Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Two Cascaded Configurations of PV Generators-Five Levels Inverter for a Stand-Alone Application in South Algeria

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2017, pp. 907~916
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v8i2.pp907-916  907
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Two Cascaded
Configurations of PV Generators-Five Levels Inverter for a
Stand-Alone Application in South Algeria
K. Benamrane1
, T. Benslimane2
, O. Abdelkhalek3
, T. Abdelkrim4
, A. Borni5
1,4,5
Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Energies
Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria
2
Electrical Engineering Department, University Mohamed Boudiaf, Msila, Algeria
1,3
Department of Electrical Engineering, University Mohammed Tahri, Bechar, Algeria
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 24, 2017
Revised Apr 24, 2017
Accepted May 8, 2017
In this paper two configurations of solar photovoltaic energy conversion
using the NPC five levels inverter for stand-alone application in south
Algeria are proposed and their performances compared. The first cascade
uses four separate PV sources and the second configuration use only one PV
generator. In these two cases and without DC/DC converter introduced
between PV source and inverter and to get a stable AC voltage, authors in
propose a proportional regulator of inverter modulation index. The SVPWM
technique is used in order to get the best voltage waveform. For the second
configuration proposed, we introduce in the control loops another algorithm
which uses the redundant vectors of space vector diagram of inverter to
stabilise the DC bus voltages. A real data of temperature and solar irradiation
obtained by radiometric station in Ghardaïa city in south Algeria are used to
test the performance of proposed controls. The simulation results show that
the inverter output voltage is stable for the two configurations proposed
despite the variation of solar irradiation, temperature and load. Also, the
THD obtained is in the limits of international standards. Then, the PV
cascade with separate PV sources is the best solution, seeing that we do not
need to use another algorithm in the control loops.
Keyword:
Multi-level inverter
Photovoltaic system
Redundant vectors
Solar irradiation
SVPWM
Copyright © 2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Karima Benamrane,
Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER,
Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER,
47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria
Email: kbenamrane47@yahoo.fr
1. INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuels include coal and natural gas, as well as the more familiar fuels refined from crude oil
including diesel, gasoline, and fuel oils. The burning of fossil fuels is a major source of pollutants which
contribute to smog, climate change, acid rain, and other health, environmental and economic concerns. Solar
energy is the energy provided by the sun. This Solar power is used to provide heat, hot water, light,
electricity, and even cooling, for homes, businesses, and industry. Solar irradiation intensity on Algerian
territory indicates that Algeria has a strong solar potential source (Figure 1) [1]. Ghardaïa is a dry and arid
city in the south, where the sunshine is more than 3,000 hours per year and mean annual of the global solar
irradiation measured on horizontal plane exceeds 20 MJ/m2 [2].
A solar PV inverter converts the direct current output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility
frequency alternating current that can be fed into local, off-grid electrical network or used in commercial
electrical grid. The multilevel inverter concept was established in the early 1980s when the Neutral Point

 ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2017 : 907 – 916
908
Clamped (NPC) structure, the capacitor clamped (or Flying Capacitor (FC)) structure and the cascaded H-
bridge (CHB) structure were proposed [3]-[7].
Different cascades of PV conversion use one or two converters [8-9]. This study focuses on the
application of the five levels NPC inverter in single stage conversion for off-grid electrical network. Many
works in this field introduces a PI controller [10] or a complexe regulators such as fuzzy logic control [11] to
set the output inverter voltage. Authors in this paper proposes a simple proportional regulator. Two
configurations of photovoltaic energy conversion are proposed and their performances compared. The first
cascade uses a separate PV sources and the second configuration use only one PV generator. In these two
cases and without a DC/DC converter introduced between PV source and inverter, and to get a stable output
inverter voltage, a proportional regulator of inverter modulation index is introduced. The Simplified Space
Vector Pulse Width Modulation Technique (SSVPWM) is used in this paper in order to get the best voltage
waveform. For the configuration with only one PV source, we introduce in the control loops another
algorithm which uses the redundant vector of Space Vector Diagram (SVD) of five levels inverter to stabilise
the DC bus capacitor voltages [12]. A real data of solar irradiation and temperature obtained by radiometric
station in Ghardaïa city in south Algeria are used to test the performance of proposed controls.
2. FIVE LEVELS INVERTER FED BY FOUR PV GENERATORS
In the first case where the five levels inverter is fed by four PV generators (Figure 2), the reference
voltage vector amplitude is determined by applying a proportional regulator of inverter modulation index.
After that, the simplified space vector pulse width modulation for five levels inverter is used in order to get a
good output waveform.
Figure 1. Average annual global solar irradiation
received on a horizontal plane
Figure 2. Photovoltaic array-five levels inverter
2.1. Reference Voltage Vector Amplitude Correction (RVVAC)
In this part, a proportional regulator of modulation index r of five levels inverter is used. The
reference voltage vector of inverter is given by:














































)
3
/
4
sin(
)
3
/
2
sin(
)
sin(
)
3
/
4
sin(
)
3
/
2
sin(
)
sin(
*










t
t
t
m
V
r
t
m
V
r
t
m
V
r
t
m
V
r
cref
V
bref
V
aref
V
V (1)
Where: 2
3

m
V and 0 < r < 1
This algorithm consists to correct the reference amplitude voltage vector (modulation index r) after each
20ms. The voltage Vrms(t) at time (t) is compared to its previous Vrms(t-1) (time (t-1)) and also compared to
Vrmsref =230Vand based to the errors obtained; the new modulation index r is calculated as presented.

IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 
Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Two Cascaded Configurations of… (K. Benamrane)
909





















)
(
)
1
(
0
)
(
)
(
)
1
(
0
)
(
)
(
)
1
(
0
t
r
t
r
rms
Er
if
t
r
P
t
r
t
r
rms
Er
if
t
r
P
t
r
t
r
rms
Er
if
(2)
Where: rmsref
V
t
rms
V
rms
Er 
 )
( and )
)
1
(
21
(
/
)
( 

 t
r
P
rms
Er
rms
Er
t
r
P
rms
Er : error between the root mean square value of output voltages at times t and the reference.
)
(t
r
P is the amplitude correction of r at time t. It is limited by a constant value max
r
P .
)
(t
rms
V : root mean square value of output voltage at time t
The error between the root mean square values of output voltages at times t and (t-1) 21
rms
Er is defined:
)
1
(
)
(
21 

 t
rms
V
t
rms
V
rms
Er (3)
The block diagram of the reference vectors vector amplitude correction is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Block diagram of RVVAC
2.2. Reference Voltage Vector Selection
In this work, we applied the SSVPWM of five levels inverter [13]. This simple and fast method
divides the SVD of five levels inverter (Figure 4) into six hexagons. Each hexagon is the SVD of three levels
inverter. After that the SVD of three levels is divided to six small hexagons constituting the SVD of two
levels inverter as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4. Space vector diagram of a five levels
inverter
Figure 5. Simplification of a five levels space vector
diagram into two levels space vector diagram

 ISSN: 2088-8694
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3. FIVE LEVELS INVERTER FED BY ONE PV GENERATOR
In this case where the five levels inverter is fed by only one PV generator (Figure 6), we must
introduce another algorithm (Redundancy Selection (RS)) to balance the DC bus capacitors voltage.
Figure 6. Photovoltaic array-five levels inverter
To choose the redundancy to be used to balance the DC bus, we must know the impact of each one
on capacitors voltages. The detailed steps of this algorithm are like follow:
3.1. Step
This step consists in definition of the relationship between capacitors current (ic1, ic2, ic3 and ic4),
photovoltaic array current Ipv and load currents ia, ib and ic for each vector with redundant states (4).













































c
i
b
F
b
i
b
F
a
i
b
F
pv
I
c
i
c
i
b
F
F
b
i
b
F
F
a
i
b
F
F
pv
I
c
i
c
i
b
F
b
i
b
F
a
i
b
F
pv
I
c
i
c
i
b
F
F
b
i
b
F
F
a
i
b
F
F
pv
I
c
i
30
20
10
4
)
30
38
(
)
20
28
(
)
10
18
(
3
31
21
11
2
)
31
37
(
)
21
27
(
)
11
17
(
1
(4)
ij
F and b
ij
F : are the connection functions of switches.
Table 1 resume relationships between capacitors, photovoltaic array and load currents for vectors
with three redundants state (V19 to V30). The same work is applied to the vectors with two and four
redundants state (V1 to V18 and V31 to V36).
3.2. Step 2
To reduce the size of control algorithm, the second step consists in constituting vectors groups that
have the same disposition in Table 1 the equations S1 to S5. Six groups have been constituted, each one
composed by six vectors (Table 2):
Group 1 (G1): V1, V4, V7, V10, V13, V16
Group 2 (G2): V2, V6, V8, V12, V14, V18
Group 3 (G3): V3, V5, V9, V11, V15, V17
Group 4 (G4): V19, V21, V23, V25, V27, V29
Group 5 (G5): V20, V22, V24, V26, V28, V30
Group 6 (G6): V31, V32, V33, V34, V35, V36
3.3. Step 3
This step consists to analyzing the influence of the redundancies of these six groups constituted on
capacitors voltage variations. From Table 2 it can remark that vectors of group:
G1 and G4 depend on three equations S1, S2 and S3,
G2 and G3 depend on four equations S1, S2, S3 and S4,

911
G5 and G6 depend on five equations S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5
Considering the photovoltaic array current Ipv > 0, we can obtain three possibilities Pi of load
variation for groups G1 and G4 (5), six possibilities Pi of load variation for groups G2 and G3 and fourteen
possibilities Pi of load variation for groups G5 and G6:














0
2
,
0
1
0
2
,
0
1
0
2
,
0
1
3
2
1
S
S
if
P
P
S
S
if
P
P
S
S
if
P
P
i
i
i
(5)
By applying these possibilities of load variations for all groups, we obtain the capacitors voltages
increasing or decreasing as presented in Table 3 for the first group.
3.4. Step 4
In this step, a choice criterion of selected redundancy is defined. With four capacitors in DC bus, we
can obtain 24 derivation cases. The proposed algorithm allowed reducing the 24 derivation cases to 6 using
only one criterion of redundancy selection. This criterion consists to choose vectors that decrease the two
largest capacitors voltages and increase the two others. Table 4 presents the redundancy to be used to cancel
the unbalance in capacitors’ voltages for groups 1,2 and 3.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To test the performance of proposed control, a real data of solar irradiation and temperature profiles
obtained by a radiometric station installed in Ghardaïa city (32°26’N 03°46’E) are used (Figure 7). Figure 8
presents the Global Horizontal Irradiance GHI (W/m2
), the Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance DHI (W/m2
), the
Direct Normal Irradiance DNI (W/m2
) and the ambient Temperature Ta(°C) of June 23 2013. We note some
perturbations between 9h
and 15h
. The GHI is more than 850 W/m2
and temperature is between 25°C and
35°C. The PV generator is introduced at 6h
44 when the GHI is greater than 100W/m2
(Ta =24.9°C), and the
simulation is stopped at 18h
47 when the GHI is less than 100W/m2
(Ta =33.1°C).
In the first part of simulation, we present the results obtained where the five levels inverter is fed by
only one PV generators (Figure 6). At times t=10h
40 and t=15h
30 the inductor value is varied respectively
from L=0.4H to L=0.45H and L=0.35H. The inverter output current ia increase after that decrease as shown
in Figure 9(a). After application of RS algorithm at the start of simulation, DC bus voltages Uc1,Uc2,Uc3 and
Uc4 of five levels inverter (Figure 9(b)) are equal but not all the day. Their difference are caused by the
reducing the 24 derivation cases of capacitors voltage to only 6 in the redundancy selection algorithm.
Figure 7. Radiometric devices (Sun tracker)

 ISSN: 2088-8694
912
Figure 8(a). Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Diffus Horizontal Irradiance (DHI), Direct Normal
Irradiance (DNI), (b)-Ambient Temperature (Ta)
Table 1. Relationships load currents, photovoltaic array current and capacitors current for the vectors
with three redundant states
Vectors ic1 ic2 ic3 ic4 S1= S2= S3= S4= S5=
V19
a P2OO S1 S1 S3 S3
Ipv-ia Ipv+ib+ic Ipv
b P1N1N1 S1 S3 S2 S3
c ON2N2 S3 S3 S2 S2
V20
a P2P1O S1 S2 S5 S5
Ipv-ia-ib Ipv-ia Ipv+ic Ipv+ib+ic Ipv
b P1ON1 S2 S5 S3 S5
c ON1N2 S5 S5 S4 S3
V21
a P2P2O S1 S1 S3 S3
Ipv-ia-ib Ipv+ic Ipv
b P1P1N1 S1 S3 S2 S3
c OON2 S3 S3 S2 S2
V22
a P1P2O S1 S2 S5 S5
Ipv-ia-ib Ipv-ib Ipv+ic Ipv+ia+ic Ipv
b OP1N1 S2 S5 S3 S5
c N1ON2 S5 S5 S4 S3
V23
a OP2O S1 S1 S3 S3
Ipv-ib Ipv+ia+ic Ipv
b N1P1N1 S1 S3 S2 S3
c N2ON2 S3 S3 S2 S2
V24
a OP2P1 S1 S2 S5 S5
Ipv-ib-ic Ipv-ib Ipv+ia Ipv+ia+ic Ipv
b N1P1O S2 S5 S3 S5
c N2ON1 S5 S5 S4 S3
V25
a OP2P2 S1 S1 S3 S3
Ipv-ib-ic Ipv+ ia Ipv
b N1P1P1 S1 S3 S2 S3
c N2OO S3 S3 S2 S2
V26
a OP1P2 S1 S2 S5 S5
Ipv-ib-ic Ipv-ic Ipv+ia Ipv+ia+ib Ipv
b N1OP1 S2 S5 S3 S5
c N2N1O S5 S5 S4 S3
V27
a OOP2 S1 S1 S3 S3
Ipv-ic Ipv+ia+ib Ipv
b N1N1P1 S1 S3 S2 S3
c N2N2O S3 S3 S2 S2
V28
a P1OP2 S1 S2 S5 S5
Ipv-ia-ic Ipv-ic Ipv+ib Ipv+ia+ib Ipv
b ON1P1 S2 S5 S3 S5
c N1N2O S5 S5 S4 S3
V29
a P2OP2 S1 S1 S3 S3
Ipv-ia-ic Ipv+ib Ipv
b P1N1P1 S1 S3 S2 S3
c ON2O S3 S3 S2 S2
V30
a P2OP1 S1 S2 S5 S5
Ipv-ia-ic Ipv-ia Ipv+ib Ipv+ib+ic Ipv
b P1N1O S2 S5 S3 S5
c ON2N1 S5 S5 S4 S3
6h00 8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00 20h00 22h00
0
500
1000
Time ( H )
GHI,
DNI,
DHI,(W
/m²)
6h00 8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00 20h00 22h00
20
25
30
35
Time ( H )
Ta
(
°C
)
( a )
( b )
DHI
DNI
GHI

913
Table 2. Six vectors group
Groups ic1 ic2 ic3 ic4 Groups ic1 ic2 ic3 ic4
G1
a S1 S1 S2 S3
G5
a S1 S2 S5 S5
b S1 S3 S2 S2 b S2 S5 S3 S5
G2
a S1 S1 S2 S4 c S5 S5 S4 S3
b S1 S4 S3 S2
G6
a S1 S2 S5 S5
G3
a S1 S2 S3 S4 b S2 S5 S5 S5
b S2 S4 S3 S3 c S5 S5 S3 S5
G4
a S1 S1 S3 S3 d S5 S5 S4 S3
b S1 S3 S2 S3
c S3 S3 S2 S2
Table 3. Group 1 redundancies effect on capacitors
voltages
Group Redundancy Pi Uc1 Uc2 Uc3 Uc4
G1
a
P1 ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑
P2 ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑
P3 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑
b
P1 ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓
P2 ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
P3 ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓
Table 4. Selected redundancy for groups G1, G2 and G3
Groups G1 G2 G3
Pi
Derivation
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
01
Uc1 or Uc2
<
Uc3 or Uc4
b b b b b b b b b b b b b a b
02
Uc1 or Uc3
<
Uc2 or Uc4
b a b a a a b b a a b b a a b
03
Uc1 or Uc4
<
Uc2 or Uc3
a a a a b a a a b a b b a a a
04
Uc2 or Uc3
<
Uc1 or Uc4
b b b b b b b b a b b a b b b
05
Uc2 or Uc4
<
Uc1 or Uc3
a b a a b b a a b b a a b b a
06
Uc3 or Uc4
<
Uc1 or Uc2
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Figure 9. (a). Load current ia,
(b). DC bus voltages Uc1,Uc2,Uc3 and Uc4
Figure 10. (a)-Photovoltaic array voltage Vpv(V),
(b)- Modulation index r
In this part of simulation, we present the results obtained where the five levels inverter is fed by four
PV generators (Figure 2). At times t=10h
40 and t=15h
30 the inductor value is varied respectively from
L=0.5H to L=0.45H and L=0.35H. The inverter output current ia increase after that decrease as shown in
Figure 12(a). The DC bus voltages Uc1,Uc2,Uc3 and Uc4 are not equal as presented in Figure 12(b).
The sum of the photovoltaic generators voltages Uc1+Uc2+Uc3+Uc4 (Figure 13(a)) present the same
variations seen in the previous simulation. Also the modulation index r value (Figure 13(b) increase when the
sum of the photovoltaic generators voltages decrease and vice versa. The root mean square output voltage
Vrms value is stable all the day as presented in Figure 14(a). The output voltage and its spectral analysis are
illustrated in Figure 14(b). It is shown that the total harmonic distortion is less than 5% (Figure 14(c)). Then,
the PV cascade with separate PV sources is the best solution seeing that we do not need to use another
algorithms such as application of redundant states of vectors [12], or introduce a resistive clamping
bridge [14] or the use of four DC/DC converters [15] to balance the capacitor voltage DC bus.
-2
-1
0
1
2
ia
(
A
)
One PV Generator-Five levels inverter
8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00
130
135
140
145
150
155
Uc1(V),
Uc2(V),
Uc3(V),
Uc4(V)
Time ( H )
( b )
( a )
540
560
580
600
620
Vpv(V)
8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
Time ( H )
r
(pu)
( a )
( b )

 ISSN: 2088-8694
914
Figure 11 (a) Root mean square voltage Vrms,
(b) Output voltage VA, (c) spectral analysis of VA
THD=5.73%
Figure 12 (a). Load current ia
(b) DC bus voltages Uc1,Uc2,Uc3 and Uc4
Figure 13 (a) Photovoltaic array voltage
Uc1+Uc2+Uc3+Uc4 (V), (b) Modulation index r
Figure 14 (a) Root mean square voltage Vrms,
(b) Output voltage VA, (c) spectral analysis of VA
THD=4.39%
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, two configurations of photovoltaic generators-three phases five levels NPC voltage
source inverter for stand-alone application was studied. The simplified space vector pulse width modulation
technique and a proportional regulator of inverter modulation index; used to determine the reference of
voltage vector amplitude; are used in the two studied cascades. A solar irradiation and temperature obtained
by a radiometric station installed in Ghardaïa city are used to test the performance of proposed control.
The result presents that the DC bus capacitor voltages are not equal in case of inverter fed by four
photovoltaic generators. The use of redundant vectors of space vector diagram of five levels inverter allows
reducing the difference between the DC bus voltages. But this technique can be applied only for the cascade
with one PV generator. The AC output voltages of inverters of these two configurations studied present a
good total harmonic distortion with stable root mean square value. Then, the PV cascade with separate PV
sources is the best solution seeing that we do not need to use another algorithm and introduce eight current
and voltage sensors in practical implementation.
REFERENCES
[1] M. R. Yaiche et al., "Revised solar maps of Algeria based on sunshine duration," Energy Conversion and
Management, vol. 82, pp. 114-123, 2014.
8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00
215
220
225
230
235
Time (H)
Vrms
(V)
12h10 12h10
-400
-200
0
200
400
Time (H)
VA
(V)
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.5
1
harmonic row
harmonic
amplitude(
pu
)
( a )
( c )
( b )
-2
-1
0
1
2
ia
(
A
)
Four PV Generators - Five levels inverter
8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00
130
135
140
145
150
155
Uc1(V),
Uc2(V),
Uc3(V),
Uc4(V)
Time ( H )
( a )
( b )
540
560
580
600
620
Uc1+Uc2+Uc3+Uc4(V)
8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00
0.65
0.7
0.75
Time(H)
r
(
pu
)
( a )
( b )
8h00 10h00 12h00 14h00 16h00 18h00
225
230
235
Time (H)
Vrms
(V)
12h10 12h10
-400
-200
0
200
400
Time (H)
VA
(V)
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.5
1
harmonic row
harmonic
amplitude(
pu
)
( a )
( b )
( c )

915
[2] K. Gairaa and S. Benkaciali, "Analysis of solar radiation measurements at Ghardaïa area, south Algeria," Energy
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Karima Benamrane was born in 1978 in Algiers. She obtained respectively DES and Magister
degrees in physics in 2001 and 2004 from the University of Ouargla in Algeria. Currently, she is
PhD candidate at Bechar University, Algeria. In 2005, she joined the Applied Research Unit on
Renewable Energies in Ghardaïa, Algeria. Her research interests are in power electronics and
renewable energies systems.
Tarak Benslimane was born in 1977 in Bechar, Algeria. He obtained Engineer degree in
Electrical Engineering from Bechar University Center in 2001. He obtained respectively
Magister, PhD and the Authorization to Supervise Research (ASR) degrees from Military
Polytechnic School of Algiers in 2004, University of Boumerdes, Algeria, in 2009 and
University of Bechar in 2012. In 2008, he joined the Applied Research Unit on Renewable
Energies in Ghardaia, Algeria. Currently he is an Associate Professor at University of Msila,
Algeria. His research interests are power quality conditioning, electrical drives control and
diagnostic besides renewable energies systems.
Othmane Abdelkhalek was born in Taghit, Bechar (Algeria) in 1976. He received the Eng.
degree from Bechar University Center in 2001, the Magister degree from Sidi-bel-Abbes
University in 2004 and the doctorate degree from the University of Bechar in 2010. He is a
member in the Laboratory of Physics and Semiconductor Devices. His research area interests are
Power electronic, Power quality, Active filtering, DVR, UPQC, UPFC, Control, Digital control,
Load flow Optimization.

 ISSN: 2088-8694
916
Thameur Abdelkrim was born in 1978 in Algiers, Algeria. He obtained Engineer degree in
Electrical Engineering in 2001 from University of Boumerdes in Algeria. He obtained
respectively the Magister, PhD and the Authorization to Supervise Research (ASR) degrees in
Algiers, Algeria from Polytechnic Military School in 2004, Polytechnic National School in 2010
and University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in 2012. In 2005, he joined the
Applied Research Unit on Renewable Energies in Ghardaïa, Algeria. He is research team leader
in mini solar power plants division. His research interests are in power electronics, electrical
drives, power quality and renewable energies.
Abdelhalim Borni was born in 1977 in Biskra, Algeria. He obtained Engineer degree in
Electrical Engineering in 2003 from University of Biskra in Algeria. He obtained in 2009 and
2015 respectively the Magister and the PhD degrees from the University of Constantine 1,
Algeria. In 2012, he joined the Applied Research Unit on Renewable Energies in Ghardaïa,
Algeria. His research interests are in Optimal Energy Management Strategy, Grid-Connected
Hybrid system, power electronics, electrical drives, power quality and renewable energies.

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