; Mfpad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mjd; gpd;dh; ,it kpf mhpjhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Jz;lhf;fy; (Defragmentation)
,J tpd;Nlh]; (Windows) #otpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nfhg;G td;tl;by; ,lg;gLk;NghJ rpy
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; (Nfhg;Gfs; nfhs;sstpy; mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ) mtw;iw Xnu jlitapy; Nrkpf;f
Kbahj epiy Vw;glyhk;. ,;t;thW Nfhg;gpd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;y;
Jz;lq;fshjy; vdg;gLk;.
tpNrlkhff; Nfhg;Gfs; mbf;fb njhFg;gLtjhy; Nfhg;gpd; msT mjpfhpg;gjdhy; Nfhg;Gfisg;
ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J tl;bd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; gzpnray; Kiw %yk; Nrkpf;fyhk;. Nfhg;Gfis
ePf;fp tl;by; Gjpa Nfhg;Gfspw;fhd ,lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kay;tjdhYk; Jz;lhf;fy; epfOk;.
Jz;lhf;fy; %ykhf Nfhg;gpid thrpf;f KaYk;NghJ ,jd; ghfq;fs; xNu thpirapy; (xd;Wf;nfhd;W
mz;ikapy;) mike;jpuhik fhuzkhf mtw;iw thrpf;f ePz;l Neuk; nry;tjdhy; fzpdpapd;
nraw;wpwd; FiwAk;.

Jz;lhf;fy; (Defragmentation)
fzpdpapd; nra;wwpwd; FiwAnkdpd; ,J Jz;lhf;fy; fhuzkhf epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd Cfpf;fyhk;.
(fzpdpapd; nraw;wpwd; Fiwtila NtW gy fhuzq;fSk; cs;sd). ,jw;nfd tpiuthf kPs;
Jz;lhf;fiy Nkw;nfhs;tNj rpw;e;jjhFk;.
vt;thnwdpDk;> Linux I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; Nfhg;gfs; NtW KiwapNyNa
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F Nfhg;Gfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mz;ikapy;
Nrkpf;fg;glhJ. xt;nthU Nfhg;Gf;nfdTk; mjpf ,lk;
xJf;fg;gl;L xd;Wf;nfhd;W Nra;ikahfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
,jdhy; Muk;g Nfhg;gpd; msT nghpjhff; fhzg;gbDk;
mJ xNu jlitapy; Nrkpf;ff; $ba ,lk;
xJf;fgl;bUf;Fk;.
,jdhy; Linux gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; Jz;lhf;fy;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; FiwthFk;. mt;thNw
Nfhg;gpd; nfhs;ssT kpfg; nghpjhapd; me;jf; Nfhg;G
NtNwhh; ,lj;jpy; ngah;f;fg;gl;L Nrkpf;fg;gl Linux
gzpnray Kiwik eltbf;ifnaLf;Fk; . ,jd;;
fhuzkhf Linux gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; kPs;
Jz;lhf;fYf;nfd Nkyjpf gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs;
Njitg;glhJ.

Nfhg;G Kiwikia ,dq;fhzy;
fzpdpapy; ngUksthd juTfis ,Ljy; kw;Wk; ,;lg;gl;Ls;s juTfis kpff; Fwfpa fhyj;jpDs;
kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Mfpa trjpfis toq;ff; $ba nghwpKiwNa ,JthFk;. ,t;thW ,lg;gLk;
juTfspd; milahsj;ij ,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ehk; mjw;nfdf; Nfhg;Gg; nganuhd;iw toq;f
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw fzpdpapy; gzpnray; Kiwik kw;Wk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUSf;Fhpa ghhpa
Nfhg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;thW fzpdpapDs; fhzg;gLk; rfy Nfhg;GfSk; ,uz;L $Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. Nfhg;Gg; ngah; (File Name) ePl;rp (Extension) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sNghJk;
gzpnray;Kiwik %yk; Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rp gaeUf;Fj; njhpahjthW Ngzg;gLk;.

Nfhg;gpd; ePl;rpia mtjhdpj;jy;
Start Control Panel Folder Options View Hide Extensions for known File Types (cUit
mtjhdpf;f) rhp milahsj;ij ePf;Fk;. Ok fl;lisg; nghj;jhid mKj;Jf.
ve;jnthU Nfhg;gpd; kPJk; ,ul;ilr; nrhlf;Fjiy (Double Click)
Nkw;nfhz;L ePl;rpapd; ngaiu mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Nfhg;G ePl;rpfs; (File Extension) cs;sd. mtw;Wl; rpy tUkhW>
gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; njlh;ghfg; Ngzg;gLk; Nkyjpf tplaq;fs;
Nfhg;gpid ,Lk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; vk;khy; Nfhg;gpd; ngah; kw;Wk;
Ngzg;gLk; ,lk; Mfpad cs;splg;gLk;. ,it jtpu Nfhg;gj;
njhlh;ghd juTfs; gyTk; Ngzg;gLk;.
 Nfhg;G tif (Type of file)
 Nfhg;gpd; gUkd; (Size of the File)
 Nfhg;G Nrkpf;fg;gl;l jpfjpAk; NeuKk; (Saved Date and Time)

Nfhg;igg; NgZtjw;fhd ,lj;ijj; njhpTnra;jy;
Nfhg;igg; NgZk;NghJ ehk; tpUk;gpa epidtff; nfhs;ssitj; njhpTnra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mJ
nrYj;jp vdg;gLk;. td;tl;L gphptply; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; nrYj;jpfs; gy fhzg;gLk;.
nrYj;jpfs; (Drives)
fzpdpapy; juTfisr; Nrkpg;gjw;Fg; gpujhdkhd td;tl;L gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mJ ghfq;fshfg; gphptply;
nra;ag;gltpy;iynadpd; mJ [C:] nrYj;jpnadTk; gphptply; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; ghfq;fspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F mika [C:] , [D:] , [E:] vd;wthWk; Njhd;Wk;.
fzpdpapy; CD, DVD, Blu Ray Disc Mfpatw;wpy; epidtff; nfhs;ssT fhzg;gLnkdpd; td;tl;bd;
ghfq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rhh;ghf ,t;thwhd nrYj;jpfSf;F vOj;JUf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf td;tl;L ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; [C:] , [D:] , [E:] , [F:] vd fhl;lg;gLk;.
mg;NghJ CD, DVD,Blu Ray Disc Mfpatw;Wf;Fhpa nrYj;jp [G:] vDk; vOj;jpdhy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mt;thNw NgdhnrYj;jp (Pen Drive) I fzpdpapy; ,izf;Fk; NghJk; mjidf; Fwpg;gp; vOj;njhd;W
toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf mJ [K:] vd fhl;lg;;gLk;.
fzpdpapYs;s nrYj;jpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mtjhdpg;gjw;F Computer vDk; glTUitj; jpwe;J
nfhs;f ,q;F Gwj;Nj nghUj;jg;gLk; CD, DVD, Blu Ray Disc, Pendrive Nghd;w mfw;wg;glf;$ba
Njf;ffq;fs; (Removable Storage) nrYj;jpfshf fhl;lg;gLk;

Nfhg;Gfis itg;gjw;nfd nrYj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJk; nghJthfg; Nfhg;Gfs; ,q;F Neubahf
,lg;gLtjpy;iy. nrYj;jpapds; Nfhg;G ciwia (Folder) epUkhzpj;J mjDs; Nfhg;Gfs; itf;fg;gLk;. Nfhg;G
ciwfSf;Fk; chap ngaiu cs;spl Ntz;Lk;.

Nfhg;G ciwnahd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;
1) Nfhg;G ciwiaj; jahhpf;f Ntz;ba nrYj;jpiaj; njhpTnra;f.
2) gl;baw; gl;ilapy; (Menu Bar) File gl;bapy; New ,d; fPOs;s Nfhg;G ciwiaj; (Folder) njhpTnra;f.
,y;iyNay; fUtpg; gl;ilapy; New Folder ,idj; njhpTnra;f.
3) nghUj;jkhd ngaiu cs;spLf.
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfisf; ifahsy;
nrYj;jpfspYs;s Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;G ciwfs; Mfatwwpy; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;b Vw;glyhk;
Nfhg;G> Nfhg;Giwfs; Mfpatw;iw efy;nra;J xl;Ljy; (Copy & Paste)
1) efy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;G ciwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
2) efy; nra;tjw;fhd Copy fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;Jjy; (Edit Copy my;yJ Ctrl + C)
3) xl;Ljy; nra;aNtz;ba nrYj;jpia my;yJ Nfhg;G ciwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;.
4) Paste fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;jy; .(Edit Paste my;yJ Ctrl + V)

Nfhg;G> Nfhg;G ciw Mfpatw;Wf;Fhpa ngah;fis khw;Wjy; (Rename)
1) ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;G ciwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
2) File gl;bapy; Rename fl;liwiaf; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.
3) ,lg;gl Ntz;ba ngaiu jl;lr;Rr; nra;J Enter rhtpia mOj;Jjy;.
Nfhg;Gfs;> Nfhg;Giwfis ePf;Fjy; (Delete)
ePf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;G / Nfhg;Giwia kPs;epiyg;gLj;jy; (Restore)
1) Recycle Bin ,izj; jpwe;Jnfhs;sy;.
2) ,jpy; kps;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;Giwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
3) File gl;baypy; Restore fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;Jjy;
1) mfw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;G / Nfhg;Giwiaj; njhpTnra;jy;
2) File gl;bapy; Delete vDk; fl;lisiar; nraw;gLj;jy; /
rhtpg;gyifapy; Delete rhtpia mOj;Jjy;
3) mg;NghJ Njhd;Wk; nrhy;yhlw; rhsuj;jpy; Yes vDk; fl;lisiar;
nraw;gLj;Jjy;

fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;F gzpnray; Kiwik kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;l midj;Jg; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fSk; gzpnray;Kiwik %yNk
nraw;gLj;ggLk;.
gaeh; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fSld; njhlh;Gwj; Njitahd trjpfs; gzpnray; Kiwik ,ilKfj;jpd;
%yk; toq;fg;gLk;
fl;lisf;Nfhl;L ,ilKfj;ij tpl tiutpaw; gaeh; ,ilKfk; gadeUld; kpf neUf;fkhfr;
nraw;gLk;.
jdpg; gad;ghL> gy; gad;ghL> gy; nfhs;gzp> epfo;Neuk; vd gzpnray; Kiwikfs; gy tifg;gLk;
xU jlitapy; xU gaeh; kl;LNk nraw;gl trjp toq;Fk; gzp nray; Kiwik jdpg; gad;ghlLg;
gzpnray; Kiwik MFk;.
xU jlitapy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ gy; nfhs;gzp gzpnray;
Kiwik vdg;gLk;.
xU jlitapy; gy nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ gy; nfhw;gzp gzpnray;
Kiwiik vdg;gLk;.
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; %ykhf fzpdpapYs;s midj;Jg; ghfq;fSk; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;.
gzpnray; Kiwikia fzpdpapy; epWt Kd;dh; td;tl;ilg; ghfq;fshfg; gphpj;J tpLjy;> gphptply;
vdg;gLk;
Nfhg;G> Nfhg;Gg; nghah; kw;Wk; ePl;rp nfhz;bUf;Fk;
Nfhg;Gfisg; NgZjw;F Nfhg;G ciw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Nfhg;Gf;fis ,Ltjw;fhd Nfhg;Giwfs; gaehpdhy; nrYj;jpapy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

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