Overview of Citing Sources
- 1. Citing Sources A compilation and summary of academic writing articles. By Berliana Putri Ariyati
- 2. What is a citation? A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper. Different universities/professors may use/prefer/have different writing style manuals. Some disciplines have their own citation methods. Source for this page: http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/citingsources
- 3. Why citing sources? (1) • To show that you are aware of the major areas of thought in your specific subject. This allows you to show how your contribution fits in, by correcting previous research, filling gaps, adding support or extending current research or thinking. • To support the points you are making by referring to other people's work. Citing authors that agree with the points you are making or explain why the cited authors who do not agree with you are wrong will strengthen your argument. Looking up a reference for verification also serves as an accuracy check, e.g., to double check a direct quote, to ensure the fidelity of a passage that you paraphrased, or to cite another study that is related to your study.
- 4. • To show that you have read and understood specific texts. You need to show that you have read around the subject, not just confined your reading to one textbook or lecture notes. A good bibliography shows off your scientific knowledge. • To avoid plagiarism. You must not use another person's words or ideas as your own so you need to say where they are from. Failure to cite other people's intellectual property ruins careers and reputations and can result in legal action. Why citing sources? (2) Source for this part: http://www.uefap.com/writing/citation/citefram.htm and https://falconediting.com/en/blog/6-reasons-why-citation-of-sources-is-important-when- writing
- 5. Type of Sources • Reference books, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and books of facts. Many lecturers do not allow them as sources in research papers. • Scholarly journals/periodicals/periodical journals. These are important sources of information for students in graduate schools. • Books. • Magazine, newspaper, and online articles. Some of them may not be appropriate to use. Source for this page: Oshima, Alice, and Ann Hogue. Writing Academic English. 4th ed. Pearson- Longman, 2006.
- 6. Evaluating Sources (1) Check reliability first! •Check the date. Make sure the information or the sources is up-to-date or still current. •Check the author’s and the publisher’s reputations. The author company/organization/institution must have special knowledge of, experience in, or authority on the topic. •Check the purpose of the publication or the website. Be aware that it may try to sell a product, to support one side of a controversy, to promote a particular political point of view, or merely to provide information.
- 7. • Check the content. Is it mostly fact/opinion/propaganda? Does it seem strongly biased? Are the ideas supported by reliable evidence? • Check the language. Does the source seem well written? Is it free from emotion-arousing words? Do you notice any spelling errors or grammatical mistakes? • Check the quality of the presentation. Is the quality of the printing good? Is the website well organized? Does it offer links to other sites? Evaluating Sources (2) Source for this part: Oshima, Alice, and Ann Hogue. Writing Academic English. 4th ed. Pearson- Longman, 2006.
- 8. Basic Citing Methods (1) There are basically two ways of citing or referring to other people’s work: 1.Reporting 2.Quoting Directly
- 9. Basic Citing Methods (2) 1. Reporting Report other writer’s ideas into your own words. Paraphrase to keep the length the same. Summarize to shorten the text. • integral According to Peters (1983) evidence from first language acquisition indicates that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalysed lexical chunks. Evidence from first language acquisition indicating that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalysed lexical chunks was given by Peters (1983).
- 10. • Non Integral Evidence from first language acquisition (Peters, 1983) indicates that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalysed lexical chunks. Lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalysed lexical chunks (Peters, 1983). Integral and non integral types depend on whether or not the name of the cited author occurs in the citing sentence or in parenthesis. • If you want to refer to a particular part of the source: According to Peters (1983, p. 56) evidence from first language acquisition indicates that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalysed lexical chunks. Basic Citing Methods (3): Reporting, continued.
- 11. 2. Quoting Directly •Occasionally you may want to quote another author's words exactly. For example: Hillocks (1982) similarly reviews dozens of research findings. He writes, "The available research suggests that teaching by written comment on compositions is generally ineffective" (p. 267). •Keep the quotation as brief as possible and quote only when it is necessary •Do not overdo this. Basic Citing Methods (4) Source for this part: http://www.uefap.com/writing/citation/citefram.htm
- 12. Verbs for Citing Sources (1) When you mention a published work for the first time, you can use the following basic patterns: Brown (2003) comments concludes explains indicates notes observes remarks states that . . . . Brown, Horton and Tomlinson (2004) advocate the view hold the position present arguments to emphasize propose that . . . .
- 13. Brown’s (2003) study emphasizes illustrates points out proposes shows suggests that . . . . Brown’s (2003) findings confirm establish maintain show that . . . . The analysis of the ABC report denies shows suggests that . . . . Verbs for Citing Sources (2)
- 14. For the second or subsequent mentions of your sources in your paraphrase of a linked point, you can use these patterns: •Other useful verbs that you can use when citing from sources are: compare, observe, determine, distinguish, identify, prove. Verbs for Citing Sources (3) Brown (2003) further asserts points out suggests that . . . . Brown et al. (2004) additionally advocate argue emphasize explain that . . . .
- 15. Important notes: •Use a variety of citing methods and do not just ‘drop names’! Poor sample: Jonston (1996) feels that... Stone (1998) notes that... One of the factors that people tend to overlook is... Lockshead (2004) argues in favour of studying this factor. Brown (2003) proposes that.... Better sample: Jonston (1996) reports that his study of ... shows... This finding is supported by Stone’s (1998) replication of ... Although both these studies focus on the ... aspect of motivation, they have omitted... According to Dornyei (1999), motivation... This has serious implications for.... Verbs for Citing Sources (4)
- 16. Avoid citing published sources using verbs such as: believe, feel, hear, like, listen, love, think, try, suppose, want, wonder. For more ways of referring to sources, see Academic Vocabulary in Use by Michael McCarthy and Felicity O’Dell, Cambridge, 2008, Unit 23 (Sources). Verbs for Citing Sources (5) Source for this part: https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/ccds/sites/utsc.utoronto.ca.ccds/files/5.pdf
- 17. Documentation of Sources Two steps of documenting the sources of outside information: 1.In-text Citation Insert a short reference in the body of your paper. 2. Works Cited Prepare a list describing all your sources completely. Appears as the last page of your paper. Also known as ‘Reference List’. Source for this page: Oshima, Alice, and Ann Hogue. Writing Academic English. 4th ed. Pearson- Longman, 2006.
- 18. Citation and Format Styles The most common citation and format styles: •The American Psychological Association (APA) •The Modern Language Association (MLA) •The Chicago Manual of Style •The American Medical Association (AMA) Style •The Harvard Referencing Style. Source for this page: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
- 19. REMEMBER! Careful and proper citation practices will build your credibility as a scientist or a scholar! -end of slides-