![IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 1 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
Performance Comparison of VCRS using Different
Refrigerants
Anuj Shukla
Mechanical Engineering
MMMUT
Gorakhpur. U.P., India
anuj.shukla30@gmail.com
Gaurav Kumar Mishra
Mechanical Engineering
MMMUT
Gorakhpur. U.P., India
mishragaurav.aec@gmail.com
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of
refrigerant on compressor work for same refrigeration capacity
using R12, R134a & R600a Refrigerant in Domestic refrigerator
at steady state condition. Two different refrigerant are R12
(Freon 12), R600a (Isobutene) and R134a (tetrafluoroethae).
R134a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion potential and
high global warning potential. Whereas, R600a is a refrigerant
with zero ozone depletion layer and negligible global warning
potential as well. A domestic refrigerator was selected for the
study and observation. The result indicated that the compressor
work is minimum in case of R134a and highest in case of R12.
Keywords—refrigerant; compressor; ODP
I. Introduction
A domestic refrigerator works upon Vapour compression
Refrigeration cycle. The essential components of the cycles
are the evaporator, the compressor, the condenser and the
expansion device. The function of compressor is to raise the
pressure of the working fluid (called refrigerant) from the
evaporator pressure to condenser pressure. The refrigerants
chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbon
(HCFCs) both have high ozone depleting potential (ODP) and
global warming potential (GWP) and results in ozone layer
depletion and global warming. Therefore these two
refrigerants are required to be replaced with environmentally
friendly refrigerants to protect the environment. The hydro
fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants with zero ozone depletion
potential have been recommended as alternatives. R134a is the
long-term replacement refrigerant for R12 because of having
favourable characteristics such as zero ODP, non-
flammability, stability and similar vapours pressure as that of
R12 [1–2]. The ODP of R134a is zero, but it has a relatively
high global warming potential. Many studies are being carried
out which are concentrating on the application of
environmentally friendly refrigerants in refrigeration systems.
The issues of ozone layer depletion and global warming have
led to consideration of hydrocarbon refrigerants such as
propane, isobutene, n-butane or hydrocarbon blends as
working fluids in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
II. Domestic Refrigerator
A domestic refrigerator works upon vapour compression
principle. Vapour compression cycles comprises of four basic
processes:
1) Isentropic compression process
2) Isobaric heat rejection process
3) Isenthalpic expansion and
4) Isobaric and isothermal heat extraction.
a) Isentropic compression process: - The vapour is dry and
saturated at the start of compression it becomes superheated at
the end of compression.
b) Isobaric heat rejection process: - Heat is rejected through
the compressor at constant pressure
c) Isenthalpic expansion process: - The vapour now reduced
to saturated liquid is throttle through the expansion valve.
d) Isobaric Process:-The dry saturated vapor is drawn by
compressor from evaporator at lower pressure and then this
vapor is compressed isentropically.
Figure 1: parts of a refrigerator](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tr00067-170517132726/85/Performance-Comparison-of-VCRS-using-Different-Refrigerants-1-320.jpg)
![IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 3 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
Total power consumption by refrigerator with R-12
= 124.33 x 0.70
= 87.03 kWh
Power saving using R134a instead of R12 = 87.03 – 45.57
= 41.46 kWh
Power saving in terms of percentage = 47.63 %
Power saving using R600a instead of R12 = 87.03 – 51.79
= 35.24 kWh
Power saving in terms of percentage = 40.49 %
VI. CONCLUSION
R-134a provides better refrigeration effect in
comparison to R-12 and R-600a.
By using R-134a the compressor work is reduced by
47.63%. And by using R-600a the compressor can be
reduced by 40.49%.
As R-134a have zero ODP and zero GWP values so it
does not affect the environment, whereas R-12
contains chlorine in its composition which severely
affects ozone layer. In overall view the R134a
refrigerant is found to be the best alternative which
can be used in the refrigerator. R-600a can also be
used as a good alternative to R-12 but it provides less
COP in comparison to R-134a.
VII. FUTURE SCOPE
The suitability of the refrigerant with the lubricant oil of the
compressor plays a very important role in maximising the
performance of a refrigeration system. There is no single
lubricant oil is accepted to be used with all refrigerants.
Different lubricant oils with different refrigerants can be
studied further in order to examine their effect on COP of the
system.
VIII.REFERENCES
[1] D.Bulter, life after cfcs and HCFC, CIBSE national
conference 2001.
[2] S.Devotta, S.gopichand, comparative assessment of
HFC 134a and some refrigerant as alternative to
CFC12, International general of refrigeration 15(1992)
112-118.
[3] C.P.Arora, Third edition of refrigeration and air
conditioning, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
limited New Delhi P.G. No (3-4)
[4] D.Ravindra, “Difference between CFC/HCFC and HFC
refrigerant” Air Conditioning and refrigeration journal
Part-II January-February 2014.
[5] Vincenzo La Rocca, Giuseppe Panno “ Experimental
performance evolution of a vapour compression
refrigerating plant when replacing R22 with alternative
refrigerant.
[6] Mihail-Dan & N. Staicovici, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer, Are investigates “A method of
improving the effectiveness of a mechanical vapour
compression process and of its applications in
refrigeration” 3 August 2010.
[7] Akintunde, M.A .Mechanical Engineering department,
The federal University of technology,P.M.B 704
Nigeria, Experimental study of R134a,R406 and R600a
blends as alternative to Freon 12.
[8] Alsaad, M. A., and Hammad, M. A., the Application of
Propane/Butane Mixture for Domestic Refrigerators,
Applied Thermal. Engineering, Vol. 18, pp. 911
918.(1998).
[9] Jitendra Kumar Verma, Ankit Satsangi and Vishal
Chaturani, IJETAE, Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2013.
A Review of Alternative to R134a (CH3CH2F)
Refrigerant.
[10] W.F.Stoecker and W.F.Jones Second edition of
refrigeration and air conditioning, Tata McGraw Hill
Education Private limited New Delhi.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tr00067-170517132726/85/Performance-Comparison-of-VCRS-using-Different-Refrigerants-3-320.jpg)
Performance Comparison of VCRS using Different Refrigerants
- 1. IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 IDL - International Digital Library 1 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017 Performance Comparison of VCRS using Different Refrigerants Anuj Shukla Mechanical Engineering MMMUT Gorakhpur. U.P., India anuj.shukla30@gmail.com Gaurav Kumar Mishra Mechanical Engineering MMMUT Gorakhpur. U.P., India mishragaurav.aec@gmail.com Abstract— The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of refrigerant on compressor work for same refrigeration capacity using R12, R134a & R600a Refrigerant in Domestic refrigerator at steady state condition. Two different refrigerant are R12 (Freon 12), R600a (Isobutene) and R134a (tetrafluoroethae). R134a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion potential and high global warning potential. Whereas, R600a is a refrigerant with zero ozone depletion layer and negligible global warning potential as well. A domestic refrigerator was selected for the study and observation. The result indicated that the compressor work is minimum in case of R134a and highest in case of R12. Keywords—refrigerant; compressor; ODP I. Introduction A domestic refrigerator works upon Vapour compression Refrigeration cycle. The essential components of the cycles are the evaporator, the compressor, the condenser and the expansion device. The function of compressor is to raise the pressure of the working fluid (called refrigerant) from the evaporator pressure to condenser pressure. The refrigerants chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) both have high ozone depleting potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) and results in ozone layer depletion and global warming. Therefore these two refrigerants are required to be replaced with environmentally friendly refrigerants to protect the environment. The hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants with zero ozone depletion potential have been recommended as alternatives. R134a is the long-term replacement refrigerant for R12 because of having favourable characteristics such as zero ODP, non- flammability, stability and similar vapours pressure as that of R12 [1–2]. The ODP of R134a is zero, but it has a relatively high global warming potential. Many studies are being carried out which are concentrating on the application of environmentally friendly refrigerants in refrigeration systems. The issues of ozone layer depletion and global warming have led to consideration of hydrocarbon refrigerants such as propane, isobutene, n-butane or hydrocarbon blends as working fluids in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. II. Domestic Refrigerator A domestic refrigerator works upon vapour compression principle. Vapour compression cycles comprises of four basic processes: 1) Isentropic compression process 2) Isobaric heat rejection process 3) Isenthalpic expansion and 4) Isobaric and isothermal heat extraction. a) Isentropic compression process: - The vapour is dry and saturated at the start of compression it becomes superheated at the end of compression. b) Isobaric heat rejection process: - Heat is rejected through the compressor at constant pressure c) Isenthalpic expansion process: - The vapour now reduced to saturated liquid is throttle through the expansion valve. d) Isobaric Process:-The dry saturated vapor is drawn by compressor from evaporator at lower pressure and then this vapor is compressed isentropically. Figure 1: parts of a refrigerator
- 2. IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 IDL - International Digital Library 2 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017 III. Refrigerant 1. R12 (CHLOROFLUOROCARBON):- The refrigerants chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and Hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) both have high ozone depleting potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) and con-tributes to ozone layer depletion and global warming. 2. R134a (TETRAFLUROETHANE):- R134a is the long- term replacement refrigerant for R12 because of having favourable characteristics such as zero ODP, non- flammability, stability and similar vapour pressure as that of R12. The ODP of R134a is zero, but it has a relatively high global warming potential. Many studies are being carried out which are concentrating on the application of environmentally friendly refrigerants in refrigeration systems. 3. R600a (ISOBUTANE):- This work presents an study on the application of HFC134a to replace R600a in a domestic refrigerator. A refrigerator designed to work with R600a with a gross capacity experiment.R600a low pressure level is connected to a relatively high critical temperature, good Performance and Increased efficiency .Zero ozone depletion and negligible global warning potential. TABLE 1. PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS Refrigerant R 600a R 134a R 12 Name Isobutene TetraFluro – Ethane Chlorofluoro carbon Formula C4H10 CH3CH2F CCL2F2 Critical Temp °C 135 101 112 Molecular W in kg/k mole 58.1 102 120.9 Normal Boil point -11.6 -26.5 -29.8 Pressure at - 25 °C in bar (absolute) 0.58 1.07 1.24 Liquid density kg/lit 0.60 1.37 1.47 Vapour density kg/m3 1.3 4.4 6.0 Volumetric capacity k J/m3 373 658 727 iv. literature review 1) Mihail-Dan & N. Staicovici investigated a method of improving the effectiveness of a mechanical vapors compression process and of its applications in refrigeration. It was shown that method can be improved of a polytrophic or an adiabatic mechanical vapors compression system. 2) Bilal Ahmed Qureshi & Syed M. Zubair, studied performance decrease of a vapour compression refrigeration system under fouling conditions. the result indicated that R717 performs the best in all cases. The paper is shows that the volumetric efficiency of R410A, R717 remained the highest under their respective operating condition. Performance degradation due to fouling in a simple vapour compression cycle is investigated for low, medium and high temperature applications. 3) K. Mani, V. Selladurai, did Experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture as drop-in replacement for CFC12 and HFC134a are Investigate that The refrigerants chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) both have high ozone depleting potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) and con-tributes to ozone layer depletion and global warming. 4) Akintunde, M.A.et all Experimental study of R134a, R406 and R600a blends as alternative to Freon 12. The results show that R134a/R600a mixture in the ratio 50:50 can be used as alternative to R-12 in domestic refrigerators, without the necessity of changing the compressor lubricating oil. At of Te =-50 C and Tc =400 C , R-12 gives a COP of 2.08 while 50:50 blend of R134a/R600a gives a COP of 2.30 under the same operating conditions. 5) According to manual of company danfoss Practical Application of Refrigerant R600a Isobutene in Domestic Refrigerator Systems is observed by Refrigerant R 600a, or isobutene, is a possible replacement for other refrigerants, which have high impact on the environment, in domestic refrigerators. It has zero ozone depletion potential ODP and a negligible global warming potential GWP. v. experimental results Refrigerants are charged one by one into the refrigerator. The refrigerator is initially provided with R12. Then after removing this refrigerant, R134a is charged into the system. After taking the observations the refrigerant is again replaced with R600a. For keeping the refrigeration capacity same 500 gm of water is kept into the freezer for all refrigerants. The thermostat is set to -1 degree Celsius so that ice formation can take place. The time is noted for all refrigerants when the compressor cuts off. The compressor has power rating of 1/6 hp. Compressor Rating = 124.33 W Total Power Consumption in kWh = 124.33 Total Running Time (in hours) Total power consumption by refrigerator with R-600a =124.33 x 0.4166 = 51.79 kWh Total power consumption by refrigerator with R-134a = 124.33 x 0.3666 = 45.57 kWh
- 3. IDL - International Digital Library Of Technology & Research Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017 IDL - International Digital Library 3 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017 Total power consumption by refrigerator with R-12 = 124.33 x 0.70 = 87.03 kWh Power saving using R134a instead of R12 = 87.03 – 45.57 = 41.46 kWh Power saving in terms of percentage = 47.63 % Power saving using R600a instead of R12 = 87.03 – 51.79 = 35.24 kWh Power saving in terms of percentage = 40.49 % VI. CONCLUSION R-134a provides better refrigeration effect in comparison to R-12 and R-600a. By using R-134a the compressor work is reduced by 47.63%. And by using R-600a the compressor can be reduced by 40.49%. As R-134a have zero ODP and zero GWP values so it does not affect the environment, whereas R-12 contains chlorine in its composition which severely affects ozone layer. In overall view the R134a refrigerant is found to be the best alternative which can be used in the refrigerator. R-600a can also be used as a good alternative to R-12 but it provides less COP in comparison to R-134a. VII. FUTURE SCOPE The suitability of the refrigerant with the lubricant oil of the compressor plays a very important role in maximising the performance of a refrigeration system. There is no single lubricant oil is accepted to be used with all refrigerants. Different lubricant oils with different refrigerants can be studied further in order to examine their effect on COP of the system. VIII.REFERENCES [1] D.Bulter, life after cfcs and HCFC, CIBSE national conference 2001. [2] S.Devotta, S.gopichand, comparative assessment of HFC 134a and some refrigerant as alternative to CFC12, International general of refrigeration 15(1992) 112-118. [3] C.P.Arora, Third edition of refrigeration and air conditioning, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private limited New Delhi P.G. No (3-4) [4] D.Ravindra, “Difference between CFC/HCFC and HFC refrigerant” Air Conditioning and refrigeration journal Part-II January-February 2014. [5] Vincenzo La Rocca, Giuseppe Panno “ Experimental performance evolution of a vapour compression refrigerating plant when replacing R22 with alternative refrigerant. [6] Mihail-Dan & N. Staicovici, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Are investigates “A method of improving the effectiveness of a mechanical vapour compression process and of its applications in refrigeration” 3 August 2010. [7] Akintunde, M.A .Mechanical Engineering department, The federal University of technology,P.M.B 704 Nigeria, Experimental study of R134a,R406 and R600a blends as alternative to Freon 12. [8] Alsaad, M. A., and Hammad, M. A., the Application of Propane/Butane Mixture for Domestic Refrigerators, Applied Thermal. Engineering, Vol. 18, pp. 911 918.(1998). [9] Jitendra Kumar Verma, Ankit Satsangi and Vishal Chaturani, IJETAE, Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2013. A Review of Alternative to R134a (CH3CH2F) Refrigerant. [10] W.F.Stoecker and W.F.Jones Second edition of refrigeration and air conditioning, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private limited New Delhi.