![ Subjective Definition:
. . . “[I]diot” is not a nice word to call somebody,
and I find myself asking, as Mr. Welch did of
Senator Joseph McCarthy, “Have you no sense of
decency, sir?” Throughout my life, I have had to
struggle to keep from thinking of myself in the
limiting way that word implies. So, for the record, I
would like it known that I am not an “idiot.” I am a
person who suffers from idiocy. Nobody knows
what it is like to deal with crippling bouts of idiocy
while trying to lead a normal life. The last thing I
need is for somebody to make it harder by pointing
out what an “idiot” I am.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/patternofdevelopment-170704082211/85/Pattern-of-d-evelopment-29-320.jpg)
Pattern of d evelopment
- 1. Ken Michael A. Taban-ud Mhiney Maghanoy Charles Tan Patrick ang
- 2. Refers to the particular strategy used by writers to develop ideas. Patterns of developmenthelp us sort out information and shape paragraphs or essays. They can help organize an outline, or depending on the purpose they can determine the form that a paper will take. Development is the process of adding informative and illustrative details to support the main idea in a paragraph or essay. Also known as elaboration
- 3. Prefered strategy when writing fiction Description of time and place draws readers into other worlds and sets the stage where a story can unfold. Description of characters, their appearance, mannerisms, and utterances, helps us imagine what people are like Can be Subjective or Objective
- 4. Subjective Description Objective Description words are positively or negatively charged, or “connotative,” in that they do convey a good or bad impression of their subject. These words convey attitude, feeling, perspective, mood—a positive or negative charge. words are “neutral” or “denotative” because they aren’t likely to carry any emotional charge. They convey information but not much feeling about that information. They are neutral because they don’t make you feel positive or negative about the subject they describe.
- 6. Caroline, or Sister Carrie, as she had been half afffectionately termed by the family, was possessed of a mind rudimentary in its power of observation and analysis. Self-interest with her was high, but not strong. It was nevertheless, her guiding characteristic. Warm with the fancies of youth, pretty with the insipid prettiness of the formative period, possessed of a figure promising eventual shapeliness and an eye alight with certain native intelligence, she was a fair example of the middle American class
- 7. The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized, deciduous tree usually ranging from 15–25 m. (50–80 ft.) tall when mature. Bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees, becoming ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the tip.
- 8. A narrative is a story. As a method of development, storytelling can be very effective for the simple reason that people love to hear stories Even when your purpose is to write an essay that is primarily to inform, analyze or argue, a narrative paragraph can be effective at drawing the reader in and establishing your voice in the essay
- 9. The Use of Action Verbs and Transitional Expressions Ex: meanwhile, eventually, soon, later, first, second, then, finally, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, too The Controlling Idea in Narrative Paragraphs Concrete and Specific Detail
- 10. Specific / General blue hamster / pet banana squash / vegetable red and white umbrella with a broken spoke / rain gear Concrete / Abstract He kissed her and smiled into her eyes. / He loved her. Her hands were shaking and she was afraid her knees would not support her. / She was scared. As the sun passed under the horizon, the sky turned hot pink and gold, and rays of brighter gold fanned across the sky into the high clouds above. / It was a beautiful sunset.
- 11. A process analysis is a discussion of the steps one must take to achieve a particular end. Some process analysis writing is intended for an audience that needs to learn how to perform a process themselves Other process analysis writing is informative rather than instructional Some process analyses work on both levels,
- 14. Sequence: Typically, the steps in the process being described happen in sequence over time, and so are presented in chronological order. Process analysis paragraphs also depend on transitional expressions such as "first," "second," "then," and "finally," to indicate the sequence in which steps are to be taken. Audience: Audience awareness is extremely important in process analysis writing. The writer must have a clear sense of the audience in order to know what to include, what to leave out, how technical to be, and how formal or informal to be
- 15. How to get rid of a roommate—without committing a crime How to succeed in (or flunk out of) college How to pitch a knuckleball How to plan the perfect party How to survive a night of babysitting How to pitch a tent in the rain How to housebreak your dog How to kick a bad habit How to overcome insomnia How to stay sober on a Saturday night How to rent your first apartment
- 16. Uses examples to show, explain or prove a point. Giving examples is the basis of all good writing and speaking Writers use examples to make a general idea clear—to illustrate an idea The illustration may be one long, extended example, or it may be several short examples. It may be a story, an anecdote, a quotation, or a statistic. The key to a good illustration, however, no matter which form it takes, is that it sheds light on the general idea
- 17. A single, long illustration allows you to get in depth and explore facts of an idea. A series of examples or statistical information You may also choose to use quotations to illustrate an idea.
- 18. In January 2003, voting activist Bev Harris was holed up in the basement of her three-story house in Renton, Washington, searching the Internet for an electronic voting machine manual, when she made a startling discovery. . . . "There was a lot of stuff that shouldn't have been there," Harris said. . . . . Harris discovered that she could enter the vote database using Microsoft Access -- a standard program often bundled with Microsoft Office -- and change votes without leaving a trace. Diebold hadn't password-protected the file or secured the audit log, so anyone with access to the tabulation program during an election -- Diebold employees, election staff or even hackers if the county server were connected to a phone line -- could change votes and alter the log to erase the evidence. "It was getting scarier and scarier," Harris said. "I was thinking we have an immense problem here that's much bigger than me." Over the past year, doubts about the accuracy and integrity of e-voting equipment have been growing, thanks to Harris' discovery.
- 19. Modern humans are bacteria-killing machines. We assassinate microbes with hand soap, mouthwash and bathroom cleaners. It feels clean and right. But some scientists say we're overdoing it. All this killing may actually cause diseases like eczema, irritable bowel syndrome and even diabetes. The answer, they say, is counterintuitive: Feed patients bacteria.
- 20. Using quotations to illustrate an idea Chávez was an ethical vegan and vocal advocate of animal rights. He stated, "I feel very deeply about vegetarianism and the animal kingdom. It was my dog Boycott who led me to question the right of humans to eat other sentient beings." He also said, "Kindness and compassion towards all living beings is a mark of a civilized society. Racism, economic deprival, dog fighting and cock fighting, bullfighting and rodeos are all cut from the same defective fabric: violence. Only when we have become nonviolent towards all life will we have learned to live well ourselves." (Wikipedia)
- 21. Division and classification are related methods for organizing objects or information. In division, we divide a general category of things into smaller subcategories Classification essays, like division essays, break a topic into subtopics -- with a difference. Instead of simply dividing a topic into groups, a classification essay rates or ranks the groups according to a common standard.
- 22. What are the classification of essay? Definition: In a classification essay, we organize things into categories and give examples of things that fit into each category. For example, if you choose to write about types of computers (PCs and servers), each of your developmental paragraphs will define the characteristics of a different computer type.
- 25. Classification Structure: I. Introduction · States thesis II. Body · Identifies, in separate paragraphs, the various categories, with examples III. Conclusion · Restates the categories of the thesis and, as a significance—or answer to the question “so what?” implied in any composition, stresses the value of this classification system Division Structure: I. Introduction · States thesis (idea or object to be analyzed, and to what end) II. Body · Renders the parts, in separate paragraphs, with examples and with transitional materials to provide a sense of their inter-relatedness III. Conclusion · Restates the parts of the thesis and (the significance—see Classification outline, part III) attempts a synthesis or new understanding of the constituent parts
- 26. Knowing your goal is also important. For example, a student might write an essay about the problems created in society by the cell phone; for this student, dividing these problems into categories—cell phones as a social problem, and cell phones as a cause of accidents and physical injury—will help the student develop a clear argument. Classifying cell phones according to size, price, convenience, and appearance would not be an effective system for this argument.
- 27. In a definition paragraph, the writer's goal is to help the reader understand new terms or concepts, or to come to new understanding of terms they may be familiar with Definition is very important in the sciences, where the terminology is extensive and discipline-specific. There are two types of Definition; Subjective and Objective.
- 28. Scientific Definition: Bacterial endocarditis occurs when bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia) lodge on abnormal heart valves or other damaged heart tissue. Certain bacteria normally live on parts of your body, such as the mouth and upper respiratory system, the intestinal and urinary tracts, and the skin. Some surgical and dental procedures cause a brief bacteremia. Bacteremia is common after many invasive procedures, but only certain bacteria commonly cause endocarditis.
- 29. Subjective Definition: . . . “[I]diot” is not a nice word to call somebody, and I find myself asking, as Mr. Welch did of Senator Joseph McCarthy, “Have you no sense of decency, sir?” Throughout my life, I have had to struggle to keep from thinking of myself in the limiting way that word implies. So, for the record, I would like it known that I am not an “idiot.” I am a person who suffers from idiocy. Nobody knows what it is like to deal with crippling bouts of idiocy while trying to lead a normal life. The last thing I need is for somebody to make it harder by pointing out what an “idiot” I am.
- 30. By characteristics or features By function By what it is not By what it is similar to By example By its origins
- 31. A cause and effect development techniques are typically discussed together. However, in a particular paragraph, one or the other will be emphasized paragraph emphasizing the causes of something typically begins with an effect; the purpose of the paragraph is to explore how that effect came to be—to show what caused it
- 32. paragraph emphasizing causes: Aswe is a very successful businessman. He is where he is right now because of his hardwork and dedication. paragraph emphasizing effect: Patrick did not study last night. As a result, He got zero in the quiz today.
- 33. In a cause and/or effect paragraph, the writer needs to know which factor to emphasize: cause or effect It’s not Ok to write "There are several causes and effects for . . . " A controlling idea like this merely establishes a fact; no purpose has been identified for discussing the cause and effect relationship. Using transition words to emphasize cause and effect relationships between Idea
- 34. Words and phrases showing cause: because, since, is due to, is caused by Words and phrases showing consequence: as a result, consequently, therefore, it follows, then, for this reason,
- 35. In an analysis paragraph, the goal is to understand a subject by examining its parts.
- 36. Strong analysis depends on a clear sense of purpose, solid evidence, and careful explanation of the significance of the evidence. The first thing a writer must do in writing the analytical paragraph is develop a sense of confidence about what should be asserted about a subject. To get to this point of confidence takes hard work: rereading a text or examining a subject several times to become familiar with the contents, doing research, taking notes, and then deciding what the evidence suggests. Once a writer has developed an interpretation of or conclusion about a subject, evidence must be selected that best supports the interpretation or conclusion. Finally, the writer needs to present the evidence in an orderly way and provide enough explanation of the evidence for the reader to understand how it relates to and supports the writer's idea.
- 37. Analogy can be highly effective for extended definitions because in analogy, one explains something that is difficult to understand through comparison with something that is more readily understood.
- 38. Writing analogy is one of the more difficult forms of writing, but it can also be a lot of fun. A good way to get started is to use the phrase (subject) is like . . . Search your brain for the features of your subject and see if you can think of other subjects that share these features.
- 39. Being born is like being kidnapped. And then sold into slavery. —Andy Warhol No matter how much Bill Gates may claim otherwise, he missed the Internet, like a barreling freight train that he didn't hear or see coming. —Jim Clark Pig is to pork and cow is to beef Panel is to Door and Pane is to Window Gas is to Car and Wood is to Fire
- 40. You can be the peanut butter to my jelly You can be the butterflies I feel in my belly You can be the captain and I can be your first mate You can be the chills that I feel on our first date 'Cause you're the apple to my pie (pie) You're the straw to my berry (berry) You're the smoke to my high (high) And you're the one I wanna marry (marry) You can be the prince and I can be your princess You can be the sweet tooth I can be the dentist You can be the shoes and I can be the laces You can be the heart that I spill on the pages
- 41. Identify what pattern of development is being used in the following paragraphs. Do or Die !
- 42. I think the sun was my first lover. It left me breathless with its beauty, lit up my otherwise darkened life, and filled me with a living light. It’s no wonder that this golden beauty courted me in the summer time, searing my skin a burning red when I stayed too long. This painful inflammation from our extended cavorts in the afternoon reminded me that there were limitations on happiness. The crime that is allegedly committed by Mhiney is not true. The evidences that the victims gave are not enough to prove his guilt of such crime. As Carl Sagan said, “Extraordinary Claims require Extraordinary Evidence” . Due to the lack of evidence, Mhiney is not guilty and was set free after being detained for a month. Day is to Month and Minute is to Hour First, Make an Observation. Scientists are naturally curious about the world. Second, Form a Question. Third, After making an interesting observation, a scientific mind itches to find out more about it. Fourth, Form a Hypothesis. Fifth, Conduct an Experiment. Sixth, Analyse the Data and Lastly, draw a Conclusion. a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream, used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or withdrawing fluids. A student writes an essay about the issue in the banning of Unli-Rice. He gathers information and makes an outline. He divides them into sub topics. He discusses about the causes of raising the suggestion of banning unli-rice and how banning of unli-rice affects the lives of Filipinos. A student is doing a research on his own. He has already gathered enough data and to come up with a good and valid result, he studies the parts and carefully look through the small details of the gathered data to come up with the interpreted results. To understand the whole process he must study the parts of it. What process or pattern of development is he using? Because of her ignorance and dishonesty, the man that was about to marry her got disappointed and depressed and with such condition, the man died after being hit by a car. Last night, I had a wondeful evening with a girl named Valerie. She and I drank red wine and talked a lot. After drinking, we danced a little and asked her a question before she goes home. After driving her back to her house, I went to Ozamiz City for an appointment. It was 12 in the evening when I got there. A minute later, my phone rung and she texted Yes. I did not mention what’s the question that made her said yes. Eventually, we got married.
- 43. Narration Analogy Process AnalysisDescription Definition Analysis Cause and Effect Illustration Division and Classification Subjective Objective Scientific Subjective Informational Instructional
Editor's Notes
- #4: Just think of lines like "It was a dark and stormy night," or "The mountains loomed above them."
- #10: In a narrative paragraph it is useful to think of paragraphs as scenes, and the controlling idea as a kind of wide angle shot on the scene. Further shots take the reader into the scene emphasizing details and actions that will take place in that scene.
- #11: The concrete and specific expressions get a reader's attention far more effectively than the abstract and general expressions do. A reader can imagine specific things far more readily than general concepts. Part of your revision process should included finding concrete and specific expressions for your ideas.
- #12: 1, for example, fixing a bent bicycle wheel, quitting smoking, finding a good job. 2,examples of this type include how to resolve the healthcare crisis, and how to rebuild Ozamiz City after a Hurricane 3,for example, a discussion about how to respond to global warming will probably be both instructional and informative: individuals can take many steps to control global warming, but other steps must be taken by corporations and governments as well; the reader reads such texts for understanding as well as instruction.
- #15: Asking questions before beginning writing is key: What does my audience already know about this topic? Which key terms and concepts might they already be familiar with? Which terms will I need to define?
- #19: The writer uses the story of Bev Harris' discovery of easy vote database access to illustrate how hackable computer vote databases can be:
- #22: Consider your favorite music store: the compact discs are organized into many subcategories such as country, rock, hip-hop, dance music, world music, classical, jazz, soundtracks, etc. For example, a classification system is used in the military to rank officers, and hotels are ranked and classified according to quality, cleanliness, and other features
- #23: In classification, we develop criteria for the items in a subcategory based on relationships between the items.
- #30: The second paragraph is taken from an essay-length definition of "idiocy" by Ian Frazer. He goes on to give examples of his idiocy and then conclude that his idiocy is just not his fault.
- #36: For example, a writer might analyze the setting in a short story to better understand the theme of the story, or a mechanical engineer examining a blueprint of a machine to know how it works or a detective might write an analysis of evidence found at a crime scene to support a conclusion about the perpetrator of the crime.
- #39: Analogy : Tell me what’s it like
- #40: Take a look at the famous analogies below to see how the process works .