Performance Evolution of LTE Cellular Technology

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1824
Performance Evolution of LTE Cellular Technology
Ashwini.R.Hanje1, A.S.Yaragal2
1Student, ECE Dept. BLDEA College, Karnataka, India
2Assistant Professor, ECE Dept. BLDEA College, Karnataka, India
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Abstract – Long Term Evolution (LTE) may be introduced
by the third technology partnership task and characterizes
the4th generation associated with mobile telecommunication
networks. In that paper our work is exclusive in providing
reveal performance study dependent on NI PXIe-5644 system.
Our efficiency study includes TDD and FDD functioning modes
with regard to uplink and downlink indication inrealchannel,
data modulation, EVM, search engine marketingetc. Thiskind
of paper covers practicallimitationsoferrorvector magnitude
(EVM) sizes for high coverage noises, distortion, unwanted
signals and phase distortion all lower EVM and as a
consequence EVM comes with a comprehensive measure of an
RFI’s quality of usage in electronic communication.
Key Words: LTE, EVM, SEM
1. INTRODUCTION
Long term evolution (LTE), commonly referred to as 4G1 or
next generation wireless communications is the new
standard for nationwide public safety broadband. This
standard will allow access to digital technologiesanddeliver
expanded capabilities to public safety practitioners in the
field. The LTE standard supports fast speeds and holdsgreat
promise for first responders, yet there are limitations to
using the associated technology in the public safety arena.
The transition to LTE will not be as simple as flipping a
switch. It will involve an extensive and complex build-out as
well as an implementation process that will unfold over the
years to come.
It will require a great deal of coordination and adjustment
among current public safetybroadbandusersnowoperating
across a patchwork of commercially and publicly supported
networks on non-contiguous bands of spectrum. Ultimately,
however, LTE and the nationwidenetwork will helpeven the
playing field, enabling agencies of all sizes including those in
remote rural jurisdictionswithoutcurrent wirelesscoverage
to leverage emerging broadband technology. Large data
files, photographs, videos and large map files could not be
viewed on earlymobiledata computers(MDCs)because data
speeds on these networks were generally limited to 19.2
Kbps or slower speeds. Early use of data over LMR was
limited to computer-aided dispatch (CAD), textual incident
information, responders changing their location or making
status changes such as from “busy” to “available”, car-to-car
messaging, text-based licenseplatequeries,andsoon.Today
speeds and data transfer capabilities we would have only
expected at our desktop a few short years ago, are available
to the public safety responder in the field. By examining the
LTE standard and related technology, and discuss how this
new technology can enhance public safety response to
emergencies.
Long term evolution (LTE) is important because it will bring
up to a 50x performance improvement and much better
spectral efficiency to cellular networks. LTE different from
other technologies that cell themselves 4G because it is
completely integrated into the existing cellular
infrastructure for 2G and 3G. This allows seamless handoff
and complete connectivity between previous standards and
LTE. LTE is in trials now and should see commercial
deployment by 2010. LTE-based networks have upload and
download speeds unheard of in the past. LTE opens the gate
for many new, exciting, and more robust public safety
applications.
2. LTE ARCHITECTURE
The Fig 1 shows a high-level view of LTE architecture.Thisis
a snapshot of the part that most closely interacts with the
UE, or mobile device. The entire architecture is much more
complex; a complete diagramwouldshowtheentireinternet
and other aspects of network connectivity supporting
handoffs among 3G, 2G, WiMAX, and other standards. This
particular device shows the eNodeB, which is another name
for the base station, and the interfaces between the eNodeB
and UEs. The E-UTRAN is the entire network, which is the
official standards name for LTE.
Fig 1- LTE architecture overview UE

2.1 How the MAC sees the PHY
The LTE PHY is the typically full duplex. LTE is designed
primarily for full duplex operation in paired spectrum. To
contrast, WiMAX operates in half duplex in unpaired
spectrum, where information is transmitted inonedirection
at a time. LTE can support TDD operation in unpaired
spectrum; however; it is not a primary focus of the design.
The downlink channel operates as a continuous stream.LTE
uses the concept of a resource block, which is a block of 12
subcarriers in one slot.
A transport block is a group of resource blocks with a
common modulation/coding. The physical interface is a
transport block, which corresponds to the data carried in a
period of time of the allocation for the particular UE. Each
radio sub frame is 1 milliseconds (ms) long; each frameis 10
milliseconds, multiple UEs can be serviced on the downlink
at any particular time in one transport block. The MAC
controls what to send in a given time. The LTE standard
specifies these physical channels:
1) Physical broadcast channel (PBCH): The coded BCH
transport block is mapped to four sub frames within a 40 ms
timing, each sub frame is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e.
the BCH can be decoded from a single reception, assuming
sufficiently good channel conditions.
2) Physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH): It
informs the UE about the number of OFDM symbols used for
the PDCCHs. Transmitted in every sub frame.
3) Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH): Informs the
UE about the resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and
hybrid ARQ information related toDL-SCHcarriestheuplink
scheduling grant.
4) Physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH): Carries
hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs in response to uplink transmissions.
5) Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH): It carries the
DL-SCH and PCH.
6) Physical multicast channel (PMCH): It carries the MCH.
7) Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH): It carries the
hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs in response to downlink
transmission. It carries scheduling request (SR). It also
carries CQI reports.
8) Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH): Carries the UL-
SCH.
9) Physical random access channel (PRACH): Carries the
random access preamble.
2.2 Advantages of LTE
Application such as automated license plate recognition
(LPR) systems and GPS-enabled navigation systems will
providereal timenotificationsandalerts,includingemerging
Hazards and geographically specific be-on the look-out
(BOLO) transmissions, all contributing to improvements in
Officer and civilian safety. With LTE and the nationwide
networks, first responderswillgainaccesstoinnovativetools
to assist them with their critical missions. They will be in a
better position to take advantages of fast changing digital
technology. LTE will revolutionize the way public safety
responds to emergencies. Fig 1 illustrates how data speeds
are enhanced through LTE technology.LTEhasbeenadopted
as a global standard because; it increases the capacity and
speed of wireless data networks.
3. METHDOLOGY/PLANNING OF WORK
Step: 1 Start the algorithm.
Step: 2 Use long term evolution (LTE)
Step: 3 Apply power selection and modulation method.
Step: 4 Analysis of quality of channels
Step: 5 Improvement done by changing parameters
Step: 6 Final results need to be
Step: 7 Stop the algorithm.
Fig 2- Flow chart
Long term evolution (LTE)
START
Power selection and modulation selection
Analysis of quality of channels
Improvement done by changing parameters
STOP
Final results need to be
analyzed

4. RESULT ANALYSIS
The error vector magnitude or EVM is a measure used to
quantify the performance of a digital radio transmitter or
receiver.
Fig 3- Error vector magnitude (EVM)
A signal sent by an ideal transmitter or received byareceiver
would have all constellation points preciously at the ideal
locations, however various imperfection in the
implementations (such as carrier leakage, low image
rejectionratio,phasenoiseetc.)causetheactualconstellation
points to deviate from the ideal locations. Informally, EVM is
a measure of how far the points are from the ideal locations.
Noise, distortion, spurious signals, and phase noise all
degrade EVM, and therefore EVM provides a comprehensive
Measureof the quality of the radio receiverortransmitterfor
use in digital communications. Transmitter EVM can be
measured by specialized equipment, which demodulates the
received signal in a similar way to how a real radio
demodulator does it. One of the stages inatypicalphase-shift
keying demodulation process produces stream of I-Q points
which can be used as a reasonably reliable estimate for the
ideal transmitted signal in EVM calculation, error vector
magnitude (EVM) is a measurement of modulator or
demodulator performance in the presence of impairments.
Essentially, EVM is the vector difference at a given time
between the ideal (transmitted) signal and the measured
(received) signal. If used correctly, these measurements can
help in identifying sources of signal degradation, such as:
phase noise, I-Q imbalance,amplitudenon-linearityandfilter
distortion. These types of measurements are useful for
determining system performance in communications
applications. For example, determining if an EDGE system
conforms to the 3GPP radio transmission standards requires
accurate RMS, EVM, Peak EVM, and 95th percentile for the
EVM measurements.
Fig 4- Error vector magnitude
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Excellent of services allows unique application in order to
generally fulfill different need. To determine the efficiencyof
LTE unique parameters engaged on package are EVM,
modulation strategies, ACP, channel power high to high ratio
etc. and LTE technique modulation plans QPSK, PSK, BPSK,
etc. attribute to the simulation often aren’t similar to the
partial implantations. By appraise the performance of
practical implementation using unique quality of service
instruction and appraise the performance of LTE technique
using modulation plan BPSK, QPSK, 16 PSK etc. In preceding
research your bandwidth of new crossbreed frequency is
superior or SFR. There must raise your bandwidth in order
that there have to be lesser supply loss. By appraise the
performance of downlinkrelatingtobandwidthandalsodata
free. The analysis of performance with the LTE with WiMAX
is completed on your PXIE packages. As the foundation is
common plus economical, it’ll soon benecessaryforpractical
implementation. Various parameters have demonstratedthe
effectiveness of the LTEsystems.Inforeseeablefuturewecan
consider some more modulations techniques so as to
evaluatethe effectivenessoftheofferedtechniqueadditional.
Also limited variety of quality parameters are thought
therefore in not too distant future some a lot more quality

parameters will likely be considered with regard to better
assessment.
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Performance Evolution of LTE Cellular Technology

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